Professional Documents
Culture Documents
iii. Spermatophyte
photosynthetic
well differentiated into roots, stems and leaves
well developed vascular system
seed bearing plants
iv) State the importance of plants
e) Name sub-divisions of spermatophyte and state the balancing carbon IV oxide and oxygen in the
characteristics of each class atmosphere during photosynthesis and
i. Gymnospermae (cornifers) respiration
naked seeds (exposed influence water cycle
are all woody trees reduce soil erosion by bind soil particles
reproduce by means of cones together
show xerophytic characteristics useful products e.g. food, medicine, timber,
paper and clothing
xylem have tracheids but lack vessels
habitat ( e.g. forests and grassland) for animals
phloem lacks companion cells
which may also be tourist attraction
single fertilization
earn money from sales of products
pollen lands directly on ovules
aesthetic value/beauty e.g. flowers,
shade/shelter, live fences, windbreaks
ii. Angiospermae (flowering plants) Some are harmful e.g. poisons, weeds, injurious
(stinging nettles, thorns), water hyacinth.
reproduce by flowers
seeds enclosed (in fruits) f) i) Give the general characteristics of phylum
flowers bisexual hence double fertilization arthropoda
herbaceous
jointed appendages
pollen grains land on stigma of pistil
presence of exoskeleton
xylem contains vessels
triploblastic and coelomate
phloem contains companion cells
segmented body
bilateral symmetry (similar halves) Arachnida
ii. State the characteristics of the following
classes of arthropoda body divided into two parts( abdomen and
cephalothorax)
simple eyes
Diplopoda eight legs (four pairs of legs)
the millipedes
two pairs of legs per segment iii) State the economic importance of insects
many segments
terrestrial habitat
body cylindrical and long Beneficial effects
herbivorous
one pair of antennae food supply
important in food chains
pollinators
Chilopoda biological control of pests and other organisms
the centipedes aesthetic value
one pair of legs per segment contribute to decomposition e.g. litter feeders
many segments like beetles
terrestrial habitat
body long and ventro-dorsally flattened Harmful effects
carnivorous
last pair of legs pointing backwards with poison pests
claws called maxillipedes vectors
one pair of antennae dirt and disease carriers
injurious e.g. stings and bites
Insecta
g) i) State the general characteristics of chordate
three body parts i.e. head thorax, abdomen
six legs/three pairs of legs notochord
a pair of compound eyes dorsal slits (pharyngeal cleft during
presence of wings development)
a pair of antennae bilateral symmetry
triploblastic (three layer body-ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm)
clear cut head formation
multilayered epidermis
post anal tail
closed circulatory system
segmented muscle blocks(myotomes)
single pair of gonads
Crustacean
Pisces
feeding relationships
predation
competition
diseases and pests v. Symbiotic
human activities
d) Discuss how the various biotic factors affect living
organisms and association of organisms of different species
where both benefit from the association i.e. there
i. Competition is mutual benefit
organisms compete with one another for food, vi. Human activities
light, water, mates and shelter these are human factors which have an influence
organisms must live together for competition for on the biosphere
available resources examples are road construction,
those which cannot cope either structurally or industrialization, deforestation, agriculture,
behaviorally will migrate or die pollution, poaching, fishing conservation,
those remaining, due to better adaptations will population control
increase in population affect ecosystem and balance of nature
competition between members of the same
species is called intra-specific competition e.g.
for mates Saprophytism
Competition between members of different saprophytes are organisms which obtain organic
species is inter specific competition e.g. for food matter in solution from dead and decaying
and space. tissues of plants and animals
ii. Predation they include saprophytic bacteria and fungi
this is predator-prey relationship they make available carbon, nitrogen and other
predator feeds on prey hence both control the elements form dead to living organisms
others population they are useful in recycling nutrients in nature
Distribution of predator and prey is important as
predator cannot survive without prey
It there is no predator the prey will increase in e)i) What is nitrogen cycle?
population beyond carrying capacity hence die
due to environment depletion The process by which nitrogen in the air is made
iii. Parasitism available plants and animals and eventually
an association where an organism lives in or on returns to the air.
