ENP Planning Review

1/20/2017
Planning Theory
History and Theories of

Planning
Why do we do what we do?
MichaelElliott,SchoolofCityandRegionalPlanning,GeorgiaTech
January20,2017
AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
1.
Relationship between
History and Theory in
Planning
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1. Role/Types of Theory
Planning:
Linking Goals/Knowledge to Action
Planning is a process, procedure, or method for setting goals,
identifying and assessing options, and developing strategies
for achieving desired options.
It is a pervasive human activity imbedded in future-oriented

decision making.
Goals
Planning Action
Knowledge
Primary Functions of Planning

Core
Goal Action
Functions
Improveefficiency Optimize
ofoutcomes 1. Assess;
Enhancesocial Balanceinterests Analyze
welfare Engagejustice 2. Engage
Widentherangeof Createvisions 3. Envision;
choice Enhanceoptions Design
Enrichcivic Expandopportunityand 4. Synthesize
engagementand understandingin 5. Implement
governance community
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Role of history and theory in

understanding planning
Planning is rooted in applied disciplines
Primary interest in practical problem solving
Planning codified as a professional activity
Originally transmitted by practitioners via apprenticeships
Early planning theories
Little distinction between goals, knowledge and planning
process
Nascent theories imbedded in utopian visions
Efforts to develop a coherent theory emerged in the
1950s and 60s
Need to rationalize the interests and activities of planning
under conditions of social foment
The social sciences as a more broadly based interpretive lens
Types of Theories
Normative Theories
To what ends ought planning be focused?
Theories of the public good, social justice, utilitarianism, rights
Disciplinary Theories
How do communities and regions work? By what methods do
we assess existing and project future conditions? By what
means do we achieve the ends we desire?
Economics (econometrics), geography (GIS), environmental science (EIAs)
Procedural/Process Theories
How might planners act?
Decision theory, political science, negotiation theory, public participation
Goals Knowledge Planning Action
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2.
Emergence of Planning
and Utopianism
2. Emergence of Planning
Colonial Planning:
Focus on Urban Design and Street
System
1682 Philadelphia plan Grids & parks William Penn; Thomas Holme
1695 Annapolis plan Radiocentric Francis Nicholson
1733 Savannah Ward park system Oglethorpe
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Early U.S.
Planning
National
Ordinance of 1785
(Public Land
Ordinance)
1825: Erie Canal
opened
1862: Homestead and
Morrill Acts
Local
1879: Old NY
tenement house law
Socially Engineered Communities

1869 Riverside, IL Model curved street Olmsted Sr
suburb Calvert Vaux
1880 Pullman, IL Model industrial George Pullman
town
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Planning Movements
1850186018701880189019001910192019301940
Physical CityBeautiful
Determinism
ParksMovement CityEfficient
SettlementHousing
Movement
SanitaryReform GardenCity
&PublicHealth
Social
Determinism
Planning Movements
1850186018701880189019001910192019301940
Physical CityBeautiful
Determinism
ParksMovement CityEfficient
SettlementHousing
Movement
GardenCity
SanitaryReform
&
PublicHealth
Social
Determinism
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Parks Movement
Frederick Law Olmsted and

Calvert Vaux
Design of Central Park
Horace W. S. Cleveland,
Minneapolis
park system proposal 1883;
Charles Eliot & Sylvester
Baxter, Boston
extensive regional park
system (1891-1893 and
beyond)
Public Health & Sanitary Reform

Movement
1867 San Firstmodernland

Francisco usezoninginUS
(forbadslaughter
housesindistricts)
1867/ NewYork Firstmajor
1879 City tenementhouse
controls
1879 Memphis 60%ofcityflees
fromyellowfever;
ofthosewho
remain,80%get
sick;25%die
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Settlement House & Reform

Movement
Emergence of Planning
The Rise of Social Conscience:

1888 Looking Promotedcity Edward
Backwards andnational Bellamy
planning
1890 Howthe Focusedon JacobRiis
1892 OtherHalf slumsand
Livesand poverty
Childrenof
thePoor
1889 HullHousein Settlement Jane
Chicago house Addams
movement
1902 Greenwich helped MaryK.
House organizethe Simkovitch
firstNational
Conferenceon
CityPlanning
The good we secure for ourselves is precarious

and uncertain until it is secured for all of us and
incorporated into our common life.
JaneAddams,TwentyYearsatHullHouse
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City Beautiful Movement

