Teaching sessions week 40

Monday 28 September
Lecture: Introduction to propulsion. Momentum theory of propeller
action.

Friday 2 October
Lecture: Screw propeller

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 1

 Propellers and
propulsion
Kul-24.3200 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 2

Content of the course
Resistance
Propulsion (Week 40)
Introduction, Momentum theory on propeller action (Week 40)
Screw propeller (Week 40)
Propeller-hull interaction
Early design of a propeller
Propeller main engine interaction
Stopping, accelerating and backing properties
Propeller cavitation
Special types of propulsors
Afterbody form of a ship
Ship dynamics

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 3

Topic, learning outcomes, literature
Topic
General on propulsion
On the development of the propulsors
Momentum theory of propeller action

After this part you can

describe features of a good propulsor.
describe the historical development of propulsors.
explain the action of a propeller using the momentum theory of propeller
action.

Additional reading
Matusiak J (2010) Laivan propulsio. M-176. Chapters 1-2
Matusiak J (2008) Short introduction to Ship Resistance and Propulsion.
Sections 3.1-3.3
Lewis E.V., editor (1988) Principles of Naval Architecture, Second revision.
Volume II, parts of Chapter 6. SNAME. Available in Knovel.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics Aalto University 4

Outline: Introduction to propulsion
General

Development of the propulsors

Momentum theory of propeller action

Summary

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 5

On the hydrodynamic design of a ship
Ideal conditions Forces acting on a ship
Still water Weight of a ship
Constant speed Environmental forces
No drift angle acting on a hull
acting on a propulsor

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 6

Forces acting on a ship

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 7

Forces acting on a propulsor
Integration of the stress over z
the surface A of the propulsor
gives the force and the
moment of the propulsor
x G V
Mp
Fp
Thrust T: The force component
that acts on the propeller in T
r
the direction of the ship.
p
dA
n
= + =

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 8

On propulsors
Propulsion means development of a thrusting force which balances ship
resistance and inertia force associated with ship acceleration.

Explaining the action of a propulsor: Momentum theory

The propulsor accelerates water backwards.
The generated reaction force push the ship forwards.

Features of a good propulsor

Steady thrust, Good efficiency, Reliability
Thrust is easily controlled and directed (good acceleration and stopping
qualities)
Propulsion is well suited to hull and vice versa
Small investment and operational costs
Does not cause vibration nor noise
Operates well in a variety of conditions (ice, shallow water, etc.)

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 9

Outline: Introduction to propulsion
General

Development of the propulsors

Momentum theory of propeller action

Summary

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 10

Development of ship propulsion

Rowing
Fastest and most reliable
propulsion used from ancient times
till 14th century
Ancient Rome rowing galley could
reach speed of 6 knots

Sail propulsion
Introduction of artillery and guns
meant giving up rowing propulsion
and substituting it with sails in the
14th century.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 11

Development of ship propulsion
Jet type propulsion
Earliest propulsive device to use mechanics power
Jet type propulsor that used a prime-mover and a pump
1661: patent to Toogood and Hayes in Great Britain
1852: Jet propulsion patent to Alexandre Hediard.
Sucks water from the vessels bottom, accelerated it and discharged
through nozzle located at stern.
Water-jet does not operate well at low speeds (low efficiency).
Particularly good in shallow water.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 12

Development of ship propulsion
Paddle wheel (Siipirataspropulsio)
Known already in ancient China
First, propelled by human and animal (bulls) forces

1807-1860s
Paddle wheel period of ship propulsion
1807: Cleremont vessel with a steam engine (L = 40 m, Vmax = 5 kn)

Good in river boats

Does not perform well in waves

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 13

Development of ship propulsion

Screw propeller 1/2

Ancestor: Archimedean screw, Archimedean (287 - 212 BC)

1840s
Introduction to merchant
and naval vessels
The projected area of those
propellers resembles
present-day propellers
Hydrofoil section (profile)
was far from optimum

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14

Development of ship propulsion
Screw propeller 2/2
Limiting factor
for the usage:
steam engine

1897
Sir Charles Parsonins
Turbinia (L = 30 m)
Achieved the speed of 34 kn
3 bladed tandem propellers rotated by 3 shafts
Total power of the steam engines: 2000 hp

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 15

Development of ship propulsion
Ducted propeller
1936: patent to Ludwig Kort in USA.
Produces extra thrust, especially at low speeds.
Duct length is similar to the radius of a propeller.
Propeller locates in the middle of the duct

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 16

Development of ship propulsion
CRP
1825: Jacob Perkins patent to contra-rotating propellers
Mechanical problems prevented it to get popular.
Nowadays: Popularity increases steadily (z-drive units).

Q0

T0

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 17

Development of ship propulsion
Air-screw propulsion
18th century: The idea was presented in France.
Purpose: substitute sails.
Used in hovercrafts ie air cushion vehicles

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 18

Outline: Introduction to propulsion
General

Development of the propulsors

Momentum theory of propeller action

Summary

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 19

On the momentum Principle
Propellers derive their propulsive thrust by accelerating the
fluid in which they work.

