INTRODUCTION

TO
STATISTICS

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 1

 INTRODUCTION
The word statistics conveys a variety of
meaning to people in different walks of
life.
The word statistics comes from the
Italian words Statista

( Statement).
R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS 2
CONTINTRODUCTION

The German word Statistik

Political state

The word Statistics today refers to

either quantitative information or a

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

method of delaling with quantitative or
qualitative information. 3
 DEFINITION
Statistics is defined as collection,
Presentation, analysis and interpretation
of numerical data. Acc. Croxton &
cowden
statistics is the sciences and art of

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

dealing with figure and facts.

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 Biostatistics
Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biological or medical sciences.
Biostatistics is the methods used in
dealing with statistics in the field of health

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

sciences such as biology, medicine,
nursing, public health etc.
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 Biostatistics is the branch of statistics
applied to biology or medical sciences.
Biostatistics is also called Biometry

In Greek, Bios Life

Metron Measured

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

So, it is measurement of life
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 USE & APPLICATION OF
STATISTICS
It facilitates comparisons
It simplifies the message of figure
It helps in formulating and testing
hypothesis

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

It help in prediction

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 SCALE OF
MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the process of assigning numbers
or labels to objects, persons, states, or events in
accordance with specific rules to represent
quantities or qualities of attributes.

We do not measure specific objects, persons, etc.,

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

we measure attributes or features that define them.
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 9
Ratio
Ratio Scales
Scales

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Interval
Interval Scales
Scales
Ordinal
Ordinal Scales
Scales
Nominal
Nominal Scales
Scales
MEASUREMENT
FOUR BASIC SCALES OF
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 Nominal
measurement
Theremust be distinct classes but these classes
have no quantitative properties. Therefore, no
comparison can be made in terms of one category
being higher than the other.

For example - there are two classes for the

variable gender - males and females. There are

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

no quantitative properties for this variable or
these classes and, therefore, gender is a nominal
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variable.
CONTNOMINAL SCALE

Sometimes numbers are used to designate

category membership-

Example:

Country of Origin
1 = United States 3 = Canada

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

2 = Mexico 4 = Other

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 Ordinal Scales
There are distinct classes but these classes have a
natural ordering or ranking. The differences can be
ordered on the basis of magnitude.

For example - final position of horses in a

thoroughbred race is an ordinal variable. The horses
finish first, second, third, fourth, and so on. The

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

difference between first and second is not
necessarily equivalent to the difference between
second and third, or between third and fourth. 13
CONTORDINAL SCALES

Does
not assume that the intervals between
numbers are equal

Example:
finishing place in a race
(first place, second place)
1st place 2nd place 3rd place 4th place

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

1 hour 2 hours3 hours4 hours5 hours6 hours7 hours8 hours

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 INTERVAL SCALES
Itis possible to compare differences in magnitude,
but importantly the zero point does not have a
natural meaning. It captures the properties of
nominal and ordinal scales - used by most
psychological tests.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

Designates an equal-interval ordering - The
distance between, for example, a 1 and a 2 is the
same as the distance between a 4 and a 5
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 We can see that the same difference
exists between 10o C ( 50 F) and 20
degree C ( 68 F)

25 C ( 77F) and 35 C ( 95 F)

Butwe can not say that 20C is twice as

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

hot as a temperature of 10C
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Example - Celsius temperature is an interval
variable. It is meaningful to say that 25 degrees
Celsius is 3 degrees hotter than 22 degrees Celsius,
and that 17 degrees Celsius is the same amount
hotter (3 degrees) than 14 degrees Celsius. Notice,
however, that 0 degrees Celsius does not have a

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

natural meaning. That is, 0 degrees Celsius does not
mean the absence of heat!
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 RATIO SCALES
It is the highest level for measurement
This level has all the three attributes:
Magnitude

Equal interval
Absolute zero point

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

It represent continuous values
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 Example:

Biophysical parameters
Weight
Height
Volume

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

Blood pressure

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 30 Kg is thrice of 10 kg

20 cm is twice of 10 cm

8 hours is four time of 2 hours

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
SCALES (CONT.)

Each of these scales have different properties

(i.e., difference, magnitude, equal intervals, or
a true zero point) and allows for different
interpretations.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES
(CONT.)