another living organism obtaining food(and
other benefits) from it, causing harm to it ii) Draw a simplified diagram representing the
(without necessary killing it)
nitrogen cycle
parasites may kill host
pseudomonas and theobaccilus
bacteria generally called denitrifying
bacteria
iii) Describe the nitrogen cycle f) i) Describe how energy flows from the sun through
the various trophic levels in an ecosystem
during thunderstorms/lightning nitrogen gas
combines with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides
nitrogen oxides dissolve in water to form nitric
acid energy from the sun is trapped by green plants
acid is deposited in the soil by rain during photosynthesis, producing chemical
nitric acid combines with chemical substances to energy9food or carbohydrates
form nitrates or nitric acid dissociates to form green plants are producers and occupy the first
nitrates which are absorbed by plants trophic level
symbiotic bacteria (Rhizobium) which are found green plants are eaten by herbivores called
in root nodules of leguminous plants fix free primary producers as they occupy the second
nitrogen to nitrates trophic level
free living bacteria (clostridium and herbivores are eaten by carnivores, secondary
Azotobacter) fix nitrogen to nitrates consumers, which occupy the third trophic level
nostoc algae (Anabaema chlorella) fix nitrogen when organisms 9plant and animals) die, fungi
to nitrates and bacteria which are saprophytic organisms
plants use nitrates to form plant proteins feed on them thus causing them to decompose
animals feed on plants and convert plant proteins into simple substances e.g. mineral salts
into animal proteins these organisms are called decomposers and
plants and animals die and are decomposed by detrivores
putrefying bacteria, fungi(saprophytes) decomposer feed on dead organic matter hence
decomposing plants, animals and nitrogenous cause decomposition and decay which releases
wastes release ammonia which is converted to nutrients for plants, linking biotic and a biotic
nitrites by Nitrosomonas and nitrococcus components
bacteria at all levels energy is lost through respiration
Belt transect
Dispersion
Density
the number of individuals per unit area Capture-recapture method
Causes and effects Oil spillage may be controlled by cleaning spilled oil
biotechnology and penalizing the industry individual or
companies which cause oil spills/water pollution
agrochemicals e.g. fertilizers cause Pollution caused by agrochemicals may be controlled by
eutrophication leading to increase in animal using mechanical control of weeds, biological control of
population weeds and pests, biodegradable organic fertilizer
Silting makes water surfaces shallow and silt herbicides, insecticides pesticides, organic farming
clogs stomata and gills of fish reducing rates of educate farmers on the use of correct amount of
photosynthesis and gaseous exchange. It also agrochemicals
leads to reduction of algae which causes
reduction of consumers i.e. animal population
silting may be controlled by appropriate farming community, household wastes and industrial
practices, contour farming, reafforestation, wastes disposal is a major problem in big towns
building gabions and terracing and cities. commodities packaged in metal tins,
rubber, plastic containers, scrap metal, glass
bottles, different types of paper are nuisance to
the environment, rendering it useless for
agricultural purposes
3. a) i) What is reproduction?
process by which living organisms give rise to replication of organelles
new members of their own species which duplication of DNA
resemble the parents production of energy (ATP) for cell division
Prophase
iii) Name the types of reproduction
d) i) What is meiosis?
division of diploid cells to form gametes which
are haploid
Interphase
Telophase
Prophase I
Anaphase II
-chromatids of each chromosome separate to the poles
Anaphase I
paired homologous chromosomes move to the
poles
Telophase I Telophase II
paired homologous chromosomes reach the reach the poles
poles four haploid daughter cells are formed
two new nuclei are formed
chromosomes shorten, thicken and become iv) Give the similarities between mitosis and meiosis
visible,
stage of dehydration both take part in cells
both involve division (cell multiplication)
v) What are the differences between mitosis and
meiosis?
