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Eng. Rev.

28-1 (2008) 119-127 119


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UDK 678.027.74:678.073

ODREIVANJE OSNOVNIH PARAMETARA ZA INJEKCIJSKO


PREANJE PLASTIKE
THE BASE PARAMETER ADJUSTMENT FOR INJECTION MOULDING
OF PLASTIC

Dubravka SIMINIATI - Loreta POMENI - Franjo ORI

Saetak: Danas je proizvodnja strojeva za preradu plastike masovna. Njihova struktura i principi rada nisu nikakva
tajna; najee su to strojevi s hidraulikim pogonom i elektronikom regulacijom. Korisnik stroja odabire tip stroja,
prema vrsti proizvoda, vrsti plastike i veliini serije. Proizvoa strojeva ne osigurava pripremu alata te izbor
parametara za pojedine faze procesa prerade. Ovaj rad daje smjernice i osnovne relacije za odreivanje parametara
pomou kojih e se stroj podesiti za rad prilikom uvoenja novog proizvoda.

Kljune rijei: - injekcijsko preanje


- plastika

Abstract: Injection moulding machines are mass produced nowadays. Their structures and working principles are not a
secret at all: most often they have a hydraulic drive with electronic regulation. The customer chooses the machinery
type depending on the product type, the type of the plastics and the series quantity. But what the machinery producer
does not provide is the tools preparation and the choice of parameters for each phase of the production cycle. This
article provides the guidelines and basic directions for parameter adjustment, which can help in the process of setting
the machine when introducing a new product.

Key words: - injection moulding


- plastics

1. UVOD 1. INTRODUCTION

Strojevi za injekcijsko preanje plastike koriste se za Injection plastic moulding machines are used for making
izradu predmeta u automobilskoj industriji, za plastine parts in the automotive industry, for household machine
dijelove kuanskih aparata te izradu jednostavnih parts and simple plastic elements as well [1,2]. An
plastinih elemenata [1,2]. U ovom e radu biti prikazan overview will be presented in this article for
pristup nainu odreivanja osnovnih parametara pomou approaching the base parameters in machine regulation
kojih se podeava stroj prilikom uvoenja u proizvodnju when a new product is in the adoption phase. The
novog proizvoda. Polimer akrilonitril-butadien-stiren, polymer Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) is
(ABS) odabran je kao primjer materijala za izradu selected as an example of material for simple production
velikoserijske proizvodnje jednostavnih dijelova. line products.

2. SVOJSTVA POLIMERA 2. POLYMERS PROPERTIES

Polimeri su tvari nastale meusobnim povezivanjem Polymers are materials whose structure is made up of
malih molekulskih jedinki monomera kovalentnom many repeating molecular units called mers. The small
vezom u dugake makromolekulske lance. U molecules, or mers, are covalently bonded together to
makromolekuli moe biti od nekoliko stotina do nekoliko form long macromolecular chains. A macromolecule can
desetaka tisua monomera. Struktura makromolekula be formed from a few hundred mers up to several ten
polimera je razliita. Linearni polimeri nemaju bonih thousands of mers. A polymers molecular structure
lanaca, granati polimeri imaju bone lance povezane s varies. A linear polymer consists of a long chain of
osnovnim lancem makromolekule, umreeni polimeri monomers. A branched-polymer has branches covalently
imaju lance meusobno povezane kovalentnim vezama attached to the main chain. A cross-linked polymer has
(gume), a mreastim polimerima kovalentnom su vezom monomers of one chain covalently bonded with
makromolekule povezane trodimenzionalno. monomers of another chain (rubbers). Network polymers
120 D. Siminiati, L. Pomeni, F. Ori: Odreivanje osnovnih parametara
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Polimeri mogu biti: prirodni kao celuloza, svila, vuna, are by covalent bond attached three-dimensionally to
prirodni kauuk, prirodne smole itd., kemijski macromolecules linked in the network.
modificirani prirodni kao to su celuloid i viskoza iz Polymers may be: natural such are cellulose, silk, wool,
celuloze itd., vulkanizirani (kemijski umreen) prirodni natural rubber, and natural resins etc., modified natural
kauuk ili sintetski polimeri kao to su polietilen, such as, from cellulose celluloid, viscose etc., from
polipropilen itd., koji se dobivaju iz petrokemijskih natural rubber vulcanised rubber or synthetic such as
proizvoda kemijskom reakcijom polimerizacije. polyethylene, polypropylene etc., obtained from
petrochemicals with chemical reactions of
polymerisation.