1893 ColumbianExposition TheWhiteCity Burnham,OlmstedSr,
1902 McMillanPlanfor UpdateofLEnfants Burnham
WashingtonDC Plan OlmstedJr
1906 SanFranciscoPlan Firstmajorapplication DanielBurnham
ofCityBeautifulinUS EdwardBennett
1909 ChicagoPlan Firstmetroregionalplan Burnham
Make no little plans
Theyhavenomagictostirmen'sbloodandprobablythemselveswill
notberealized.Makebigplansrememberingthatanoble,logical
diagramoncerecordedwillneverdie,butlongafterwearegonewill
bealivingthing,assertingitselfwithevergrowinginsistency.Let
yourwatchwordbeorderandyourbeaconbeauty.
DanielBurnham
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Professionalization of
Planning
1901
NYC: New Law regulates tenement
housing
1907
Hartford: first official & permanent local
planning board
1909
Washington DC: first planning association
National Conference on City Planning
Wisconsin: first state enabling legislation
permitting cities to plan
Los Angeles: first land use zoning
ordinance
Harvard School of Landscape
Architecture: first course in city planning
Progressive Movement as Reform

Political and economic reaction against
influence of corporations; monopolies (Rockefeller)
influence of corrupt ward bosses (Tamany Hall) because of
dispersed, decentralized power of elected officials
Loss of control of central cities by elites as
democracy spread
elites moving to streetcar suburbs; dislocation of economic
and political power
Emergence of corporate models of management
strong executive leadership
Rationalize and professionalize city governance
rationalize city service provision and infrastructure
development
civil service
depoliticize city
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Utopianism When men came to realize

[that the change] was not
Sought to birth the good merely an improvement in
society through intentional details of their condition, but
communities that embodied the rise of the race to a new
new social arrangements plane of existence... there
Planners proposed sweeping ensued an era of mechanical
changes to physical, social and invention, scientific
economic systems to enhance discovery, art, musical and
human progress, well-being literary productiveness to
and equality which no previous age of the
Plans = imaginative visions world offers anything
rooted in moral philosophy comparable.
Focused on ends, not LookingBackward:20001887
byEdwardBellamyin1887
pragmatic means
GardenCityMovement
EbenezerHoward
Bounded city with agricultural Town and country must be married,

belt integrate town and country and out of this joyous union will
Community ownership of the spring a new hope, a new life, a new
land, with public revenues based civilization.
on rents rather than taxes
GardenCitiesofToMorrow:APeacefulPath
Social reform and economic self- toRealReform,EbenezerHoward,1902
sufficiency AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
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1903 Leetchworth
1920
1919 Welwyn Welwyn

1934 introduces
superblock
1930- Greenbelt, a public

1937 MD cooperative
community
1930 Plan for Greenbelt MD
Modernism
LeCorbusier
Founding member of Congrs Modern town planning comes to

International d'Architecture Moderne birth with a new architecture. By
Radically efficient Taylorist physical this immense step in evolution, so
and social urban order
brutal and so overwhelming, we
Open floor plans, walls independent
burn our bridges and break with the
of the structure, set in parks with
access to transit and freeways
past. LUrbanisme,LeCorbusier,1924
Utopian designs for public housing AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
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Broadacre City
FrankLloydWright
A response to Le Corbusiers
" Who is going to say how humanity
Radiant City (1932)
will eventually be modified by all
Proposed to replace dense
these spiritual changes and physical
industrial cities with small cities
(pop. < 10,000) covering the entire advantages The whole psyche of
US, connected by highways humanity is changing and what that
Each city embedded in nature with change will ultimately bring as future
its own cultural and educational community I will not prophecy. It is
centers already greatly changed.
An economy of self sufficiency, FrankLloydWright
without land rent and landlords, Broadacres CitizensPetition 1943
profit and bureaucracy AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
Utopianism, Interrupted
Planning Movements But ultimately failed as
contained elements of visions
utopianism
Rejected historic Social and economic
precedent as a source of proposals largely ignored
inspiration Provided intellectual
Proposed substantially rationale for suburbanization,
new social, physical, and urban freeway systems,
economic arrangements dense public housing
segregated by uses, and
urban renewal
Goals ultimately challenged
Lacked processes of revision
and learning
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3.
Codification of
Professional Planning
Practice
3. Codification of Profession
The City Efficient:

Developing Tools for Planning
1913 1923
Massachusetts: planning Standard State Zoning
mandatory for local Enabling Act issued by US
govts; planning boards Dept of Commerce
required Los Angeles County
1916 establishes planning board
New York: first 1925
comprehensive zoning Cincinnati: first
ordinance comprehensive plan based
1917 on welfare of city as a
American City Planning whole
Institute established in 1926
Kansas City Euclid vs. Ambler Realty
Co: Supreme Court upholds
comprehensive zoning
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Zoning Map of Zion, IL

c. 1920
1920s
Robert Moses replaces Burnham as leading American
planner:
If the ends dont justify the means, then what the hell does?
1928
Standard City Planning Enabling Act issued by US Dept
of Commerce
1929
Radburn NJ completed
innovative neighborhood design based on Howards theory
Harvard: Creates first school of city planning
Regional Plan of New York completed
Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs published
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Depression
Challenge of
systemic poverty
Depression Era Innovations

National urban/ Planning
urbanization policy 1934: American Society of
National Resources Planning Officials formed
Planning Board Planning education
New Deal economic movement from
management apprentice-based to
housing and university and social
work/welfare programs science-based education
Regionalism
Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA)
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Increasing Importance of Cities

1937: Our Cities: Their Role in the National Economy.
A landmark report by the Urbanism Committee of the National
Resources Committee
1941
Local Planning Administration, by Ladislas Segoe, first of
"Green Book" series, appears
Focus on Physical Planning
... the planning of the unified development of urban

communities and their environs,
and of states, regions and the nation,
as expressed through determination of the
comprehensive arrangement of land uses and land
occupancy and the regulation thereof.
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MassMigrations:1950s 1970s
Washington:
firstmajor
AfricanAmerican: minoritycityin
WW1and2 1960
Innercitywhitestosuburbs
Levittown
William
Levitt
Time: July 13, 1950
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Urban Renewal & General

Planning
1949 Housing Act (Wagner- 1954 Housing Act
Ellender-Taft Bill) Stressed slum prevention
First comprehensive and urban renewal rather
housing legislation than slum clearance and
Aimed to construct urban redevelopment
800,000 housing units stimulated general
Inaugurated urban planning for cities under
renewal 25,000 (Section 701)
"701 funding" later
1954 Berman v. Parker
extended to foster
US Supreme Court upholds statewide, interstate, and
DC Redevelopment Land substate regional planning.
Agency to condemn
unsightly, though non- 1964 T.J. Kent publishes
deteriorated, properties in The Urban General Plan
accordance with area
redevelopment plan
Modernism
aesthetics and form morphological
characteristics of buildings
rejected historic style-free plan
precedent as a source of universal space
architectural inspiration walls freed from the
considered function as the function of load bearing
prime generator of form cantilevers
employed materials and glass at corners of
technology in an honest buildings
way
use of concrete
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1971:
LancasterSquarededicatedby
U.S.SenatorHughScott:This
"dramaticredevelopmentofa
onetimeareaofobsolescence
isashowplaceofdesignwith
dramaticfirsts.
1976:
demolitionofwest
superstructure
4.
Synoptic (Comprehensive)
Rational Planning
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4. Rational Planning
Rational Planning Defined

A structured process of decision-making that seeks
to maximize the achievement of desired goals (ends)
by careful consideration of potential consequences of
available alternatives (means)
Rationality focuses on
the quality of decision
the subordination of action to knowledge and of knowledge to
values
Theplannerisanexpertcapableofdesigning
forandcopingwithcomplexurbanconditions Solu
byusingspecializedKnowledge,techniques Options
tion
andtechnologiesinsupportofwellstructured
decisionprocesses.
A Structured
Decision
Making
Process
Planning=
Optimization
(ascientific
technicalprocess)
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University of Chicago Other Rational