This is in accordance with Newtons law of motion:

Force is required to alter the existing state of motion of any material
body in magnitude or direction.
The action of any two bodies upon one another is equal and opposite.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 21

Momentum theory of propeller action
What do we learn by using this theory?
Understanding and estimating the propeller action
How does the efficiency depend on the loading of the propeller?

Universal theory
The propulsor does not need to be a screw propeller.

Ideal conception of the propeller

The propeller is regarded as a disk or a mechanism that imparts a
sudden increase of pressure to the fluid that passes through it.
The actual method by which it does so is ignored.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 22

Momentum theory of propeller action
Assumptions Downstream Upstream
The propeller
imparts a uniform
acceleration to all
the fluid passing
through it. Thrust
generated is
uniformly
distributed over the
disk.
Flow is frictionless
and irrotational.
Unlimited inflow to
the propeller.
Plane 3 Plane 2 Plane 1
Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 23
Momentum theory of propeller action
An example of the propeller flow in reality

Planar velocity
Axial velocity

Measurement
Particle Image Velocimetry

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 24

Momentum theory of propeller action
On the thrust T
= 0
: Apply Bernoullis
equation
1
+ 2 = constant
2
Streamline fore of the
propeller plane
Streamline aft of the
propeller plane

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 25

 Momentum theory of propeller action
On the thrust T
= 0
: Apply Bernoullis
equation

1 1 2
0 + 2 = + +
2 2
1 2 1 2 1
0 + + 0 = + + =
= 0 0 + 2
2 2 2
1
= 0 = 0 + 0 0
2
Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 26
Momentum theory of propeller action
On the thrust T
Mass flow of water through the
disk Downstream Upstream

= 0 +

Change of momentum must

equal to the thrust T on the disk

= + 0
= 0

Plane 3 Plane 2 Plane 1

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 27
Momentum theory of propeller action
On the induced velocities
and 0

Two definitions of T

= 0 = 0 + 0

1
= 0 = 0 + 0 0
2

UA = 1 UA0
2

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 28

Momentum theory of propeller action
Efficiency of the propeller
useful work obtained
=
work expended

=

Work done by the propeller
in time unit (power)
1
= = 0 0 + 0
2
Lost of the kinetic energy of
the water passing through
the disk
1 1 1
= 2 + 0 2 2 2 =2 0 + + 0 2 2

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 29

Momentum theory of propeller action
Efficiency of the propeller
useful work obtained
=
work expended

1
= = =
+ 1 1 0
0 1 +
2 2

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 30

Momentum theory of propeller action
Efficiency of the propeller
It is practical to express the efficiency as a function of the thrust loading
coefficient
1
= = 0 = 0 + 0 0
1 2
0 2
2

1
0 +20 0 1 0 0 0
= 1 2
=2 1+2 = 1 + 1 +

2 0

Screw propeller Paddle wheel Vertical axis propeller

vertikaaliakselipotkuri
ruuvipotkuri siipiratas vertical axis propeller - VAP
Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 31
Momentum theory of propeller action
Efficiency of the propeller
It is practical to express the efficiency as a function of the thrust loading
coefficient
1 0
= = = = 1 + 1 +
+ 1 1 0
1 +
2 0 2
1

0.8

2 0.6
= hI

1 + 1 + 0.4

0.2

0
0. 01 0.1 1 10 100
CT

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 32

Outline: Introduction to propulsion
General
Forces acting on a ship
Development of the propulsors

Momentum theory of propeller action

On the momentum theory
On the propeller action

Summary

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 33

Summary
Describe the development of ship propulsion

What features does a good propeller have?

Explain the action of a propeller using the momentum

theory of propeller action.

When does a propeller has good efficiency?

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics Aalto University 34

References
Matusiak J (2010) Laivan kulkuvastus. M-289. Available in
Noppa

Lewis E.V., editor (1988) Principles of Naval Architecture,

Second revision. Volume II. SNAME. Available in Knovel

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 35

Example on the prediction of the
resistance

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics Aalto University 36

On the resistance

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 37

On the resistance

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 38

Resistance
Calculate the resistance and the effective power of a ship using
Guldhammer-Harvalds method.
ship speed: 19.5kn
length LWL=96.62 m
breadth B=10.66 m
depth T=4.26 m
longitudinal prismatic coefficient CP==0.650
midship section coefficient CM=0.920
Assume that the resistance consists of frictional resistance, residual
resistance (see diagrams in appendices 1 and 2) and model-ship correlation
allowance. Calculate frictional resistance coefficient with ITTC-57-method.
Model-ship correlation allowance is in this exercise CA=0.310-3. Wetted
surface of ship hull can be approximated with S=2.65 . The density of sea
water is =1026kg/m3. The kinematic viscosity of sea water: 1.19110-6m2/s.
More information: Guldhammer, H.E., Harvald, S.A.: Resistance and
Propulsion of Ships (Kirjasto)
Guldhammer, H.E., Harvald, S.A., (1974):"Ship Resistance, Effect of Form and
Principal Dimensions, Revised". Akademisk Forlag, Copenhagen.

Aalto University 28/09/2015 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 39