2.1. Plastine mase 2.1. Plastics

Plastine mase su polimeri kojima su dodani razliiti Plastics are polymers with various additives. According
aditivi. S obzirom na ponaanje kod prerade i primjene, to their behaviour in production and implementation, they
dijele na dvije skupine: plastomere i duromere [2]. can be subdivided in two groups: thermoplastics and
Duromeri su na poetku mekani, ali tijekom zagrijavanja thermosets, [2]. Thermosets are initially soft, but during
na povienoj temperaturi nastaje ireverzibilno heating at increased temperature they change irreversibly
3D-umreavanje u vrsti materijal. Daljnim to 3D in the form of a hard network. At a higher
zagrijavanjem dolazi do njihove termodegradacije. temperature they are thermo degradable. Thermoplastics
Plastomeri, u koje se svrstava i ve spomenuti ABS, and the aforementioned ABS are of polymer material
polimerni su materijali s linearnim i granatim with a linear and branched structure. They are soluble in
strukturama. Otapaju se u otapalima i taljivi su. solvents and fusible. Heating to softening temperatures
Zagrijavanjem do temperature omekavanja ili taljenja ne they do not change structure, therefore, their
mijenjaju svoju strukturu te stoga njihova prerada manufacturing consists of reversible changes. Desired
obuhvaa samo reverzibilne promjene. Na tim se shapes can be formed at these temperatures. The structure
temperaturama mogu formirati u eljene oblike. Struktura of the thermoplastics can be amorphous or crystalline.
plastomera moe biti amorfna ili kristalna.

2.2. Aditivi 2.2. Additives

Polimerni materijali postaju tehniki uporabljivi kada se Polymers become technically applicable when additives
osnovnom polimeru dodaju aditivi za poboljanje are added to the original polymer in order to improve
svojstva. Modifikacije se mogu postii ili kemijskim their properties. Modifications can be made by chemical
reakcijama ili fizikalnim postupcima. Aditivi se po or physical procedures. Additives are divided according
svojim funkcijama dijele u nekoliko skupina [2,3]: their functions into a few groups [2,3]:
dodaci za preradu: toplinski stabilizatori, maziva, processing additives: heat stabilizers, lubricants,
odjeljivai, regulatori viskoznosti i tiksotropni dodaci, delimiters, viscosity regulators and thixotropic additives,
dodaci za umreavanje (koriste se kod duromera) curing agents/initiator (used at thermosets)
modifikatori mehanikih svojstava (plastifikatori, mechanical properties modifiers (plasticizers, additives
dodaci za poveanje ilavosti, punila, ojaala, prianjala) for amplification of toughness, fillers, strengthens,
modifikatori povrinskih svojstava: vanjska maziva, adherers)
regulatori adhezivnosti, antistatici surface properties modifiers: outward lubricants,
modifikatori optikih svojstava: pigmenti adhesive regulators, antistatics
dodaci za poveanje trajnosti (postojanosti): svjetlosni optical properties modifiers: pigments
stabilizatori, antioksidansi, biocidi additives for amplification of durability (stability),
ostali dodaci: za smanjenje gorivosti, pjenila itd. light stabilizers, antioxidants, biocides
other additives: flame retardants, foamers etc.

3. ABS 3. ABS

ABS je sintetiziran tijekom Drugoga svjetskog rata kao ABS was synthesized during WWII as a replacement for
zamjena za gumu. To je polimer sastavljen od tri razliita rubber. It is a polymer that consists of three different
monomera: akrilonitrila, koji mu daje kemijsku monomers: acrylonitrile provides chemical resistance,
otpornost, butadiena, koji mu daje otpornost na udar i butadiene provides impact resistance, and styrene
stirena, koji mu daje vrstou, krutost i laku obradivost. provides rigidity and easy processing of ABS. Figure 1.
Na Slici 1. prikazani su monomeri od kojih se sintetizira shows the monomers from which ABS is synthesized.
ABS.
Eng. Rev. 28-1 (2008) 119-127 121
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akrilonitril 1,3-butadien stiren