Mitosis Meiosis occurs with only one parent
parts of organism develop into new individual
maintenance of reduction/halving of
chromosome chromosomes
number (haploid ii) State the advantages of asexual reproduction
(diploid) occurs in
takes place in reproductive retention of useful characteristics/genes/traits
somatic cells/gonads/produce offspring establish faster/shorter life cycle
cells/growth s gametes better chances of survival because of suitable
no crossing crossing over takes environment
over/no place/variation
variations occurs
results into 2 results into 4
daughter cells daughter cells
no pairing/no there is
synapsis/no paring/synapsis/bival
bivalent formed ent
a one division a two division
process of four process of four
stages stages each
iii) Give the disadvantages of asexual reproduction
lack of genetic variation
lowered resistance to disease
d) i) What is asexual reproduction loss of hybrid vigor
formation of new individuals as a result of the competition for resources due to overcrowding
fusion of two gametes
fusion is called fertilization iv) Explain how reproduction occurs by the following
methods of asexual reproduction
ii) What is the significance of sexual reproduction in Sporulation
living organisms?
formation of spores
leads to genetic variation e.g. cross breeding spores are small haploid cells produced by plants
which gives rise to hybrids spores give rise to new haploid organisms
includes moulds, ferns, bryophytes,
iii) State the advantages of sexual reproduction pteridophytes
genetic variation
greater adaptability to environment by offspring Budding
few bad or good traits inherited/retained where an outgrowth arises from a parent and
greater amount of dispersal is possible drops off to develop into a new organisms
may result in stronger offspring hereditary material in the daughter cell and
parent are exactly the same
occurs in organisms such as hydra, jelly fish, sea
iv) Give the disadvantages of sexual reproduction
anemones, yeast and some fungi
less certainty in egg and sperm meeting
low rate of survival
Binary fission
sex-linked diseases easily transmitted
a cell splits into two new cells of equal size
each daughter cell grows into anew organism
e) i) What is asexual reproduction?
Occurs in organisms such as amoeba, euglena,
formation of new organisms without fusion of paramecium, some fungi and bacteria.
gametes
f) i) What is a flower? anther produces pollen grains which contain
male gametes
this is the reproductive structure which bears the
reproductive parts of a plant
it produces seeds and fruits Gynaecium
female part of flower
ii) Draw a longitudinal section of a labeled diagram consists of one or more carpels
of a flower each carpel contains one or more ovules in an
ovary
style bearing a stigma extends from ovary
ovary contains female gametes which when
fertilized become seeds
Unisexual
Calyx
have only one of carpel or stamen i.e. either
consists of sepals male or female
usually green
protect flower in bud
Carpelate
Staminate
consist of petals
Dioecious plants
often colored or scented to attract insects
have pistilate and staminate flowers on different
plants e.g. pawpaw
Androecium
g) i) What is pollination?
h) i) What is fertilization?
- Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
Testa
Hilum
a scar
spot where the seed was attached to the fruit or vi) How is a fruit formed?
pod
one of the organs that remains on the plant after
pollination and fertilization is the ovary
Micropyle within the ovary, the developing embryo
produces special chemical substances that
stimulate the young ovary
these substances also signal the start of the Marginal
formation of the fruit, which is a mature ovary
the fruit may contain one or more seeds
during fruit formation the ovary increases in size
while ripening or maturing
a true fruit is formed from the ovary of a flower
after fertilization
it has two scars(style scar and stalk scar) and
contains seeds
some seeds are not formed from the ovary of a
flower placenta appears as one ridge on ovary wall
some other parts of a flower develop to form a ovules are attached to placenta in rows e.g. peas
fruit in a pod
such fruits are called false fruits Basal
Seed Fruit
Aggregate fruits
Follicle
split on one side only e.g. Sodom apple
has many seeds
whole pericarp is succulent e.g. orange, tomato, Capsule
pawpaw
has several lines of weakness/sutures
open in many places e.g. castor oil, cotton
Drupe
only one seed
vii) What are indehiscent fruits?