Program of Education and Research Theorists
in Planning, 1947 - 1955
Rexford Tugwell Davidoff & Reiner, 1963
A vision of science contributing to A Choice Theory of Planning
guide societal choices and to curb Planning consists of sequential
the irrational decisions of tasks:
politicians Value Formation: widen &
Conceived of society as a complex publicize choices concerning
organism and planning as a central future conditions or goals
brain and nervous system Means Identification: Identify
coordinating its functions for the and evaluate a universe of
betterment of the whole (planning means
as the fourth power) Effectuation: implement and
Martin Meyerson and Edward monitor
Banfield Andreas Faludi, 1973
Authors of Politics, Planning and A Reader in Planning Theory
the Public Interest
Normative procedural
Introduced the rational planning theory of planning
process in the context of a study of
public housing in Chicago
Urban Models
1925: Concentric Zone Theory
Burgess
1939: Sector Theory
Homer Hoyt
1945: Multiple Nuclei Model
Harris and Ullman
1962 Penn-Jersey Transportation
Study urban growth simulation
model
1968 Pittsburg Community
Redevelopment Model
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Why This Increasing

Emphasis on Rationality
in the 1950s?
Optimism in the power
of science to resolve
social problems
Depression and WWII
experience with
planning
Increasing emphasis on
social and economic as
well as physical aspects
of urban problems
5.
Challenges and
Responses to
Rational Planning
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5. Challenges to Rational Planning
Challenges to Synoptic (Comprehensive)

Rationality in Planning
Problemsare Knowledgeis Interestsare

wicked limited plural
notsubjectto notsubjectto publicinterestis
optimization comprehensive subjecttoover
consideration simplificationand
bias
Wicked Problems:
Impediments to Optimization
Goals and means are
uncertain Problems are wicked
Broadly defined Each attempt to create a
groups/clients solution changes the
Diverse interests understanding of the
5 20 years before results problem
discerned Problem definition evolves
feedback and corrective as new possible solutions
actions are difficult are considered and/or
implemented
Not the same as an
intractable problem
HorstRittel &MelvinWebber(1973)."Dilemmasina
GeneralTheoryofPlanning".PolicySciences4:155169. AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
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Characteristics of Wicked
Problems
No definitive formulation No enumerable set of
of problem potential solutions
Every problem can be
No stopping rule considered a symptom of
Solutions: not true-or- another problem
false, but good-or-bad Can be explained in
numerous ways. The choice
No immediate or ultimate of explanation determines
test of solution the nature of the problem's
Every wicked problem is resolution.
essentially unique. The planner has no right to
Knowledge be wrong.
Hard-to-Formalize
Contextualized
Multidisciplinary
Organizational
Knowledge Is Limited
Impediments to Comprehensiveness
Synoptic rationality is Procedural rationality is a
essentially impossible more attainable goal
Cognitive limits Seeks to approximate
Resource limits rational decision making
An infinite regression within these limits
More descriptive than
normative
Incrementalism &MixedScanning
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Incrementalism and more politically interactive and experiential.

Planning is less scientific and comprehensive
Charles Lindblom
The Science of Muddling Through, 1959
Select goals and policies
simultaneously
Consider alternatives only
marginally different from status
quo
Make simplified, limited
comparisons among alternatives
Trust results of social
experimentation over theory Major policy changes
are best made in little
Act incrementally through
repetitive attacks on the increments over long
problems being addressed periods of time.
Satisfice rather than maximize AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
Mixed Scanning
Amitai Etzioni
Mixed Scanning: A Third Approach to Decision-Making, 1967
Bounded instrumental
IncreasedComprehensiveAssessment
Rationalism
rationality simplifies the
world less than Solu
MixedScanning
Options tion
incrementalism
A wide-angle examination
of patterns across all
possibilities
long-term context &
plan
A close-in examination
of the most promising
options
short-term choices IncreasedAttentiontoImmediateContext
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Interests Are Plural

Community, Power and Social Justice
1960s
Communities consist of multiple voices
Planners incapacity to discern public interest
Planning goals cannot be reduced to a unified notion
of the public interest
Single voice usually = most powerful voice
Marginalized voices typically excluded
Inclusion of marginalized interests in plans requires planner to
act decisively from a social justice perspective
Planning responses
Advocacy Planning
Radical Planning
1960s Challenges to Rationalism & its