acrylonitrile 1,3-butadiene styrene

Slika 1. Monomeri za ABS


Figure 1. Monomers for ABS

4. INJEKCIJSKO PREANJE 4. INJECTION MOULDING

Najvaniji cikliki postupak prerade plastomera je The most important cyclic procedure for thermoplasts is
injekcijsko preanje. To je postupak brzog brizganja injection moulding. That is a process of the rapid
plastomerne taljevine u temperiranu kalupnu upljinu i injection of melt into the tempered mould and its
njezino skruivanje u izradak. Postoji mogunost solidification into a product. There is the possibility for
automatizacije procesa, pa je stoga prikladan za automating the process; therefore it is convenient for a
velikoserijsku proizvodnju izradaka. great array of products.
Osnovni koraci u procesu injekcijskog preanja su [4]: The base steps in the injection moulding process are [4]:
1. zatvaranje kalupa 1. mold clamping
2. brizganje 2. injection
3. zadravanje plastike u kalupu 3. plastics holding in the mould
4. hlaenje 4. cooling
5. otvaranje kalupa 5. mould opening
6. izbacivanje izratka. 6. product ejection.
Proces se kontinuirano ponavlja dok se ne proizvede The process is continuously repeated until a desirable
traeni broj izradaka. number of products have been produced.
Na Slici 2. prikazana je pojednostavnjena shema stroja za In Figure 2. a simplified overview of the machinery for
injekcijsko preanje plastike. injection moulding is shown.

PREANJE LIJEVANJE STEZANJE


INJECTION MOULD CLAMPING

Jedinica za otvaranje
Lijevak
Brizgaljka /zatvaranje
Hopper Kalup Vodilica
Nozzle Clamping unit
Grijai Mold Tie bar
Heaters Izbaciva
Ejector
Hidromotor i
cilindar
Cilindar
Hydro-motor and
Barrel
cylinder

Pumpa
Pump

Fiksna ploa Pomina ploa Stranja ploa


Stationary platen Moveable platen Rear platen

Slika 2. Pojednostavnjeni prikaz stroja za injekcijsko preanje [4]


Figure 2. Simplified overview of the machinery for injection moulding [4]

Materijal ulazi kroz lijevak u cilindar za taljenje, koji se The material that enters through the hopper into the barrel
zagrijava uz pomo grijaa, gdje ga zahvaa puni vijak. is heated with heaters. The screw catches it. The screw is
Puni vijak rotira uz pomo hidromotora. Rastaljeni activated by the hydro-motor. The moulded material is
122 D. Siminiati, L. Pomeni, F. Ori: Odreivanje osnovnih parametara
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materijal potiskuje se k vrhu punog vijka. Nakon to se collected at the top of the screw. When enough material is
potisnulo dovoljno materijala, puni se vijak pomie collected, the screw is moved by hydraulic cylinder
prema naprijed uz pomo hidraulikog cilindra, pri emu forwards. At the same time the mould injection through
poinje brizganje taljevine kroz mlaznicu u kalup. the nozzle begins. The melt is under injection pressure,
Taljevina se dri pod tlakom brizganja, a materijal se and at the same time the material is cooling. After that,
istodobno hladi. Nakon toga kalup se otvara, a proizvod the mould is opened, and the product is ejected. The
izbacuje. Kalup je sastavljen od nepominog dijela, koji mould is made up of the stationary platen, which is
je povezan s uljevnim kanalom, i pominog kalupa koji connected with the sprue gate, and the moveable platen
se uz pomo posebne jedinice otvara/zatvara. that opens/closes with the help of the clamping unit.

5. PRINCIP RADA HIDROSTATSKOG 5. HYDROSTATIC DRIVE WORKING


POGONA STROJA PRINCIPLE

Hidraulika shema na Slici 3. prikazuje razmjetaj In Figure 3., the hydrostatic layout shows the
pogonskih elemenata, elemenata za upravljanje te arrangement of the drive circuit, regulating elements and
izvrnih elemenata [5]. Radni ciklus sastavljen je od actuating elements [5]. The operating cycle has eighteen
osamnaest koraka. steps.
Elektromotor (35) pogoni krilnu pumpu (1), koja tlai The electro-motor (35) activates the vane pump (1),
radnu tekuinu u sustav. Uvjet je pokretanja ciklusa da su which presses the working fluid into the system. The rear
prednja i stranja zatitna vrata stroja zatvorena. Ako and front sluice gates have to be closed for the cycle to
stranja zatitna vrata nisu zatvorena, sigurnosni ventil begin. If the rear gate is not closed, the relief valve (11)
(11) onemoguava uspostavljanje tlaka u sustavu. prevents the restoration of the system pressure.