pericarp divided into three layers i.e. epicarp,
mesocarp(juicy) and endocarp(hard) non-splitting fruits
e.g. mango and coconut usually one seeded only
Self dispersal/explosive
Penis
is highly vascularised/spongy
has a sensitive glands
becomes erect to allow entry into the vagina
Scrotum
contains the testes outside the body on whose walls the process of spermatogenesis takes place
the process is favored by lower temperature
it contains sertoli cells which nourish sperms until they are mature
Epididymis
this is the embedding and attaching of the embryo in the uterine wall/endometrium
implantation marks the beginning of pregnancy
sometimes implantation occurs in the oviduct wall which is abnormal and results in ectopic pregnancy which is
fatal
the outer wall of the blastocyst develops fingerlike projections which project into the uterine wall for attachment
the projections are called villi
the villi and endometrium develop into an organ that is called the placenta
the embryo is attached to the placenta through a cord called the umbilical cord
iii)
State the functions of umbilical cord Chorion
ii) Explain the functions of the membranes associated iii) Explain the events that take place to facilitate
with placenta parturition
near birth the placenta produces less body acquires extra fat
progesterone
oxytocin hormone is produced by posterior lobe
of pituitary gland iii) Describe the role of hormones in secondary sexual
because progesterone level has decreased the characteristics in
uterus becomes sensitive to oxytocin Boys
oxytocin causes the contraction of the uterus
(myometrium) Follicle stimulation hormone (FSH)
these contractions are called labour pains
just before parturition the head turns downwards from pituitary
the contractions eventually push the baby stimulates production of androgens(male
through the vagina hormones) mainly testosterone by testis
amnion breaks and amniotic fluid is released Testosterone
oxytocin dilates the cervix secondary sexual characteristics
foetus is expelled through cervix with head Girls
coming out first
finally the whole infant comes out FHS
the umbilical cord is cut and the placenta is
expelled as afterbirth from pituitary
development of follicles
stimulates oestrogen production by ovary
LH
iv) State the reasons why later in pregnancy the from pituitary
ovary will b e removed without disturbing the ovulation
pregnancy stimulates release of progesterone by ovary
Oestrogen
corpus luteum in the ovary secretes progesterone
which maintains pregnancy and development of stimulates release of LH
foetus after conception secondary sexual characteristics
after four months pregnancy is maintained by Progesterone
progesterone from the placenta
also from placenta
sustains pregnancy as it inhibits prolactin and
f) i) What are secondary sexual characteristics oxytocin during pregnancy
Prolactin
- Characteristics (physiological and anatomical) that start
developing at puberty due to the influence of male and milk formation
female hormones
i) Gonorrhea v) Hepatitis
- caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhea - Viral disease
- transmitted through sexual intercourse, Affects the liver
- infects urethra and vaginal tract (epithelia) Transmitted through sexual intercourse
- Symptoms include pain, discharge of mucus and bad No known treatment
smell (females)
growth grow at different
regions(meristems) rates(allometric)
vi) Candidiasis often maximum growth
caused by fungus called Candida albicans indefinite/continuou on
s maturity(definite)
transmitted through sexual intercourse
growth results in no branching
symptoms include itching urethra, and vaginal
discharge (odourless)
branching affected by
affected by light, nutrients
controlled by personal hygiene, early treatment
auxins, hormones
and responsible sexual behavior
and temperature
vii) HIV/AIDS
ii) List the processes involved in growth
caused by HIV virus
assimilation
transmitted by sexual intercourse, blood
transfusion, sharing piercing instruments from cell enlargement
infected mother to foetus, infant and baby cell division(by mitosis)
symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, iv) List the parameters used to measure
night sweating, cough, weight loss, fatigue, loss growth
of appetite, diarrhea, headache, a opportunistic height/length
infections and tumors dry weight
Control by responsible sexual behaviour, number of individuals
education, screening blood for transfusion and volume
using sterile piercing instruments. leaf area of plant
6. a) Define the terms
i) Growth
iv) Name the patterns of growth in organisms
an irreversible change in size of a cell, organ or
whole organism - allometric and isometric
growth is due to synthesis of protoplasm or - limited and unlimited
extracellular substances - discontinuous growth
ii) Development
refers to a series of changes which an organism
goes through in its lie cycle c) i) Name the different types of growth curves
during development both qualitative and
- sigmoid curve(normal growth curve)
quantitative changes take place(involves
- intermittent growth curve
differentiation)
iii) Differentiation
f) i) Distinguish between primary and secondary - found near the periphery of stem and root
- responsible for secondary growth/growth in girth
growth
