EXPORT / IMPORT POLICIES FOR FOOD PROCESSED

PRODUCT:
1. FOREIGN TRADE POLICY:
Legal Basis of Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) : The Foreign Trade
Policy, 2015-20, is notified by Central Government, in exercise of
powers conferred under Section 5 of the Foreign Trade
(Development & Regulation) Act, 1992 (No. 22 of 1992) [FT (D&R)
Act], as amended.
Duration of FTP : The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), 2015-2020,
incorporating provisions relating to export and import of goods and
services, shall come into force with effect from the date of
notification and shall remain in force up to 31st March, 2020, unless
otherwise specified. All exports and imports made upto the date of
notification shall, accordingly, be governed by the relevant FTP,
unless otherwise specified.
Amendment to FTP : Central Government, in exercise of powers
conferred by Section 5 of FT (D&R) Act, 1992, as amended from time
to time, reserves the right to make any amendment to the FTP, by
means of notification, in public interest.
Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) may, by means of a
Public Notice, notify Hand Book of Procedures, including Appendices
and Aayat Niryat Forms or amendment thereto, if any, laying down
the procedure to be followed by an exporter or importer or by any
Licensing/Regional Authority or by any other authority for purposes
of implementing provisions of FT (D&R) Act, the Rules and the
Orders made there under and provisions of FTP.
Trade facilitation is a priority of the Government for cutting down the
transaction cost and time, thereby rendering Indian exports more
competitive.
DGFT has a commitment to function as a facilitator of exports and
imports. Focus is on good governance, which depends on efficient,
transparent and accountable delivery systems. In order to facilitate
international trade, DGFT consults various Export Promotion
Councils as well as Trade and Industry bodies from time to time.
2. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
 This Act is the basic statute that is intended to protect the common
consumer against the supply of adulterated food.
This specifies different standards for various food articles. The
standards are in terms of minimum quality levels
intended for ensuring safety in the consumption of these food items
and for safeguarding against harmful impurities
and adulteration. The Central Committee for Food Standards, under
the Directorate General of Health Services,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, is responsible for the
operation of this Act. The provisions of the Act are mandatory and
contravention of the rules can lead to both fines and imprisonment.
3. Standards on Weights and Measures (Packaged
Commodities) Rules, 1977
These Rules lay down certain obligatory conditions for all
commodities that are packed form, with respect to declarations on
quantities contained. These Rules are operated by the Directorate of
Weights and Measures, under the Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies.
4. Export (Quality Control & Inspection) Act, 1963
The Export Inspection Council is responsible for the operation of this
Act. Under the Act, a large number of exportable commodities have
been notified for compulsory pre-shipment inspection. The quality
control and inspection of various export products is administered
through a network of more than fifty offices located around major
production centers and ports of shipment. In addition, organizations
may be recognized as agencies for inspection and /or quality
control. Recently, the government has exempted agriculture and
food products, fruit products and fish and fishery products from
compulsory pre-shipment inspections; provided that the exporter
has a firm letter from the overseas buyer stating that the overseas
buyer does not require pre-shipment inspection from official Indian
inspection agencies.
5. Pollution Control
No Objection Certificate from Pollution Control Board is a must.
6. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
The activities of BIS are two fold, the formulation of Indian standards
in the processed foods sector and the implementation of standards
through promotion and through voluntary and third party
 certification systems. BIS has on record, standards for most of
processed foods. In general, these standards cover raw materials
permitted and their quality parameters, hygienic conditions under
which products are manufactured and packaging and labelling
requirements. Manufacturers complying with standards laid down by
the BIS can obtain and "ISI" mark that can be exhibited on product
packages. BIS has identified certain items like food
colours/additives, vanaspati, containers for packing, milk powder
and condensed milk, for compulsory certification.
IMPORT/EXPORT NORMS IN INDIA

Imports and exports are the two important components of a foreign

trade. Foreign trade is the exchange of goods and services between
the two countries, across their international borders.' Imports' imply
the physical movement of goods into a country from another
country in a legal manner.