The scales are listed in hierarchical order.

Nominal scales have the fewest measurement
properties and ratio having the most properties
including the properties of all the scales beneath
it on the hierarchy.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES
(CONT.)

The goal is to be able to identify the type of

measurement scale, and to understand proper
use and interpretation of the scale.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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PRIMARY SCALES OF
MEASUREMENT
Scale
Nominal Symbols Finish
Assigned B Sa G
to Runners o m e
b n
e
Ordinal Rank Order Finish
of Winners
3rd place 2nd place 1st place

Interval Performance

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

Rating on a 3 7 9
0 to 10 Scale

Ratio Time to 24
Finish, in 15.2 14.1 13.4
Seconds
Scale Basic Common Marketing
Characteristic Examples Examples
s
Nominal Numbers identify Social Security Brand nos.,
& classify objects nos., numbering of store types
football players
Ordinal Nos. indicate the
relative positions of
Quality Preference
objects but not the rankings, rankings,
magnitude of rankings of market
differences teams in a position,
between them
tournament social class
Interval Differences
between objects
Temperature Attitudes,
can be compared, (Fahrenheit) opinions,
Celsius) index nos.

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

zero point is
arbitrary
Ratio Zero point is Length, weight Age, sales,
fixed, ratios of income, costs
scale values can 26
be compared
Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics use to organize and
summarize the data to draw meaningful
interpretations.
Descriptive statistics deal with the
enumeration, organization and graphical
representation of data.
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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

CONTDESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Descriptive statistics includes-

Measures to condense data

Measures of central tendency

Measures of dispersion

Measures of relationship ( Correlation

coefficient)
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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
 Measures to
condense data
Frequency and percentage distribution through
tabulation and graphic presentation.

Table

Graphs and diagrams

Percentages

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 Table
Type

Frequency distribution

table

Contingency table

Multiple Response table

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Miscellaneous table
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 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
The data may be qualitative or quantitative

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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 Thefollowing are the weight in kg 48
medical students. Construct the
frequency distribution table

50, 61, 70 71 63 34 75 80 45 56 57 58
60 62 72 78 48 50 63 64 67 52 52 54

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

55 56 57 70 71 72 73 64 65 66 67 62
63 65 52 60 54 56 58 57 61 81 82 80
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 RELATIVE FREQUENCY
Relative frequency =
Class frequency
---------------------------
Total frequency

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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 FREQUENCY DENSITY OF A
CLASS

Frequency density of a class=

frequency of the class

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

-------------------------------
width of the class

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 105 100 109 106 122 103 122 107 102
105 103 100 119 116 120 122 115 119
118 109 103 108 106 107 104 103 105
102 106 103 109 114 122 114 100 116
115 110 120 100 117 120 107 116 119
122 122 107 106 117

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

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138 164 150 132 144 125 149 157
146 158 140 109 136 148 152 144

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

168 126 138 186 163 109 154
165 146 183 105 108 135 153
140 135 161 145 135 142 150
156 145 128

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 GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS
Type
Cumulative
Bar diagram
frequency curve
Pie chart
Scattered diagram
Histogram
Pictograms
Frequency
Map diagrams
polygon
Line diagram 37

R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

CONTGRAPHS AND DIAGRAMS

Presentation
of quantitative, continuous
or measured data is through graphs. The
common graphs in use are:-
Histogram
Frequency polygon
Frequency curve
Line chart or graph
Cumulative frequency diagram
Scatter or dot diagram

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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 CONTGraphs and
diagrams
Presentation of qualitative , discrete or
counted data is through diagrams. The
common diagrams in use are:-

Bar diagram
Pie diagram
Pictogram diagram
Map diagram or spot map
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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 Measures of central
tendency
Arithmetic mean

Median

Mode

Geometric mean
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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS

 MEASUREMENT OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Characteristics Measurement of central
Sl. no Data level tendency
Measured on scale of
1 Nominal Mode (Mo)
frequency of categories
Measured on no scale but
2 Ordinal can be ranked Median (Md)

Measured on a scale with no

3 Interval true zero Mean (M)
Measured on a scale with
4 Ratio absolute zero Mean (M)

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R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
R Dh@ker, Lecturer, PCNMS
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