Schimmel 1

Ashley Schimmel

Mrs. DeBock

2nd Block

April 24 2017

Annotated Bibliography

Essential Question: How does technology in an OB/GYN clinic prepare mothers for delivery.

Working Thesis: An OB/GYN has multiple technologies that prepare mothers for before and

after birth.

Refined Thesis: Some technologies in an OB/GYN clinic that prepare mothers for before and

after birth include ultrasounds, chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, and fetal

monitoring.

Change, Anne Lynn, and David Wason Hollar. "Gynecology." Ebscohost. Magill's Medical

Guide (Online Edition), Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

Gynecology or genealogy is a physician who deals and specializes in treating diseases

and disorders of the female reproductive organs. Gynecologists treat non pregnant women as

well. Gynecologists are involved in many different medical fields. Which includes disorders

related to puberty and adolescence, STIs, menstrual disturbances, early pregnancy problems,

preventive health menopause problems, cancer of the reproductive system, and many others.

Gynecologic care can be provided by medical doctors, nurse practitioners, and midwives who are
 Schimmel 2

certified nurses. Gynecologists give routine screening to healthy women to confirm normal

anatomy, make sure no pathological conditions occur, and prevent any development of cancer. I

chose this article because the article describes the roles of a gynecologists in an OB/GYN clinic.

Change, Anne Lynn, and David Wason Hollar. "Obstetrics." Ebscohost. Magill's Medical

Guide (Online Edition), Jan. 2017. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

Obstetrics is the care and treatment of a pregnant women before and after birth.

Obstetricians care for both mother and unborn child, and the delivery of that child. Obstetricians

work with both pediatricians and neonatologists to make sure to reduce any mortality and

diseases of the newborn. Obstetricians monitor fetal and maternal health. Obstetricians are well

trained in using the latest technologies in the facility and using those technologies to identify any

changes in the fetus while women is pregnant. Obstetricians will perform regular ultrasounds of

a pregnancy to watch the health of the fetus. Using a stethoscope that is called fetoscope, an

obstetrician can start hearing the fetals heartbeat normally around ten weeks into the mother's

pregnancy. Obstetricians use both ultrasounds and fetal heart rate monitors. I chose this article to

help me understand more in depth of what an OB is and what an OB does in an OB/GYN

practice.

Neumyer, Marsha M. "Ultrasonography." Ebscohost. Magill's Medical Guide (Online Edition),

Jan.2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

 Schimmel 3

Ultrasounds, also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography is one of the many

technologies used in an OB/GYN. An ultrasonography is a device that uses high-frequency

sound waves to capture live images of the inside of a body. Ultrasounds are prenatal tests that are

offered to pregnant women. Ultrasounds show pictures of the mothers baby in the womb. These

images can be used to study any early pregnancy high-risk problems. Ultrasounds are extremely

important and helpful in the investigation and diagnosis of a pregnant woman's condition.

Normally ultrasounds occur in the second trimester at eighteen to twenty weeks into the

pregnancy. A basic ultrasounds system has two different components. The transducer, or probe

and the audiovisual electronic. The transducer is a device that produces sound waves that are

transmitted into the tissues. The audiovisual electronic process and displays echoes in the form of

images of internal organs. Obstetricians use ultrasounds on a day to day basis. Ultrasonography

play a major role in the technology used in an OB/GYN. I chose this article because this article

explains one of the many technologies used in an OB/GYN clinic.

Olney, Richard S., and Cynthia A. Moore. "Chorionic Villus Sampling and Amniocentesis:

Recommendations for Prenatal Counseling." Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 July 1995. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

Chorionic villus sampling also known as CVS and amniocentesis is a type of test that is

made in early pregnancies to be able to detect and determine any chromosome or genetic

abnormalities in the fetus. A sample of chorionic villi is removed from the mother's placenta and

is taken through the cervix or the abdominal wall. Chorionic villus sampling may be performed
 Schimmel 4

between the ninth and thirteenth weeks into a pregnancy. Some genetic disorders that may be

found from chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis testing is down syndrome, sickle cell

disease, and muscular dystrophy. Both chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis tests increase

the risk of miscarriages. I chose this article because it provides information on what types of test

an OB/GYN clinic uses.

"Women's Health Care Physicians." Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring During Labor - ACOG. The

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Aug. 2011. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

Fetal Heart rate monitoring is done during pregnancy, labor, and delivery to measure and

track the heart rate and rhythm of a fetus. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring also checks the

time of the contractions of the mother's uterus. This monitoring will let the OBGYNs know and

see how the mothers baby is doing. This special equipment is important for knowing the

conditions of the fetus during labor and delivery. Fetal heart rate monitoring helps to detect any

changes in a fetus's heart. A fetus's heart rate should be between one hundred and ten to one

hundred and sixty heart beats per minute. Two ways that an OB/GYN physician can do fetal

monitoring is external and internal heart rate monitoring. External heart rate monitoring is a

method used to listen to the fetus heartbeat through the belly. The monitoring can be done using

a Doppler ultrasound, a belt measuring the length of the women contractions, and the time

between the contractions. Internal heart rate monitoring is a method that uses a wire called

electrode that is connected directly to the fetus's scalp. Internal heart rate monitoring records and

monitors the fetus heart rate and the uterine contractions. A special tube called intrauterine

pressure catheter is inserted through the vagina into the uterus. The internal heart rate monitoring
 Schimmel 5

is used when the external monitoring is not giving a well enough recording. Also two methods of

fetal heart rate monitoring are auscultation and electronic fetal monitoring. Auscultation is the

action of listening to sounds of the fetus heartbeat. This is done with a special stethoscope or a

Doppler transducer. Electronic fetal monitoring keeps track of the baby in the uterus. This is

performed late into a pregnancy or during labor to make sure to have a normal delivery of a

healthy newborn. Fetal heart rate monitoring is an important piece of technological equipment in

an OB/GYN. I choice this article to explain one of the equipments used in an OB/GYN practice.

Wulffson, Robin L. "Obstetrics and Gynecology." Ebscohost. Salem Press Encyclopedia of

Science, Sept. 2016. Web. 24 Mar. 2017.

An OB/GYN is an abbreviation meaning obstetrics and gynecology. The OB, obstetrics,

is a physician who delivers infants. The GYN, gynecology, is a physician who specializes in

treating diseases of the female reproduction organs. Both obstetrics and gynecology are medical

specialists who help in women's health care. Throughout the years obstetrics and gynecology

have become technologically advanced. Because of the technological advances in an OB/GYN

clinic, infertility specialists are able to help and monitor women whose children have certain

conditions. Some technological advances used in an OB/GYN clinic are ultrasounds, endoscopy,

chorionic villus sampling, and fetal monitoring. Gynecology and obstetrics use ultrasounds to

evaluate the fetals growth and detect any abnormalities in the fetals. Around ten to twelve weeks

into a pregnancy, chorionic villus sampling may be done to test for any genetic defects in the

fetus. Between fourteen and eighteen weeks into the pregnancy an amniocentesis used for

genetic testing, to diagnose any chromosome abnormalities or fetal infections. This is the
 Schimmel 6

removal of amniotic fluid that will provide genetic information about the fetus. Fetals heart rates

are recorded by a fetal monitor on a roll of graph paper. These are some of the technologies that

can be used in an OB/GYN clinic. I chose this article because it explains what an OB/GYN is

and what technologies are used in an OB/GYN clinic.