Digital Paper Trail

2/21/17
Alex Hillegass
Topic: Automation
Keywords:
Automation
Industrial Automation
Algorithm
Unemployment
Automation and Jobs
Artificial Intelligence

Sources:
1. Davenport, Thomas H. "Why Trump DoesnT Tweet About Automation." Harvard
Business Review Digital Articles (2017): 2-4. Business Source Premier. Web. 22 Feb.
2017.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=120801283&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. This source helps explain how important this topic is and it also provides good
references for future research.
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Pq-S557XQU
a. Outlines many of the arguments I would like to present in my paper
3. Interview with my brother who is working on making Lockheed Martin production
processes more efficient. Hopefully this will help explain how automation is being used
by companies and to what extent it is being used.
4. Larson, Quincy. A Warning from Bill Gates, Elon Musk, and Stephen
Hawking.FreeCodeCamp, FreeCodeCamp, 20 Feb. 2017,
medium.freecodecamp.com/bill-gates-and-elon-musk-just-warned-us-about-the-one-thing
-politicians-are-too-scared-to-talk-8db9815fd398#.a83iacdfr. Accessed 22 Feb. 2017.
a. This article outlines how big the problem is and includes quotes from many major
authorities in technology.
5. Nica, Elvira. "Will Technological Unemployment And Workplace Automation Generate
Greater Capital-Labor Income Imbalances?." Economics, Management, And Financial
Markets 4 (2016): 68. Academic OneFile. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.477086338&site=eds-live&s
cope=site
b. Introduction Automation takes the place of work, harmonizes it, increases
production in manners that generate superior demand for work, and intermingles
with modifications in labor supply. Alterations in technology [...]The mainstay of
the paper is formed by an analysis of the expenses and advantages of digital
technologies for the amount and quality of work, the dynamics of technological
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Alex Hillegass
unemployment, and the mediocre performance of labor markets throughout
advanced economies. The theory that I shall seek to elaborate here puts
considerable emphasis on the consequences of digital technologies for the future
of labor, the powerful reciprocalities between automation and work that raise
output, increase returns, and intensify demand for work, and the compelling
forces behind the constantly significant unemployment rates. The results of the
current study converge with prior research on the expenses of unemployment and
disparity caused by the advancement of digital technologies, the impacts of
technological progress on employment, and the effect of computerization on labor
market results. [CREATED BY AUTHOR]
6. Gisby, John. "Selective Unemployment: The Creeping Crisis." Political Quarterly 50.4
(1979): 473-481. Humanities Source. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hus&AN=19300412&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article presents a discussion on the crisis of selective unemployment in Great
Britain. The need for electronics and automation that will create new jobs and
can eliminate repetitive work in factories or farms is discussed. It also discusses
the need for changing the attitudes toward long-term unemployment.[CREATED
BY AUTHOR]
7. MILLER, CLAIRE CAIN. "Whats Really Killing Jobs? Its Automation, Not China."
New York Times 22 Dec. 2016: A3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=120334035&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article reports that increasing automation is killing job opportunities for
workers in the contemporary world because it has made it easier for
manufacturers to get their work done with fewer workers.[BY AUTHOR]
8. DASHEVSKY, EVAN. "Driverless Cars." PC Magazine (2016): 106-120. Applied
Science & Technology Source. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=117743802&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article discusses consequences of development of fully Autonomous Vehicles
(AVs). Topics discussed include several car manufacturing firms such as Tesla,
Toyota, and Volvo; implementation of partial solutions such as seatbelt laws,
median barricades and crumple zones; and views of Raj Rajkumar, co-director of
the automobile manufacturer General Motors, on the same.[BY AUTHOR]
9. http://artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/Emily-howell.htm
a. This is a computer program that creates music. It shows how even creative things
can be done by computers and robots.
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10. Summers, Lawrence H. "Lawrence H. Summers on the Economic Challenge of the
Future: Jobs." Wall Street Journal (Online), 08 July 2014, p. 1. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=buh&AN=96973910&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. Lawrence Summers is a very knowledgeable person on the issue of automation.
He briefly explains how automation has already affected us and what it is likely to
do in the future.
11. Talton, Jon. Bill Gates answer to robots: Tax them. Seattle Times. The Seattle Times,
21 Feb. 2017. Web. 22 Feb. 2017.
a. http://www.seattletimes.com/business/economy/bill-gates-answer-to-robots-tax-th
em/
b. While parts are very politically charged it also presents Bill Gates ideas well.
12. Mims, Christopher. "Automation Can Actually Create More Jobs: Evidence Shows
Increased Productivity Leads to More Wealth, Cheaper Goods, Greater Spending Power
and Ultimately, More Jobs." Wall Street Journal. Europe, 2016. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsggo&AN=edsgcl.475347670&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsggo&AN=edsgcl.475347670&site=eds-live&s
cope=site
b. Using historical data, economists and analysts argue that automation ultimately
leads to greater wealth, cheaper goods, and more jobs. Some areas of the job
market will suffer, as has happened with agricultural and manufacturing job.