It refers to the goods that are produced abroad by foreign producers

and are used in the domestic economy to cater to the needs of the
domestic consumers. Similarly, 'exports' imply the physical
movement of goods out of a country in a legal manner. It refers to
the goods that are produced domestically in a country and are used
to cater to the needs of the consumers in foreign countries. Thus,
the imports and exports have made the world a local market. The
country which is purchasing the goods is known as the importing
country and the country which is selling the goods is known as the
exporting country. The traders involved in such transactions are
importers and exporters respectively.

In India, exports and imports are regulated by the Foreign Trade

(Development and Regulation) Act, 1992, which replaced the
Imports and Exports(Control) Act, 1947, and gave the Government
of India enormous powers to control it. The salient features of the
Act are as follows:-
 It has empowered the Central Government to make provisions for
development and regulation of foreign trade by facilitating imports
into, and augmenting exports from India and for all matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Central Government can prohibit, restrict and regulate exports
and imports, in all or specified cases as well as subject them to
exemptions.
It authorizes the Central Government to formulate and announce an
Export and Import (EXIM) Policy and also amend the same from time
to time, by notification in the Official Gazette.
It provides for the appointment of a Director General of Foreign
Trade by the Central Government for the purpose of the Act. He shall
advise Central Government in formulating export and import policy
and implementing the policy.
Under the Act, every importer and exporter must obtain a 'Importer
Exporter Code Number' (IEC) from Director General of Foreign Trade
or from the officer so authorized.
The Director General or any other officer so authorized can suspend
or cancel a license issued for export or import of goods in
accordance with the Act. But he does it after giving the license
holder a reasonable opportunity of being heard.

As per the provisions of the Act , the Government of India formulates

and announces an Export and Import policy (EXIM policy) and amends
it from time to time. EXIM policy refers to the policy measures adopted
by a country with reference to its exports and imports. Such a policy
become particularly important in a country like India, where the import
and export of items plays a crucial role not just in balancing budgetary
targets, but also in the over all economic development of the country.
The principal objectives of the policy are:-

To facilitate sustained growth in exports of the country so as to

achieve larger percentage share in the global merchandise trade.
 To provide domestic consumers with good quality goods and
services at internationally competitive prices as well as creating a
level playing field for the domestic producers.
To stimulate sustained economic growth by providing access to
essential raw materials, intermediates, components, consumables
and capital goods required for augmenting production and providing
services.
To enhance the technological strength and efficiency of Indian
agriculture, industry and services, thereby improving their
competitiveness to meet the requirements of the global markets.
To generate new employment opportunities and to encourage the
attainment of internationally accepted standards of quality.
IMPORT/EXPORT NORMS IN KAZAKHSTAN
The product should be manufactured or sourced with consistent
standard quality, comparable to your competitors. ISO or equivalent
certification helps in selling the product in the international market.
If possible, avoid products which are monopoly of one or few
suppliers. If you are the manufacturer - make sure sufficient
capacity is available in-house or you have the wherewithal to
outsource it at short notice. Timely supply is a key success factor in
export business
The price of the exported product should not fluctuate very often -
threatening profitability to the export business.
Strictly check the government policies related to the export of a
particular product. Though there are very few restrictions in export -
it is better to check regulatory status of your selected product.
Carefully study the various government incentive schemes and tax
exemption like duty drawback and DEPB
Import regulation in overseas markets, specially tariff and non-tariff
barriers. Though a major non-tariff barrier (textile quota) has been
abolished - there are still other tariff and non-tariff barriers. If your
product attracts higher duty in target country - demand obviously
falls.
Registration/Special provision for your products in importing country.
This is specially applicable for processed food and beverages, drugs
and chemicals.
 Seasonal vagaries of selected products as some products sell in
summer, while others in winter. Festive season is also important
factor, for example certain products are more sellable only during
Christmas.
Keep in mind special packaging and labeling requirements of
perishable products like processed food and dairy products.
Special measures are required for transportation of certain products,
which may be bulky or fragile or hazardous or perishable.

EXPORT DOCUMENTATION AND PROCEDURES

The following documents are commonly used in exporting; which of

them are actually used in each case depends on the requirements of
our government.

