Framed Building

The basic elements of a framed building are slabs,

beams, and columns. The loads are transmitted by roof and
floor slabs and walls to beams to rigid frames and through
columns to the foundations.
Depending on the floor system and framing
arrangement adopted the structure may be idealized into a
series of plane frames in each direction for analysis and design
such a system where two -way floor slabs are used is shown in
figure, the frames in each direction carry part of the load. In
the complete three dimensional frames, torsion occurs in the
beams and biaxial bending in the columns.
Resistance to horizontal loads is provided by: -
1-Braced structures -shear walls, lift shaft and stairs.
2:unbraced structures-bending in the rigid frames.
 In multi-story buildings, the most stable arrangement is obtained
by bracing with shear walls in the two directions. Stairwells lift shafts,
permanent partition walls as well as specially designed outside shear
walls can be used to resist the horizontal loading. Shear wall should be
placed symmetrically with respect to the building axes. If this not done
the shear walls must be designed to resist the resulting torque. The
concrete floor slabs act as large horizontal diaphragms to transfer loads
at floor levels to the shear walls. Shear walls in multi-story building are
shown in Fig (1).
Characteristics of R. C. framed buildings
1 -R.C. multi-story buildings are statically indeterminate.
2-the joints are rigid or stiff.
The feature of the rigid joint is that a flexure of one member meeting
at the joint has an effect on the other members.
3 -continuity:-
R.C. framed building usually represent monolithic or continuous
units. A load at one location causes deformation and stress at all other
locations. The characteristic behavior is shown in Fig (2).
Fig (1) (a) Plan; (b) Rigid transverse frame; (c) Side elevation; (d)
Column; (e)T-beam.
 Frame Analysis
The methods of frame analysis that is used may be
classified as: -
1-Manual methods such as moment distribution or using
solutions of standard frames.
2- Simplified manual methods of analyzing subframes.
3-Computer plane or space frame programs based on the
matrix stiffness method of analysis.
All methods are based on elastic theory. In rigid frame
analysis the sizes for members must be chosen from
experience or established by an approximate design before the
analysis can be carried out because the stiffnesses depend on
member sizes.
Only simplified manual methods of frame analysis are dealt
with.
Simplified methods for analvsis of vertical loads
A part from carrying out a full elastic analysis of the
complete frame using computer techniques or such a method
as moment distribution, two simplified methods for the
analysis of vertical loads are presented.
Simplified method (I) *
This is also called "The method of substitute frames". It
involves the division of the complete structural frame into a
series of subframes, each of which consist of one continuous
beam, plus the top and bottom columns framing into that
particular beam. The far ends of the column being assumed to
be fully fixed, except for such a column in a first story where
soil and foundation conditions dictate the assumption of
hinged joint (see fig.).
 *This method is explicitly permitted by the ACI 3 18-code in section 8-8 and 8-9.
Each subframe is then analyzed elastically using
moment distribution method under the loads arranged in the
most unfavorable manner.This permits the determination of
the moments at the top ends of the bottom columns and
bottom ends of the top columns, as well as all beam moments.
Arrangement of loading
i-For beams: -
1-The maximum positive bending moment at mid point of
any particular span develops when the load is placed on the
span under consideration and on alternate span as shown in
Fig (4).

Fig (4) Loading for maximum positive B.M. at M.

 2-The maximum negative bending moment at any
particular support develops when the loads are placed on two
spans adjacent to the support under consideration as shown in
Fig (5).
ii- for columns
(1) Design axial load P on column is obtained from factored
loads on all spans as shown in Fig.(6).

The axial force in the columns may be found by taking half

the maximum load on all the adjacent spans.
(2) The moments at top ends of the bottom columns and the
bottom ends of the top columns are determined from
factored dead load on all spans with full factored live load
on alternate spans. Hence, two such patterns are required.
(3) The maximum negative bending moment at mid point of
any particular span develops when the loads are placed on
the spans adjacent to the span under consideration as
shown in Fig.(8).
Simplified method (II)]
In lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate moments
and shears are permitted by ACI 318 for design of
continuous beams, provided that:
1- there are two or more spans.
2- spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two
adjacent spans not greater than the shorter by more than
20%.
3- loads are uniformly distributed.
4- unit live load does not exceed three times unit dead load.
5- members are prismatic.(same A,I,E throughout member
length)
6-beams must be in braced frame without significant moments
due to lateral forces.
M= C. w. Ln2
Ln= clear span for M+, = average of 2 adjacent spans for M-
Simplified methods for the analysis of horizontal
loads
PORTAL METHOD
The portal method of computing approximate moments.
Shears, and axial forces from horizontal loads is based on
following assumptions:

1-There is a point of inflection at the center of each girder.