However, job gains can be observed on the low and high end of the labor market.
The greatest challenge is transitioning workers from one job to another.
c. This one has the opposite opinion of what I have and what a few of my sources
say. It will be interesting to see how they argue with each other.
13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiiP5ROnzw8
a. This a Google talk about how automation will affect our lives. It talks about how
automation is going to cause changes from the perspective of a large company.
14. Singh, Ganesh and Sathya Swaroop Debasish. "Jobs in the Era of Automation." ITIHAS -
the Journal of Indian Management, vol. 6, no. 4, Oct-Dec2016, p. 70. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edb&AN=120420965&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. The world that we live in today is characterised by technological advancements&
automation.The advancements in technology & automation is impacting job
availability - eliminating jobs, creating new jobs, and demanding new skills from
workforces worldwide.A technology revolution is fast replacing human beings
with machines in virtually every sector and industry in the global economy. In this
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Alex Hillegass
paper, a modest attempt has been made to critically review the current trends
towards automation and its concomitant impact on jobs per se in India & some
of the other industrialised nations of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
15. Autor, David H. "Why Are There Still so Many Jobs? The History and Future of
Workplace Automation." Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 29, no. 3, Summer, pp.
3-30. EBSCOhost, doi:www.aeaweb.org/jep/.
a. In this essay, I begin by identifying the reasons that automation has not wiped
out a majority of jobs over the decades and centuries. Automation does indeed
substitute for labor--as it is typically intended to do. However, automation also
complements labor, raises output in ways that leads to higher demand for labor,
and interacts with adjustments in labor supply. Journalists and even expert
commentators tend to overstate the extent of machine substitution for human
labor and ignore the strong complementarities between automation and labor that
increase productivity, raise earnings, and augment demand for labor. Changes in
technology do alter the types of jobs available and what those jobs pay. In the last
few decades, one noticeable change has been a "polarization" of the labor market,
in which wage gains went disproportionately to those at the top and at the bottom
of the income and skill distribution, not to those in the middle; however, I also
argue, this polarization is unlikely to continue very far into future. The final
section of this paper reflects on how recent and future advances in artificial
intelligence and robotics should shape our thinking about the likely trajectory of
occupational change and employment growth. I argue that the interplay between
machine and human comparative advantage allows computers to substitute for
workers in performing routine, codifiable tasks while amplifying the comparative
advantage of workers in supplying problem-solving skills, adaptability, and
creativity.[BY AUTHOR]
b. This is another well researched paper that has a different opinion than what my
other sources say.
16. "United Kingdom : 85% of Employers Believe Workplace Automation Will Create More
Jobs Than It Will Replace." Mena Report, 2016. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsggr&AN=edsgcl.472480961&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. A major new report by Capita Resourcing, reveals that 85% of employers believe
workplace automation will create more jobs than it will replace in their
organisation in 10 years time. [...][BY AUTHOR]
b. Yet another differing opinion. This time with statistics gathered from the
employers.
17. Jenkin, Matthew. Written out of the Story: The Robots Capable of Making the News.
The Guardian. The Guardian, 21 Feb. 2017. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
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Alex Hillegass
a. https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2016/jul/22/written-out-of-
story-robots-capable-making-the-news
b. This story show how advanced these robots are. AI is now able to write coherent
sentences.
18. Overly, Steven. Artificial Intelligence Could Cost Millions of Jobs. The White House
Says We Need More of It. Washington Post. washingtonpost, 20 Dec. 2016. Web. 22
Feb. 2017.
a. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2016/12/20/ai-could-cost-
millions-of-jobs-the-white-house-says-we-need-more-of-it/?utm_term=.742142aa
9302
b. A look at how politics sees the use of AI.
19. Martin, Stephen. Why We Must Embrace Digital Disruption and Ensure No Worker Is
Left Behind. The Guardian. The Guardian, 26 Sept. 2016. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.
a. https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/sep/26/why-we-must-em
brace-digital-disruption-and-ensure-no-worker-is-left-behind
b. Brief overview of how this is changing our lives and how we can use it to our
advantage.
20. Kaplan, Jerry. "Artificial Intelligence: Think Again." Communications of the ACM, vol.
60, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 36-38. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1145/2950039.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ega&AN=120347680&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The author argues that artificial intelligence (AI) should be understood within
social and cultural contexts. Topics include mass media coverage of research on
AI technology, the potential impact of automation on the U.S. labor market, the
importance of emotional labor and other job skills that AI cannot develop.[BY
AUTHOR]
21. Halal, William, et al. "Forecasts of AI and Future Jobs in 2030: Muddling through
Likely, with Two Alternative Scenarios." Journal of Futures Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, Dec.