Sr. No Documents
1 Shipping Bill / Bill of Export
2 Customs Declaration Form
3 Dispatch Note
4 Commercial invoice
5 Consular Invoice
6 Customs Invoice
7 Legalised / Visaed Invoice
8 Certified Invoice
9 Packing List
10 Certificate of Inspection
11 Black List Certificate
12 Manufacturer's Certificate
13 Certificate of Chemical Analysis
14 Certificate of Shipment
15 Health/ Veterinary/ Sanitary Certification
16 Certificate of Conditioning
17 Antiquity Measurement
18 Shipping Order
19 Cart/ Lorry Ticket
20 Shut Out Advice
21 Short Shipment Form

PROCEDURES :

STEP1: Enquiry :
The starting point for any Export Transaction is an enquiry.

An enquiry for product should, inter alia, specify the following details or
provide the following data

Size details - Std. or oversize or undersize

Drawing, if available
Sample, if possible
Quantity required
Delivery schedule
Is the price required on FOB or C& F or CIF basis
Mode of Dispatch - Sea, air or Sea/air
Mode of Packing
Terms of Payment that would be acceptable to the Buyer - If the
buyer proposes to open any Letter of Credit, any specific
requirement to be complied with by the Exporter
Is there any requirement of Pre-shipment inspection and if so, by
which agency
Any Certificate of Origin required - If so, from what agency.

STEP 2: - Proforma generation :

After studying the enquiry in detail, the exporter - be it Manufacturer

Exporter or Merchant Exporter - will provide a Proforma Invoice to the
Buyer.

STEP 3: Order placement :

If the offer is acceptable to the Buyer in terms of price, delivery and

payment terms, the Buyer will then place an order on the Exporter, giving
as much data as possible in terms of specifications, Part No. Quantity etc.
(No standard format is required for such a purchase order)

STEP 4: Order acceptance :

It is advisable that the Exporter immediately acknowledges receipt of the

order, giving a schedule for the delivery committed.

STEP 5: Goods readiness & documentation :

Once the goods are ready duly packed in Export worthy cases/cartons
(depending upon the mode of despatch), the Invoice is prepared by the
Exporter.

If the number of packages is more than one, a packing list is a must.

Even If the goods to be exported are excisable, no excise duty need be

charged at the time of Export, as export goods are exempt from Central
Excise, but the AR4 procedure is to be followed for claiming such an
exemption.

Similarly, no Sales Tax also is payable for export of goods.

STEP 6: Goods removal from works :

There are different procedures for removing Export consignments to the

Port, following the AR4 procedure, but it would be advisable to get the
consignment sealed by the Central Excise authorities at the factory
premises itself, so that open inspection by Customs authorities at the Port
can be avoided.

If export consignments are removed from the factory of manufacture,

following the AR4 procedure, claiming exemption of excise duty, there is
an obligation cast on the exporter to provide proof of export to the Central
Excise authorities

STEP 7: Documents for C & F agent :

The Exporter is expected to provide the following documents to the

Clearing & Forwarding Agents, who are entrusted with the task of shipping
the consignments, either by air or by sea.

Invoice
Packing List
Declaration in Form SDF (to meet the requirements as per FERA) in
duplicate.
AR4 - first and the second copy
Any other declarations, as required by Customs
On account of the introduction of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
system for processing shipping bills electronically at most of the locations
- both for air or sea consignments - the C&F Agents are required to file
with Customs the shipping documents, through a particular format, which
will vary depending on the nature of the shipment. Broad categories of
export shipments are:

Under claim of Drawback of duty

Without claim of Drawback
Export by a 100% EOU
Under DEPB Scheme

STEP 8: Customs Clearance :

After assessment of the shipping bill and examination of the cargo by

Customs (where required), the export consignments are permitted by
Customs for ultimate Export. This is what the concerned Customs officials
call the LET EXPORT endorsement on the shipping bill.

STEP 9: Document Forwarding :

After completing the shipment formalities, the C & F Agents are expected
to forward to the Exporter the following documents:

Customs signed Export Invoice & Packing List

Duplicate of Form SDF
Exchange control copy of the Shipping Bill, processed electronically
AR4 (original duplicate) duly endorsed by Customs for having
effected the Export
Bill of Lading or Airway bill, as the case may be.