Modernist Underpinnings
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1960s Challenges to Rationalism

& its Modernist Underpinnings
Robert Moses
Jane Jacobs
Urban Design Theorists

1960 Image of the City by Kevin Lynch
basicelementsof
"imageability"
paths
edges
nodes
Districts
landmarks
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Advocacy Planning
Paul Davidoff Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning
Journal of the American Institute of Planners 1965
Planner
value neutral technician
Large inequalities in political and
bargaining processes
Many communities under-
represented/unorganized
Citizen participation programs
usually react to official plans and
programs
The public interest is plural, not
unitary
A single plan cannot represent the
public interest
Planning should be pluralistic &
represent diverse interests
Advocacy Model
Planners represent and plead the plans of many interest
groups.
Planners assist various interest groups
(clients) to propose their own goals,
policies & plans
Planners advocate for the interests of
their clients
Special
responsibility
toward
marginalized
interests
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Two Traditions of Radical Planning

Structural Critique of Spontaneous Activitism Guided
Legitimacy of Political and by Community Self-Reliance
Economic Power Structures and Mutual Aid
Robert Kraushaar: Saul Alinsky: Rules for
Outside the Whale: Radicals
Progressive Planning and Hierarchical bureaucracies
the Dilemmas of Radical and centralized planning
Reform seen as structurally
Dilemmas of transforming reinforcing inequality
society from within Sought to empower
New responses to common citizens to
problems experiment with solving
New perspectives on how their own problems
society defines those
problems
6.
Communicative Planning,
Political Action and
Pragmatism
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An Era of New Voices

CivilRightsMovement
WomensMovement
EnvironmentalMovement
AntiWarMovement
6. Communicative Planning
National Response, 1960s 70s

Johnsons Great Society
1964-1966: Civil Rights Act, HUD
1966: Model Cities Program
Nixon: The Environmental President
1969-1970s: NEPA, EPA and Environmental
Acts
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Postmodern Critique
Beauregard, Mandelbaum, Sandercock, Fainstein
Knowledge Emancipation
Knowledge is not objective Modernist Plannings
but rather socially premise of a unified concept
constructed of liberation (that reality can
Reality lacks an internal be controlled and perfected)
logic that can be leads to domination
uncovered and Recognizes the rights of
manipulated through marginalized groups to
rational and scientific freedom as each group
principles defines it, rather than their
Knowledge is open-ended inclusion as consenting
Partial interests in a well-ordered
Particular society
Historic Planning in different voices
Local AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
Social Learning Argyris & Schn

Planning seen as integral
to a dynamic system of Defensive
social change & learning Reasoning
Planners engage in (BarriertoChange)
reflection-in-action
Examine espoused
Action
theory and theory in Underlying
Strategy Outcomes
practice Assumptions
(Goals,Values, (Consequences)
Are catalysts and (Why)
Techniques)
boundary spanners
strive to create a
decision structure that SingleLoopLearning
is self-correcting
(learns from reflecting
on its own choices)
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Transactive Planning, John Friedman

Carried out face-to-face
with people affected by
planning decisions, with
involvement throughout
the plan decision-
making process
Emphasizes processes
of personal and
organizational
development and not
just achievement of
functional objectives
Citizen Participation
Sherry Arnstein, A Ladder
of Citizen Participation
A critical focus on
the practice of
citizen participation
Challenged planners
to expand the role
of citizens in plan-
making and
implementation
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A Theory of Communicative Reason

Jurgen Habermas
Rejects abstract rationalism
as masking social structures
of inequality
Provides for an alternative
rationality linked to
community engagement
Identifies priorities, justifies IntentiontoReachNewUnderstanding
claims, and selects
strategies based on deeply
deliberative processes of
public interaction and
debate
The Communicative Turn