32 33 28 31 29 30 2

36 12
21
10 14
23

27 14 38 P4 P5
15
8
M19
22
36 6 M9 M10
16
P1
M8 M5 M2 M1 M4 M3 M14 M6 M7

P2
7 24 TO

9 3 13 6 12 5 37
12 19 19 3
3 4 P2 P3

11
M12 M11
M13
17
35 18
P1 P6
PODACI O RADNIM TLAKOVIMA :
1
P1 - max radni tlak 140 bar
P2 - snieni tlak zatvaranja alata 10-25 bar 34 20
P3 - naknadni tlak ubrizgavanja 0-140 bar
P4 - tlak ubrizgavanja 0-140 bar 26
P5 - protutlak plastifikacije 0-50 bar 25 Kom. Naziv dijela Poz. Nacrt br. Materijal Standard Mas

Ime i prezime Potpis


P6 - pritisak ventila sigurnostu 140 bar 39
Datum

Crtao 19.01.2005.
Franjo Ori Tehniki fakultet
97100026
Pregledao
- Rijeka -
Vidio
Diplomski rad
Mjerilo:
Hidraulika shema stroja za List: 1 Listova: 2

Slika 3. Hidraulika shema stroja za preanje plastike


Figure 3. Hydraulic scheme of injection moulding machine

Ako prednja zatitna vrata nisu zatvorena, ventil (10) If the front sluice gate is not closed, the valve (10)
prekida dovod radne tekuine u cilindre (28), kojima se terminates the working fluid supply into the cylinder
Eng. Rev. 28-1 (2008) 119-127 123
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zatvara kalup. Ta su dva ventila osobito vana za zatitu (28), which is used for closing the mould. These two
radnika koji posluuje stroj. valves are the key to worker protection.
Otvaranje/zatvaranje alata obavljaju dva hidraulika Two hydraulic cylinders (28) open/close the platens. The
cilindra (28). Nain njihova gibanja (sporo/brzo) ovisi o speed of their movement (slowly/quickly) depends on the
vrsti radnog ciklusa. Za sporo otvaranje/zatvaranje type of the working cycle. For a slow open/close, a
cilindri e se pokretati preko magnetskog razvodnika (5). magnetic valve (5) actuates the cylinders.
Nakon to je alat zatvoren, pomie se mlaznica prema After the platens are closed, the nozzle moves forward
naprijed uz pomo razvodnika (6) ukljuivanjem with the assistance of the valve (6) by activating the
elektromagneta M6. Pri tome se puni desna strana electromagnet M6. Thus, the right side of the cylinder
cilindra (29), a cijela injekcijska jedinica dolazi do (29) is filled, and the whole injection unit reaches the
nepominog dijela kalupa. Ukljuivanje cilindra (33), tzv. stationary platen.
brave, kojom se osigurava pokretni dio alata od otvaranja, Activation of the cylinder (33), otherwise referred to as
obavlja se pomou razvodnika (3) ukljuivanjem M5. the lock, ensures the locking of the movable platen, and is
Zatvaranje alata, pomicanje mlaznice i zatvaranje brave performed with the valve (3) and the activation of M5.
obavlja se niskim tlakom, koji se regulira regulatorom Closing the mould, moving the nozzle and the shutting of
tlaka P2. Zatvaranje brave izaziva poveanje tlaka kako the lock are performed under low pressure, which is
bi se uz pomo razvodnika (9), a ukljuivanjem M8, regulated with the pressure regulator P2. Closing of the
stavio u funkciju cilindar (32), kojim se kalup zadrava u mould causes the pressure to rise, so the valve (9) and the
zatvorenom poloaju za vrijeme operacije brizganja. activation of M8 put the cylinder (32) into function. The
Brizganje se obavlja uz pomo cilindra (30) pokretanog cylinder (32) holds the mould in the closing position
preko ventila (7), djelovanjem M10. Proces brizganja during the injection. The injection is performed with the
treba tei odreenom brzinom za to se koristi regulator cylinder (30), by valve (7) acting along with M10. The
protoka (23), a tlak se regulira regulatorom tlaka P4. injection process should be performed at a specific speed,
which is controlled by the flow regulator (23), and the
pressure is regulated with pressure regulator P4.