STEP 10: Bills negotiation :

With these authenticated shipping documents, the Exporter will have to

negotiate the relevant export bill through authorized dealers of Reserve
Bank, viz., Banks.

Under the Generalized System of Preference, imports from developing

countries enjoy certain duty concessions, for which the exporters in the
developing countries are expected to furnish the GSP Certificate of Origin
to the Bankers, along with other shipping documents.

Broadly, payment terms can be:

DP Terms
DA Terms
Letter of Credit, payable at sight or payable at days.

Step11: Bank to bank documents forwarding :

The negotiating Bank will scrutinize the shipping documents and forward
them to the Banker of the importer, to enable him clear the consignment.

It is expected of such authorized dealers of Reserve Bank to ensure

receipt of export proceeds, which factor has to be intimated to the
Reserve Bank by means of periodical Returns.

STEP 12: Customs obligation discharge :

As indicated above, Exporters are also expected to provide proof of export

to the Central Excise authorities, on the basis of the Customs
endorsements made on the reverse of AR4s and get their obligation, on
this score, discharged.

STEP 13: Receipt of Bank certificate :

Authorized dealers will issue Bank Certificates to the exporter, once the
payment is received and only with the issuance of the Bank Certificate,
the export transaction becomes complete.

It is mandatory on the part of the Exporters to negotiate the shipping

documents only through authorized dealers of Reserve Bank, as only
through such a system Reserve Bank can ensure receipt of export
proceeds for goods shipped out of this country.

DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR IMPORT CUSTOMS CLEARANCE:

Sr.No Documents
1 Bill of Entry:
 2 Commercial Invoice:
3 Bill of Lading / Airway bill
4 Import License
5 Insurance certificate
6 Purchase order/Letter of Credit
7 Technical write up, literature etc
8 Industrial License
9 RCMC. Registration cum Membership Certificate
10 Test report
11 DEEC/DEPB /ECGC or any other documents
12 Central excise document
13 GATT/DGFT declaration

KAZAKHSTAN - IMPORT REQUIREMENTS AND

DOCUMENTATION

All goods entering the customs territory of Kazakhstan are subject to

declaration and customs clearance at approved customs clearance
points. A declaration must be filed within thirty days of arrival of the
goods to Kazakhstan, but a brief declaration and notification on arrival of
goods must be submitted to the customs body within 24 hours after the
goods cross the border and are placed at a temporary storage
warehouse. With the exception of private persons permitted to transfer
goods under a simplified procedure, a customs declaration must be filed
by a Kazakhstani entity - that is, a business organization registered under
Kazakhstani law or its affiliate or representative located in Kazakhstan, an
individual entrepreneur registered in Kazakhstan, or a permanent resident
of Kazakhstan. Foreign entities cannot deal directly with customs officials
in Kazakhstan and are legally required to use services provided by
licensed customs brokers having the right to operate in Kazakhstan.

A party declaring commercial goods at a customs office in Kazakhstan for

their release for free circulation is responsible for submitting the paper
and electronic copies of customs declarations (one copy of each per
shipment), as well as accompanying documents. The Customs Cargo
Declaration (5 copies) must be completed in either the Kazakh or Russian
language. Other documents may be submitted in a foreign language. A
customs officer, however, has the authority to request a translation of
such documents into Kazakh or Russian, as well as a notarization of the
translation. In addition to the Customs Cargo Declaration, a party
declaring goods is required to submit a set of other documents including
invoices, a contract for the supply of goods, an import/export transaction
passport, and shipping documents (e.g., bill of lading, airway bill, etc.)
The passport of transaction is the primary tool used in the framework of
the currency control system. The passport of transaction represents a
cross-agency document filled out by the exporter/importer and reviewed
by customs officials and representatives of the exporter/importers bank

MANDATORY DOCUMENTS LISTED BY WORLD BANK IN DOING

BUSINESS
Sr. No. EXPORTS IMPORTS

1 Shipping Bill Bill of Entry

2 Commercial Invoice Commercial invoice
3 Packing List Packing List
4 Bill of Lading Bill of Lading

5 Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange

Control Form (SDF) Control Form (Form
A-1)
6 Terminal Handling Terminal Handling
Receipt Receipt
7 Technical Standard Certified Engineer's
Certificate Report
8 Cargo Release
Order
9 Product manual