John Forester, Patsy Healey and Judith Innes
Seeks to mobilize the creative and self-empowering power

of a community
Planning seen as a
communicative act
centered on social-
learning and culture-
building
Planners facilitate
deliberative processes
that seek to produce
a system of shared
meanings between
planners & the public
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Communicative Rationality
Planning is fundamentally linked to clarification of
interests (desired ends)
The selection of means
cannot be isolated from
the identification of
valued ends
Both are linked to
community, and to the
communicative acts
that bind communities
together
Emphasis on
transparency
inclusiveness
truth-seeking AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
Communicative Planning in Action

Lawrence Susskind
The public
interest is
revealed through
the interaction of
stakeholders
seeking to
negotiate desired
outcomes within
well-structured
processes
A focus on
process design
and facilitative Usedwithpermission.
skills AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
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7.
Planning under New
Federalism
7. Planning under New Federalism
New Federalism
1972 State and Local 1980 "Reagan Revolution"
Fiscal Assistance Act begins a new (counter-New
inaugurates general Deal) policy environment
revenue sharing reduced federal domestic
1974 The Housing and spending
Community Development Privatization
Act stronger property rights
replaces the categorical deregulation
grant with the block increase subordination of
grant as the principal state interests to individual
form of federal aid for interests
local community
development.
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Housing and Economics

1970 Miami Valley (Ohio) Regional Planning
Commission Housing Plan
the first plan in the nation to allocate low-and moderate-
income housing on a "fair share" basis.
1993 Enterprise Zone/Empowerment Community
(EZ/EC)
Aims tax incentives, wage tax credits, special deductions, and
low-interest financing to a limited number of impoverished
urban and rural communities
1992 HOPE VI: severely distressed public housing
$5 billion
replaces severely distressed public housing projects with
mixed-income housing and provides some of the original
residents housing vouchers to rent apartments in the private
market
Techwood
Homes
1936: first public
housing project in
the nation
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Centennial
Place,
1996
Thenationsfirstmaster
planned,mixedincome
communitywithpublic
housingasacomponent.
New Urbanism
New Urbanism emphasizes urban features
compactness, walkability, mixed use
Promotes a nostalgic architectural style reminiscent
of the traditional urban neighborhood
movement has links to the anti-sprawl, smart growth
movement
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1984
Seaside, Florida
Andres Duany and
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Professionalization of Planning
1971 1980
AIP adopts a Code of The Associated Collegiate
Ethics for professional Schools of Planning (ACSP)
planners is established to represent
1977 the academic branch of the
planning profession.
First exam for AIP
membership conducted. 1981
1978 ACSP issues The Journal of
Education and Planning
American Institute of
Planners (AIP) and 1989
American Society of The Planning Accreditation
Planning Officials (ASPO) Board (PAB) is recognized
merge to become by Council on Post
American Planning Secondary Education to be
Association (APA). the sole accrediting agency
for professional planning
education
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Contingency Theory
Hoch, Christensen, Alexander
Planning is a professional act that occurs within a
political community
Political and social interaction are central activities
in decision making and in learning
Planners must respond through different planning
approaches under different circumstances
Approaches depend on degree of
Agreement about goals
Uncertainty
Imminence of decision
Need for community buy-in
Etc.
Critical Pragmatism
Draw on American Deductive Inductive
pragmatist John Dewey Reasoning Reasoning
and Richard Rorty
GeneralPrinciple;Theory
Plannings emphasis on
deductive reasoning is
inconsistent with Predictions; Generali
pragmatic problem- Hypotheses zations
solving used by most
public decision makers Testing Pattern
Calls for planners to use a
blend of inductive and
deductive reasoning ObservationofSpecificCases
Abductive reasoning, or
inferring to the best
explanation AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
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8.
Core Values in Planning
Core values of planning

Forward Thinking, Embedded in Community,
Linking Knowledge to Diversity, and Engagement
Action through Goals
Value driven Diversity and democratic
Action derives from the engagement
public interest Planning is embedded in
Sustainable and resilient community
Actions strengthen Transparency
communities over time Expertise is accountable
Healthy and prosperous Equity and social justice
communities Planning increases choices
for all members of a
community
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9.
Supplemental Materials
8. Supplemental Materials
All of the following are known for their

involvement in organizational
approaches to citizen participation,
except:
(A) Saul Alinsky