Tablica 1. Naini ukljuivanja elektromagneta za korake radnog ciklusa


Table 1. Electromagnet activation for steps in the working cycle
R. ELEKTROMAGNETI / ELECTROMAGNETS
KORACI / STEPS
br. M20 M19 M18 M17 M16 M15 M14 M13 M12 M11 M10 M9 M8 M7 M6 M5 M4 M3 M2 M1
Start/ Start 0
Kalup naprijed/
Mould forwards
1
Kalup sporo, naprijed/
Mould forwards, slowly
2
Mlaznica naprijed /
Nozzle forwards
3
Zatvaranje brave /
Closing lock
4
Tlak /
Pressure
5
Ubrizgavanje /
Injection
6
Naknadni tlak /
Additional pressure
7
Mlaznica natrag /
Nozzle backwards
8
Plastificiranje /
Plasticization
9
Povrat vijka i otv. brave /
Screw forwards and lock 10
opening
Hlaenje /
Cooling
11
Kalup natrag, sporo /
Mould backwards, slowly
12
Kalup natrag, brzo /
Mould backwards, quickly
13
Kalup natrag, koenje /
Mould backwards, breaking
14
Izbacivanje izratka, naprijed /
Ejecting, forwards
15
Ispiranje zrakom /
Air - cleaning
16
Izbacivanje izratka, natrag/
Ejecting, backwards
17
Pauza /
Pause
18
124 D. Siminiati, L. Pomeni, F. Ori: Odreivanje osnovnih parametara
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Nakon ubrizgavanja, a zbog hlaenja i skupljanja After injection, and because of the material cooling and
materijala, potrebno je osigurati naknadni tlak uz pomo shrinkage, it is necessary to provide additional pressure
razvodnika (4) ukljuivanjem M12 te ventila za with valve (4), by actuating the electromagnet M12 and
regulaciju tlaka (19) na naknadni tlak P3. Tim se tlakom the pressure regulator (19) to the additional pressure P3.
ubrizga jo sirovine kako bi se kalup popunio zbog With that pressure, an additional quantity of raw material
stezanja materijala. Nakon to je sirovina u potpunosti is injected into the fill mould due to material shrinkage.
ubrizgana u kalup, poinje priprema sirovine za sljedei After the raw material is completely injected into the
ciklus. Proces punjenja cilindra za taljenje smatra se mould, preparation for the next cycle begins. The phase
fazom plastifikacije sirovine. Pri tome hidromotor (2) of raw material plasticization arrives when the moulding
okree puni vijak, a sirovina iz lijevka dolazi u obliku cylinder is filled. Therefore the hydro-motor (2) rotates
granula. Da se ne bi pojavili lunkeri u taljevini, pomou the screw, and the granule from the hopper occurs. The
regulacijskog ventila P5 regulira se protutlak cavities should not appear hence the pressure regulator P5
plastifikacije u desnoj komori cilindra (30). Kada se regulates plasticization with counter pressure in the right
izradak ohladio u kalupu, otvara se alat pod maksimalnim chamber of the cylinder (30). When the product is cooled
tlakom. Otvaranje alata pokree se razvodnicima (5) ili in the mould, it opens under maximum pressure. The
(5) i (6) uz pomo elektromagneta M4 i M2. Kakva e se mould opening is activated with the valve (5) or valves
kombinacija koristiti ovisi o potrebnoj brzini otvaranja. (5) and (6) with the aid of the electromagnets M4 and
Izradak se izbacuje iz kalupa uz pomo cilindra (31), a M2. The combination depends on the required opening
njega se ukljuuje razvodnikom (3) uz pomo M14. speed. The product is ejected with the cylinder (31). The
Tablica 1. prikazuje korake u jednom ciklusu rada stroja s activation of that cylinder is through valve (3) and the
reimima ukljuivanja elektromagnetskih ventila. electromagnet M14. Table 1. shows the steps in a
working cycle of the machine with regimes of the
electromagnetic valve activation.