10 Inspection report
 MODES OF ENTRY IN TO FOREIGN MARKET

Mode Conditions Favouring this Mode

Exporting Limited sales potential in target country; little
product adaptation required
Distribution channels close to plants
High target country production costs
Liberal import policies
High political risk
Licensing Import and investment barriers
Legal protection possible in target environment.
Low sales potential in target country.
Large cultural distance
Licensee lacks ability to become a competitor.
Joint Ventures Import barriers
Large cultural distance
Assets cannot be fairly priced
High sales potential
Some political risk
Government restrictions on foreign ownership
Local company can provide skills, resources,
distribution network, brand name, etc

Direct Import barriers

Investment Small cultural distance
Assets cannot be fairly priced
High sales potential
Low political risk

ORGANIZATIONS SUPPORTING TO EXPORTERS IN INDIA

Federation Of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO)

Indian Institute Of Foreign Trade (IIFT)

Indian Institution Of Packaging (IIP)

Export Import Bank Of India (EXIM Bank)

Indian Council Of Arbitration (ICA)

 India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)

Chamber Of Commerce & Industry (CII)

Federation Of Indian Chamber Of Commerce & Industry (FICCI)

Bureau Of Indian Standards (BIS)

Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)

India Investment Centre (IIC)

Directorate General Of Foreign Trade (DGFT)

Director General Of Commercial Intelligence Statistics (DGCIS)

INSTITUTES FOR IMPORT/EXPORT OF FOOD INDUSTRY IN

INDIA

Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development

Authority (APEDA)

The Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development

Authority (APEDA) was established by the Government of India under the
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
Act passed by the Parliament in December, 1985. The Act (2 of 1986)
came into effect from 13th February, 1986 by a notification issued in the
Gazette of India: Extraordinary: Part-II [Sec. 3(ii): 13.2.1986). The
Authority replaced the Processed Food Export Promotion Council (PFEPC).

APEDA is mandated with the responsibility of export promotion and

development of the following scheduled products:
Fruits, Vegetables and their Products.
Meat and Meat Products.
Poultry and Poultry Products.
Dairy Products.
 Confectionery, Biscuits and Bakery Products.
Honey, Jaggery and Sugar Products.
Cocoa and its products, chocolates of all kinds.
Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Beverages.
Cereal and Cereal Products.
Groundnuts, Peanuts and Walnuts.
Pickles, Papads and Chutneys.
Guar Gum.
Floriculture and Floriculture Products.
Herbal and Medicinal Plants.
In addition to this, APEDA has been entrusted with the responsibility to
monitor import of sugar.
Import Trade Governing Bodies in India

Ministry of Commerce and Industry

The Ministry of Commerce and Industry is the nodal authority for

formulating and implementing the foreign trade policy in matter related to
Import. The Department of Commerce play a key role in matters related to
multilateral and bilateral commercial relations, state trading, export
promotion measures and development and regulation of certain import
oriented industries and commodities. There are two departments under
the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The first one is the Department of
Commerce and the second is Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion.
The department of Ministry of Commerce which is sometimes also termed
as Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion was established in the year
1995, and in the year 2000 Department of Industrial Development was
merged with it.
Ministry of Commerce and Industry has its offices in all the major cities.

Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)

DGFT or Directorate General of Foreign Trade is a government

organization in India responsible for the formulation of guidelines and
principles for importers as well as exporters of country.
Preparation, formulation and implication of Exim Policies are one of the
main functions of DGFT. Apart from Exim Policy, DGFT is also responsible
for issuing IEC or Import Export Code. IEC codes are mandatory for
carrying out import export trade operations and enable companies to
acquire benefits on their imports/exports, customs, exports promotion
council etc in India. DGFT also play an important role in controlling DEPB
rates and setting standard input-output norms. Any changes or
formulation or addition of new codes in ITC-HS Codes are also carried out
by DGFT (Directorate General of Foreign Trade).DGFT has its offices in all
the major cities. Its Delhi office is located at IP Bhawan, New Delhi.