(B) Patrick Geddes
(C) Susan Arenstein
(D) Paul Davidoff
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Resources
Theory
Michael Brooks: Planning Theory for Practitioners, Chicago:
APA Press, 2002.
Susan Fainstein and Scott Campbell, eds.: Readings in
Planning Theory, 3rd edition, West Sussex (UK): Blackwell
Publishing, 2012.
History
Mel Scott: American City Planning Since 1890, Chicago:
APA Press, 1995.
Additional Books
100 Essential Books of Planning
http://www.planning.org/centennial/greatbooks/
Selected Examples:
Source:OpenLibrary
1915: Cities in Evolution (Geddes)

1929: Neighborhood Unit (Clarence Perry)
1934: Modern Housing (Catherine Bauer)
1960: The Image of the City (Lynch)
1961: The City in History (Mumford)
1964: The Urban General Plan (T.J. Kent)
1974: The Power Broker (Robert Caro)
1980: The Social Life of Small Urban Places
1991: Edge City (Joel Garreau)
1994: Rural by Design (Randall Arendt)
2002: The Rise of the Creative Class
2004: The Devil in the White City
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Pioneers of Modern Planning

https://www.planning.org/awards/pioneers.html
Patrick Geddes- Regional Planning
Edward Bassett- American Zoning
Daniel Burnham- City Planning
Lawrence Veiller- Modern Housing Code
Ian McHarg- Ecological Planning
Paul Davidoff- Advocacy Planning
Saul Alinsky (Rules for Radicals)
Jane Jacobs (The Death and Life of Great American Cities)
Paolo Soleri (Arcology)
John DeGrove (Floridas Growth Management)
Jean Gottman (Megalopolis)
Norman Krumholtz (Equity Planning)
Peter Calthorpe (CNU, TOD)
Andres Duany (CNU, Transect/SmartCode)
Selected Planning Firsts

https://www.planning.org/awards/landmarks.htm
1st National Park- 1st City Comprehensive
Yellowstone (1872) Plan- Cincinnati (1925)
1st National Wildlife 1st Skyscraper- Chicago
Refuge- Pelican Island, (1884)
FL (1903) 1st Planning Commission-
1st City Subway- Boston Hartford, Connecticut
(1897) (1907)
1st U.S. Transcontinental 1st Regional Planning
Highway- Lincoln Commission- Los Angeles
Highway (dedicated County (1922)
1913) 1st Historic Preservation
1st Limited Access Commission- Vieux Carre,
Highway- Bronx River New Orleans (1921)
Parkway (1926) 1st Historic Preservation
1st City Zoning Ordinance- Charleston
Ordinance- New York City (1921)
(1916) AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW
44
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APA History
1909
1st National Conference City Planning
1917
American City Planning Institute
1934
American Society of Planning Officials
1939
ACPI becomes American Institute of Planners
1978
APA = AIP + ASPO
45

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1/20/2017

History and Theories of

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

It is a pervasive human activity imbedded in future-oriented

Primary Functions of Planning

Role of history and theory in

Goals Knowledge Planning Action

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

Socially Engineered Communities

Frederick Law Olmsted and

Public Health & Sanitary Reform

1867 San Firstmodernland

Settlement House & Reform

The Rise of Social Conscience:

The good we secure for ourselves is precarious

City Beautiful Movement

Make no little plans

Progressive Movement as Reform

Utopianism When men came to realize

Bounded city with agricultural Town and country must be married,

1919 Welwyn Welwyn

1930- Greenbelt, a public

Founding member of Congrs Modern town planning comes to

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

The City Efficient:

Zoning Map of Zion, IL

Depression Era Innovations

Increasing Importance of Cities

Focus on Physical Planning

... the planning of the unified development of urban

Urban Renewal & General

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

Rational Planning Defined

University of Chicago Other Rational

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

Why This Increasing

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

Challenges to Synoptic (Comprehensive)

Problemsare Knowledgeis Interestsare

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

Incrementalism and more politically interactive and experiential.

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

Interests Are Plural

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

1960s Challenges to Rationalism & its

1960s Challenges to Rationalism

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

Urban Design Theorists

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

AICP EXAM PREP | HISTORY, THEORY AND LAW

5. Challenges to Rational Planning

Two Traditions of Radical Planning