6. ODREIVANJE PARAMETARA 6. PARAMETERS ESTIMATION

Za jedan odreeni stroj, ovisno o vrsti izratka i veliini For specific machinery, depending on the type of product
serije, potrebno je podesiti odreene parametre. and the series quantity, adjustment of specific parameters
is required.
6.1. Potrebna koliina sirovine po jednom ciklusu
6.1. Raw material quantity per one cycle
Najvanija veliina kod postupka definiranja injekcijske
jedinice je potreban volumen sirovine za jedan ciklus. The most important quantity in the phase of defining the
Teorijska vrijednost potrebnog volumena za jedan ciklus unit of injection is the volume of raw material per cycle
je [4]: [4]:

mn
Vth = . (1)

Kako se odreena koliina sirovine gubi u uljevnom A specific quantity of the raw material is lost in the
kanalu i odvodnim kanalima do upljine kalupa te zbog feeding and bend canals to the mould holes and because
skupljanja materijala prilikom hlaenja, potrebni nasipni of the material shrinkage during the cooling process.
volumen po jednom ciklusu je [4]: Actual filling volume per cycle is [4]:

Vth
Vstv = , (2)
M

gdje je M = 0,2 K 0,8 , a to ovisi o preciznosti izratka. where M = 0,2K0,8 , and this is dependent on the
product precision.
6.2. Brzina rotacije punog vijka
6.2. Barrel rotational speed
Kada su poznati volumen i sila zatvaranja, odreuje se
brzina vrtnje hidromotora, koji pokree puni vijak. When the raw material volume and clamping force are
Obodna brzina punog vijka vt definirana je vrstom known, the hydro-motor rotational speed for screw
materijala sirovine (za ABS iznosi 650 mm/s). Za svaki je activation has to be determined. Tangential velocity of
stroj poznat promjer punog vijka, pa se temeljem the screw vt is defined by the type of material (for ABS it
sljedeeg izraza odreuje brzina vrtnje hidromotora, koji is 650 m/s). For every specific machine the screw
Eng. Rev. 28-1 (2008) 119-127 125
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ga pokree [4]: diameter is known, so that on the basis of the following


term the hydro-motor rotational speed is [4]:

vt
nv = . (3)
dv

140

Stvarno ubrizgani volumen taljevine / cm3


Actual injected mould volume / cm3
120

R e a ln o u b r iz g a n v o lu m e n ( c m )
100

80
67,22
60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 82 100

Hod plastificiranja / mm
Plastification stroke / mm

Slika 4. Stvarno ubrizgani volumen taljevine u ovisnosti o hodu plastificiranja [4]


Figure 4. Actual injected mould volume in dependence on the plasticization stroke [4]

Pomou dijagrama prikazanog na Slici 4., a temeljem From the chart shown on the Figure 4., and on the basis
poznatoga nasipnog volumena prema izrazu (2), odreuje of the actual filling volume known from term (2), the
se potreban hod plastificiranja. plasticization stroke can be estimated.

1800

1600
Specific material pressure/bar
Specifini tlak sirovine /bar

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Tlak brizganja /bar
Injection pressure /bar

Slika 5. Tlak brizganja [4]


Figure 5. Injection pressure [4]

Rotacijom punog vijka cilindar za taljevinu puni se When the screw rotates, the cylinder is fed with dissolved
sirovinom pri emu se puni vijak pomie prema natrag. raw material, and the screw moves backwards. The
Sakupljanjem taljevine stvara se tlak, koji se mora collected mould makes the pressure that the cylinder has
savladati u cilindru za preanje prilikom procesa to suppress during the ejecting phase. For ejecting
brizganja u kalup. Za odreivanje tlaka brizganja od pressure estimation, the chart shown in Figure 5. is used.
pomoi je dijagram prikazan na Slici 5., a koji osigurava The machine manufacturer provides the chart. The
proizvoa stroja. Tlak se brizganja tada regulira uz ejecting pressure is regulated with the pressure regulation
pomo ventila za regulaciju tlaka P4. valve P4.
126 D. Siminiati, L. Pomeni, F. Ori: Odreivanje osnovnih parametara
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.3. Sila za otvaranje/zatvaranje alata 6.3. Clamping force

Sila za otvaranje/zatvaranje definira se prema Clamping force is defined according to the maximum
maksimalnoj sili koja se mora ostvariti da bi alat ostao force for holding the mould closed under the ejecting
zatvoren pod djelovanjem tlaka brizganja. Do veliine pressure. The clamping force is acquired by multiplying
sile zatvaranja dolazi se tako da se ortogonalna projekcija the orthogonal projection of the cavity by the coefficient,
otvora u kalupu pomnoi s koeficijentom, koji je ovisan o which depends on the material [4]:
materijalu [4]:

Fz = A k , (4)

gdje je k = 38,6K61,8 MN/m2 za ABS. where k = 38,6K61,8 MN/m2 for ABS.