Central Board of Excises Customs (CBEC)

The Central Board of Excises Customs (CBEC) under Ministry of Finance is
the controlling authority to handle custom duty related matters. CBEC
regularly publishes the "Indian Customs Tariff Guide that provides all types
of information on custom duty rules and regulation in India.
Custom duty not only raises money for the Central Government but also
helps the government to prevent the illegal imports and exports of goods
from India. The Central government has emergency powers to increase
import or export duties whenever necessary after a notification in the
session of Parliament
Project and Equipment Corporation of India (PEC Limited)

The PEC Ltd (Project and Equipment Corporation of India) was carved out
of the STC in 1971-72 to take over the canalized business of STCs railway
equipment division, to diversify into turn-key projects especially outside
India and to aid & assist in promotion of exports of Indian engineering
equipment. With effect from 23rd May, 1990, PEC became a subsidiary of
the then newly formed Holding Company, Bharat Business International
Ltd. Thereafter, from 27th March, 1991, PEC became an independent
company directly owned by Government of India. The main functions of
PEC Ltd. includes export of projects, engineering equipment and
manufactured goods, defence equipment & stores; import of industrial raw
materials, bullion and agro commodities; consolidation of existing lines of
business and simultaneously developing new products and new markets;
diversification in export of non-engineering items eg. Coal & coke, iron
ore, edible oils, steel scraps, etc.; and structuring counter trade/ special
trading arrangements for further exports.

Inter State Trade Council

The Inter State Trade Council was set up on 24th June, 2005 with a view to
serve as a mechanism for institutionalized dialogue between the Union
and the States in matters relating to trade facilitation and to create a
framework for making States partners in Indias export effort. The Council
is represented by Chief Ministers of the States or State Cabinet Ministers
nominated by Chief Ministers, Lt. Governors or Administrators of the Union
Territories or their nominees, Secretaries of the Departments of
Commerce, Revenue, Industrial Policy & Promotion, Agriculture &
Cooperation, Shipping, Road Transport & Highways, Ministries of External
Affairs and Power and Chairman, Railway Board. It also co-opts the
Chairman-cum-Managing Director of Export Credit Guarantee Corporation,
Managing Director of EXIM Bank, Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of
India, Chairman of Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority, Chairman of Marine Products Export Development
Authority and Presidents of CII, FICCI, FIEO, ASSOCHAM and Export
Promotion Council for EOUs/ SEZs.

Export Inspection Council (EIC)

The Export Inspection Council or EIC in short, was set up by the

Government of India under Section 3 of the Export (Quality Control and
Inspection) Act, 1963 in order to ensure sound development of export
trade of India through Quality Control and Inspection.

EXPORT PROMOTING INSTITUTIONS

The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India

(ASSOCHAM)
ASSOCHAM is a not for profit organization, facilitating reach of India to all
businesses around the globe, for wanting to do business with India.
ASSOCHAM initiated its endeavor of value creation for Indian Industry in
1920. It is also referred to as the "Chamber of Chambers" having in its fold
more than 400 Industry Chambers, Trade Associations and serving more
than 4,50,000 Corporate Members from all over.
Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(FICCI):

Established in 1927, FICCI is the largest and oldest apex business

organisation in India. Its history is closely interwoven with India's struggle
for independence, its industrialization, and its emergence as one of the
most rapidly growing global economies.

A non-government, not-for-profit organisation, FICCI is the voice of India's

business and industry. From influencing policy to encouraging debate,
engaging with policy makers and civil society, FICCI articulates the views
and concerns of industry. It serves its members from the Indian private
and public corporate sectors and multinational companies, drawing its
strength from diverse regional chambers of commerce and industry across
states, reaching out to over 2,50,000 companies. FICCI provides a
platform for networking and consensus building within and across sectors
and is the first port of call for Indian industry, policy makers and the
international business community.

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII):

The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) works to create and sustain an

environment conducive to the development of India, partnering industry,
Government, and civil society, through advisory and consultative
processes.

CII is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed

organization, playing a proactive role in India's development process.
Founded in 1895, India's premier business association has over 8000
members, from the private as well as public sectors, including SMEs and
MNCs, and an indirect membership of over 200,000 enterprises from
around 240 national and regional sectoral industry bodies.