2-There is a point of inflection at the center of each
columns.
3-The total horizontal shear in all columns of a given story
is equal and opposite to the sum of all horizontal loads acting
above that story.
 4-The total horizontal shear on each story is divided
between the columns of that story so that each interior column
carries twice as much shear as each exterior column. Although
the second of these assumptions is commonly applied to all
columns, including those of the bottom floor, it is preferable
to deal with the Latter separately, depending on the conditions
of foundation. If the actual conditions are such practically to
prevent rotation (foundation on rock, massive foundations,
etc.), the inflection points of the bottom columns are above
mid point and may be assumed to be a distance 2h/3 from the
bottom, if little resistance is offered to rotation, e.g., for
relatively small footings on compressible soil, the inflection
point is located closer to the bottom and may be assumed to be
at a distance h/3 from the bottom, or even lower.
 The actual computations in this method are extremely simple.
Once the column shears are determined from the assumptions
mentioned above, all moments, shears and forces are simply
computed from statics. Each end moment for a given column
equals the shear on that column multiplied by half the length
of that column. The bending moments being such that tension
tends to be produced on the windward face at the base of the
column and the Leeward face at the head of the column in any
story as shown in Fig (17)The girder and column moments act
in opposite directions on a joint. This fact is more clarified in
Fig. l9a, from which the following equation may be written:

Mtop + Mbot = Mleft + M right . . . (C+)

 Hence we conclude that for any joint the sum of the column
end moments equals the sum of the girder end moments.
 Beam: + tension on bottom &
Columns: + tension on right side

Fig (1 8) sign convention or bending moments.

Limitation of portal method

This method is considered to be generally satisfactory for

buildings of moderate height to width ratio (height/least
horizontal dimension < 5)and not over 25 stories high. Story
heights and girder spans should be approximately equal and
the configuration reasonably symmetrical. In this method, no
consideration is given to the elastic properties of members.
Example:
Use the portal method to determine all moments, shears and
axial forces in the girders and columns of the building frame
shown below :
Solution:
1- column shears
In accordance with assumption 4. let
x = shear in each exterior column of a given story
2 x = shear in each interior- column of a given story
Then in accordance with assumption 3 .
For the first story :
x + 2x+ 2 x + x = 6x =12+24 = 36
:. x = 6 KN
2x = 12KN
For the second story :
6 x = 12
:. x = 2 KN
2x = 4KN
2. column moments
Each end moment for a given column equals the shear on
that column multiplied by half the Length of that column. For
example MAE. the moment at the A end of column AE, equals
6 x 1.5=9 KN.m , MEI=2x1.5=3KN.m, etc.
3- girder moments
Eq( + ) is used to determine girder end moments
At joint E for example.
MEF=MEI+MEA
=3+9=12KN.m
Since by assumption(l) there is a point of inflection at the
center of girder EF
:. MFE= MEF= 12 KN. M
Equating column at joint F gives
MFE + MFG = MFJ + MFB
12 +M = 6 + 18 :. M = 12 KN.m
 Computing across the girders of the first floor in this
manner. we find that all the end moments in the girders of the
first floor equal 12 KN.m ,Girder end moments in the roof can
be determined in a similar manner, each will be found to equal
3.0 KN- m.

4 . airder shears
In Fig 19b, if moments are taken about one of girder gives
SxL=2M
:. s =2M/L
Hence the shear in girder EF is given by
SEF=(2x12)/5=4.8 KN
SFj=(2x3)/5=1.2 KN, etc.
5- column axial forces
The axial forces in the columns can be obtained by summing
up, from the top of the column, the shears applied to the
column by the girders
Thus FEl = 1.2 KN, FAE=1.2+4.8=6.0 KN, etc.

6. girder axial forces

While not usually important in design, can be obtained in a
similar manner by summing up, from one end of the girder,
the shears applied to girder by the columns , one would of
course, include the effects of lateral loads themselves in such a
summation.