Na dijagramima na Slici 6a. prikazan je nain definiranja In the chart Figure 6a., the method for defining the mould
tlaka zatvaranja alata uz poznatu vrijednost sile clamping pressure, with the known clamping force, is
zatvaranja, dok je na Slici 6b. prikazan dijagram ovisnosti shown. In Figure 6b. is shown the required pressure in
sile razdvajanja i potrebnog tlaka. Takve meuovisnosti dependence on the opening force. Such dependence
omoguavaju da se za stroj, s ve postojeim cilindrima enables valve pressure regulation for the available
za tu funkciju, podese ventili za regulaciju tlaka. cylinders.

900 30

800
25
700
( )

600 20
j /kN
Sila zatvaranja /kN

Sila razdvajanja /kN


Opening force /kN
Clamping force

500
15
400

300 10

200
5
100

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Tlak zatvaranja /bar Tlak razdvajanja /bar
Clamping pressure/bar Opening pressure/bar

a) b)

Slika 6. Sile i tlakovi zatvaranja/razdvajanja [4]


Figure 6. Forces and pressures of clamping/opening [4]

7. ZAKLJUAK 7. CONCLUSION

U radu je prikazan nain rada stroja za injekcijsko This paper explains the working principle of plastic
preanje plastike, a posebno za preradu ABS-a. Dan je injection moulding machines, especially for ABS
kratak opis plastinih materijala i naina njihove prerade manufacturing. The short description of the plastic
u gotove proizvode. S obzirom na brojnost i raznolikost materials and their manufacturing are presented, too.
strojeva teko je dati jednoznane upute za odreivanje Because of the mass-production and variety of plastic
parametara tehnoloke obrade. Pokualo se saeti podatke moulding machines, it is very difficult to provide
koje je duan osigurati proizvoa strojeva i podatke koje unambiguous instructions for technologic parameter
mora osigurati korisnik stroja. To je nain kako se, prije estimation. An effort has been made to describe the data
compression that the machine producer and consumers
Eng. Rev. 28-1 (2008) 119-127 127
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

uvoenja novog proizvoda, reguliraju parametri rada have to ensure. That is the way in which to regulate the
kako hidraulikog tako i elektronikog dijela parameters for the hydraulic and electronic part of the
regulacijskog sustava stroja. machine before introducing a new product.

8. POPIS OZNAKA 8. LIST OF SYMBOLS

Povrina projekcije gnijezda A - m2 Cavity orthogonal projection


Promjer punog vijka dv -m Screw diameter
Sila zatvaranja alata Fz -N Clamping force
Koeficijent materijala k - MN/m2 Material coefficient
Factor of volume
Faktor poveanja volumena M -
amplification
Masa m - kg Mass
Broj uljevnih gnijezda n - Mold holes number
nv Hydro motor rotational
Brzina vrtnje hidromotora - min-1 speed
Vstv Actual filling volume per
Nasipni volumen po ciklusu - m3 cycle
Volumen po ciklusu Vth - m3 Volume per cycle
Obodna brzina punog vijka vt - m/s Screw tangential velocity
Gustoa - kg/ m3 Density

LITERATURA
REFERENCES

[1] www.euromap.org [5] Kombinat BELIE tvornica strojeva, Upute o


[2] www.bpf.co.uk namjeni, nainu montae i demontae, pregledu i
[3] www.ptsllc.com odravanju, te o sigurnom nainu rukovanja za
[4] www.catalog.com.hk/tatming/index.html injekcijsko preanje termoplasta

Primljeno / Recived: 23.2.2008 Prihvaeno / Accepted: 23.6.2008

Pregledni lanak Subject Reviw

Adresa autora / Autors address:


Assoc. prof dr. sc. Dubravka Siminiati, dipl. ing.
Assoc. prof dr. sc. Loreta Pomeni, dipl. ing.
Franjo Ori, dipl. ing.
Tehniki fakultet Sveuilita u Rijeci
Vukovarska 58
51000 Rijeka
HRVATSKA
dubravka.siminiati@riteh.hr

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