of stem and root/lateral growth
Primary growth - called cambium and constitute vascular and cork
cambium
- occurs at the apical (shoot and tip) apices
regions where meristematic cells occur
- causes plant elongation since cells divide by v) Describe primary growth
mitosis
- occurs at tips of shoots and roots in the
meristematic tissues of apical meristem
Secondary growth - at the apex there is a zone of cell
division/mitosis
-occurs at the cambium meristems - cells elongate at elongation zone
- the elongated cells differentiate at the region of
Increases width (girth) of the stem differentiation resulting in increase in size
- in the stems meristems give rise to leaf premodia
which envelop the apex to form a bud
ii) What are meristems - the bud protects the delicate inner cells
- in roots the meristem is protected by root cap
- dividing cells - after cells differentiate the form permanent
- meristem means they are dividing tissues
iii) State the characteristics of meristematic cells vi) Describe secondary growth in plants
- dense cytoplasm - also called secondary thickening
- thin cell walls - only occurs in dicotyledonous plants that have
- absence of vacuoles/cell sap cambium
- monocotyledonous plants do not undergo
secondary growth because they lack
intervascular cambium
- cambium cells divide to produce more cells on
either side of the cambium
- cells produced to the inside become secondary
cambium
- cells produced to the outside become secondary
phloem
- division of cambium cells occurs yearly
producing new rings of secondary phloem and
secondary xylem each year
- intervascular cambium(cambium between
vascular bundles) divide to form secondary
parenchyma, thereby increasing growth of - use the same leaf throughout
medullary rays - trace the outline on a graph paper and work out
- much more xylem is formed than phloem, thus the area
pushing phloem and cambium ring outward - record
- the rate of secondary growth is depended on - repeat at regular intervals until regular area
seasons(rains) resulting in annual rings - average rate of growth equals to total increase
- cork cambium is located beneath epidermis ad is in area divided by the period of time taken to
responsible for secondary thickening of the bark achieve full area
of perennial plants Average rate of growth = total increase in area
- cork cambium divides to form new cork(bark)
tissues to accommodate increased growth on period of time taken to
outside and secondary cortex on the inside achieve final area
- Cork cells (cells of the bark) are loosely parked
at some points to form lenticels for gaseous
exchange.
vii) State the significance of secondary growth
- increase girth or circumference of trees
- annual rings which show seasonal growth can be
used to tell the age of trees
i
i) Describe how the growth of a root can be
determined
Materials
- fine thread, marking ink, germinating bean
seedlings, blotting paper, ruler marked in
millimeters, pins, cork, a boiling tube and moist
cotton wool
Procedure
- dry seedlings using blotting paper
- place inside against the ruler marked in mm
g) i) Describe one method which can be used to - dip the fine thread in waterproof ink
measure the average growth rate of a single leaf of a - mark the radicle at equal intervals
plant - pin the seedling to the cork
- suspend the seedling into the boiling tube
EITHER containing moist cotton wool
- allow the seedling to grow for two days/some
- chose/identify a young leaf(just unfolded) time observe the intervals with the marks
- use the same leaf throughout
- measure (total) length of (whole) leaf - record your observations the widest intervals are
- record found in the region just behind the tip
- repeat at regular intervals until no more change indicating/showing region of greatest growth
occurs/constant length
- average rate of growth is equal to total increase
in length divided by the period taken to achieve iii) A boy hammered a nail in the bark of a tree at a
full length height of 1.5metres above the ground.
Average rate of growth = total increase in length
Four years later, the nail was found at the same
period taken to achieve full height although the tree had grown 3 meters taller.
length Explain the above observation
OR
- choose/identify a young leaf(just unfolded)
The nail was hammered at a point where vertical growth - stimulates lateral bud development
had stopped/further growth was confined to increase in
width/diameter.
Ethylene (ethynelC2H4)
Vertical growth is confined to tips/apex/vertical apical
- accelerates ripening in fruits
meristem
- encourages fruit fall/leaf fall
- induces thickening in stern/inhibits stem
elongation
- promotes flowering (in pineapples)
- promotes germination in certain seeds
Tropic responses
Traumatin
Cell elongation/increases in ell elongation
- heals wounds by callous formation
Development of abscision layer Florigen
Growth of ovaries into fruits/parthenocarpy/initiates - promotes flowering
flowers
Inhibits growth of lateral buds/produces apical
dominance
Stimulates adventitious/lateral roots
Gibberellins (Gibberellic acid/GA3
Thyroxine
- promotes growth and metamorphosis iii) What is the significance of each of the four stages
- underproduction leads to a child becoming a in complete metamorphosis?
cretin (mentally retarted)