2016, pp. 83-95. EBSCOhost, doi:10.6531/JFS.2016.21(2).R83.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=121336348&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article focuses on the issue of unemployment by forecasting the distribution
of jobs related to artificial intelligence (AI). Topics discussed include
elimination of jobs in 2025 by (AI); development of advanced AI systems; IBM's
partnership with Cleveland Clinic to develop a medical diagnosis system; a
forecast by TechCast Global on distribution of jobs; and the impact of Advanced
AI and robotics on the jobs that involve manual and service tasks.[BY AUTHOR]
22. Vardi, Moshe Y. "The Moral Imperative of Artificial Intelligence." Communications of
the ACM, vol. 59, no. 5, May 2016, p. 5. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1145/2903530.
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a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=115178340&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article discusses the moral imperative of artificial intelligence (AI). It
considers the victory of the AI-system AlphaGo over 18-time chess world
champion Lee Se-dol as an achievement and milestone in AI research and a
demonstration of machine learning around automation of human jobs. Also
tackled are the technical challenges of the automation of driving, its potential
disruptive effect on the global economy, and human cost because of the
disappearance of jobs.[BY AUTHOR]
23. Maney, Kevin. "To Fix the Economy, We Need More Bump and Grind; a Good Way to
Add Friction (And Jobs) to Our Software-Driven Economy Would Be to Invest in
Painfully Slow, Physical, Local, Wasteful Infrastructure." Newsweek, no. 8, 2016.
EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsggr&AN=edsgcl.462213609&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. An enormous selling point of cloud software, artificial intelligence, the Internet
of Things and other new technology is that it removes "friction" from business.
But as it turns out, much [...][BY AUTHOR]
b. Honestly just included this because it was hilarious. I never realized people would
purposefully waste money to keep people in jobs.
24. COSMIN-ALEXANDRU, TEFAN, et al. "The Potential Impact of Tehnological
Development on Future Jobs." Annals of 'Constantin Brancusi' University of Targu-Jiu.
Economy Series, 2015 Special, pp. 484-487. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=buh&AN=115243124&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. Technological developments in the last decades have reached unbelievable levels,
what was once the domain of science fiction movies is now a reality, and this
developments have left few areas of human life unchanged. In this paper we aim
to explore the changes that technology brought to the way people work and,
especially to the way people will work. While we acknowledge that any
prediction about the future is almost always proved wrong from the get go, we
think that the importance of the subject warrants the risk. The paper draws its
routes from some of the most influential theories about how technology will
impact the way people work and is main objective is to spark a conversation about
the merits of lack thereof that they contain. It is by no means an extensive work,
but rather the beginning of a research focus that will, hopefully bring new insights
in the above mentioned field. For the sake of convenience we have grouped the
predictions in three categories: "Business as usual", "Lateral developments" and
"All bets are off" based on how profound the change would be. Each of this levels
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Alex Hillegass
offers different benefits, as well as different challenges, our hope is that throw a
process of thorough consideration solutions can be generated to maximize the
former while minimizing the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
25. Hughes, James J. "A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global
Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and Biomedicine." Journal
of Evolution & Technology, vol. 24, no. 1, Feb. 2014, pp. 45-61. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aph&AN=94957652&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. Robotics and artificial intelligence are beginning to fundamentally change the
relative profitability and productivity of investments in capital versus human
labor, creating technological unemployment at all levels of the workforce, from
the North to the developing world. As robotics and expert systems become
cheaper and more capable the percentage of the population that can find
employment will also fall, stressing economies already trying to curtail
"entitlements" and adopt austerity. Two additional technologydriven trends will
exacerbate the structural unemployment crisis in the coming decades, desktop
manufacturing and anti-aging medicine. Desktop manufacturing threatens to
disintermediate the half of all workers involved in translating ideas into products
in the hands of consumers, while anti-aging therapies will increase the old age
dependency ratio of retirees to tax-paying workers. Policies that are being
proposed to protect or create employment will have only a temporary moderating
effect on job loss. Over time these policies, which will impose raise costs, lower
the quality of goods and services, and lower competitiveness, will become fiscally
impossible and lose political support. In order to enjoy the benefits of
technological innovation and longer, healthier lives we will need to combine
policies that control the pace of replacing paid human labor with a universal basic
income guarantee (BIG) provided through taxation and the public ownership of
wealth. The intensifying debate over the reform of "entitlements" will be the
strategic opening for a campaign for BIG to replace disability and unemployment
insurance, Social Security, and other elements of the welfare state. [ABSTRACT
FROM AUTHOR]
26. Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and the Economy. Washington, D.C. : Executive
Office of the President, 2016., 2016. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=cat00846a&AN=ucfl.034738486&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo75989/Artificial-Intelligence-Automation-E
conomy.PDF
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b. While I have not read the source it could provide important insights into how the
government is planning on dealing with issues brought on by artificial
intelligence.
27. Dietterich, Thomas G. and Eric J. Horvitz. "Rise of Concerns about AI: Reflections and
Directions." Communications of the ACM, vol. 58, no. 10, Oct. 2015, pp. 38-40.
EBSCOhost, doi:10.1145/2770869.
a. https://login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.c
om/login.aspx?direct=true&db=buh&AN=110193552&site=eds-live&scope=site
b. The article focuses on questions and the author's concerns about Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and the impact it may have on human beings and society.
Topics discussed include a self-driving car that information technology company
Google is developing, human and machine interactions challenges of aircraft
autopilot systems, and the possible negative effects of AI technology on wages.
Another topic is the possibility of collaboration between AI systems and human
beings to solve complex programs. The author expresses the opinion that more
study is needed to ensure effectiveness and safety of AI in safety-critical functions
and to examine the impact of AI on the economy.[BY AUTHOR]
28. Spence, Michael. "Where's the Productivity? Despite Predictions, There's Little Sign That
Automation Is Making Economies More Productive. How Come?." Hoover Digest:
Research & Opinion on Public Policy, no. 1, Winter2016, pp. 16-19. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aph&AN=112761080&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. The article discusses the automation industry economy's growth with that of its
expected productive statistics. It states that the global financial crisis has affected
the productive growth of the automation sector because of the huge debt taken by
the advanced economies, that is needed to be deleverage with its process. The
reasons responsible for the down trend includes monetary policy, public sector
under investment and stock buy backs that has led productivity slowdown.[BY
AUTHOR]
29. Gordon, Ed. "OUR JOBS: The AMERICAN WORKFORCE and ECONOMY in
CRISIS." Career Planning & Adult Development Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, Summer2015,
p. 65. EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edo&AN=109145698&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. The article analyzes the U.S. economy and employment. Topics discussed include
projected growth of the U.S. economy in 2015, the employment challenges, the
elements of the U.S. jobs deal including demographics, education, automation
and longevity and the possibility of economic stagnation if labor participation rate
remain at very low levels.[BY AUTHOR]
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30. Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Rage against the Machine." The New Yorker, no. 42, 2016.
EBSCOhost,
login.ezproxy.net.ucf.edu/login?auth=shibb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=edsglr&AN=edsgcl.474720420&site=eds-live&scope=site.
a. Rage Against the Machine Will robots take your job? There are many accounts of
the genesis of Watson. The most popular, which is not necessarily the [...][BY
AUTHOR]
b. I think my research could use a little heavily opinionated comedy to break the
monotony of talking about technologies benefits.
31. http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/business/forbes/ford.html
a. In 1914, 13,000 workers at Ford made 260,720 cars. By comparison, in the rest
of the industry, it took 66,350 workers to make 286,770.
b. assembly time for a Model T chassis dropped from twelve hours, thirty minutes
to five hours, fifty minutes.
c. This shows how automation drastically reduces the number of workers needed to
produce cars.
32. http://www.automobilemag.com/news/the-15-top-producing-american-car-plants-151801
/
a. Largest car production plant is Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant, Claycomo,
MO, 460,338 cars in 2011
33. http://corporate.ford.com/microsites/sustainability-report-2011-12/doc/sr11.pdf
a. Sustainability report claims the Kansas City plant employed 3,750 workers during
2011
b. This coupled with the information above shows how jobs are continuing to be
replaced by machines
34. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/hello-self-driving-cars-goodbye-41-million-jobs-201
6-09-15
a. Talks about how many jobs may be lost when self driving cars become a thing
35. http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091615/world-high-frequency-algorithmi
c-trading.asp
a. last decade, algorithmic trading (AT) and high-frequency trading (HFT) have
come to dominate the trading world, particularly HFT. During 2009-2010,
anywhere from 60% to 70% of U.S. trading was attributed to HFT
36. https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet-the-new-generation-of-robots-for-manufacturing-1
433300884
a. Takes a look at automation in manufacturing and shows how there have been
recent advances in the technology used to manufacture
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37. Kozul-Wright, Richard. Robots and Industrialization in Developing Countries. Oct.
2016,http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/presspb2016d6_en.pdf. Accessed 21 Mar.
2017.
38.
39. Clifford, Catherine. Elon Musk: Robots Will Take Your Jobs, Government Will Have to
Pay Your Wage. CNBC, CNBC, 4 Nov. 2016,
www.cnbc.com/2016/11/04/elon-musk-robots-will-take-your-jobs-government-will-have
-to-pay-your-wage.html. Accessed 21 Mar. 2017.