CII charts change by working closely with Government on policy issues,

interfacing with thought leaders, and enhancing efficiency,
competitiveness and business opportunities for industry through a range
of specialized services and strategic global linkages. It also provides a
platform for consensus-building and networking on key issues.

Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics:

This Directory is being published since 1919 to complement fiscal and
monetary efforts of the Government of India to boost up exports in view of
overwhelming importance of exports in the overall scheme of economic
development and growth. In publishing this Directory of Indian Exporters,
we are working towards the fulfilment of the role of providing information
for facilitating free flow of trade and commerce between India and the rest
of the world.
Presently the 25th Edition of this Directory is in the press. The unique
feature of this issue is that the products (exports and exportables) have
been classified as per the ITC(HS) codes and that, too, at 6-digit level,
wherever possible.
The Directory contains particulars of 3369 firms and more than 10000
exports and exportable items.
Institutes to Facilitate Exports/Imports in Gujarat

World Trade Connections(Private)

M Star Corp.
IIIEM(International Institutes of Import Export Management)
Global Exim
Ucs Export(Food Exports)
Herbs And Crops Overseas
Agricultural and Cooperation Department of Gujarat

Councils Facilitating Import/Export In Kazakhstan:

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Department for International Trade (DIT) Kazakhstan

DIT in Kazakhstan helps companies to increase their competitiveness

through overseas trade in Kazakhstan. It offer professional, authoritative
and personalized assistance to help companies in Kazakhstan locate and
expand. It provides services like: Starting a business, sourcing productes
or services from UK

Committee on Technical Regulation and Metrology

(Gosstandart)

The Committee on Technical Regulation and Metrology (Gosstandart),

under the Ministry of Industry and New Technologies, is the national
agency regulating technical regulation issues in Kazakhstan. Gosstandart
is subdivided into two subordinate enterprises: the Kazakh Institute for
Standardization and Certification and the Kazakh Institute of Metrology.
 Ministry For Investment And Development Of The Republic Of
Kazakhstan:

The Ministry of Investment and Development of the Republic of

Kazakhstan is the central executive body of the Republic of Kazakhstan
carrying out management in the fields of industry and industrial and
innovative development, scientific and technological development, mining
and smelting complex, local content development, engineering, chemical,
pharmaceutical and medical industry, light industry, woodworking and
furniture industry, building industry and manufacture of building
materials; safety of machinery and equipment and safety of chemical
production according to a branch orientation; state investment policy and
investment support, creation of favorable investment climate;
establishment, operation and abolition of special economic zones; export
control; technical regulation and maintenance of unity of measurements;
mineral resources, except for hydrocarbon raw materials; the state
geological studying, reproduction of mineral resources base, rational and
complex use of bowels, the state control of resource exploitation of the
underground water and therapeutic mud, solid minerals except coal and
uranium; energy conservation and efficiency, tourist activities, and
implementation of public policies to support investment; in the fields of
rail, road, inland waterway transport, merchant shipping, in the use of
airspace of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the civil and experimental
aviation, highways; industrial safety; communication, informatization and
"e-government", information; space activities.

Committee on Technical Regulation and Metrology (KAZMEMST)

Work in the field of standardization in the Republic of Kazakhstan started

in 1932 and remained, until 1992, within the framework of the State
standardization system of the USSR. The former republics of the USSR
then created an economic union known as the Community of Independent
States. In 1993, the independent and sovereign Republic of Kazakhstan
adopted laws on standardization and certification and on unity of
measurement, which defined the further development of the
standardization system in the country. Today, technical policy in the field
of standardization is under the responsibility of the Committee for
Technical regulation and metrology (KAZMEMST), with a regular budget.
Together with national ministries and departments, KAZMEMST establishes
technical committees to develop standards in different fields of industry,
including environmental standards.

National Center of Expertise and Certification

National center of expertise and certification is located in Almaty,

Kazakhstan. Company is working in General business business activities. It
is the only company in the Kazakhstan market which provides a range of
services in the field of standardization, metrology and certification of
products, services, management systems and other services tending to
ensure maximum satisfaction of customer requirements and forestalling
their expectations.

National Center of Accreditation

National Center of Accreditation of the Committee of Technical Regulation

and Metrology of the Ministry for Investments and Development of the
Republic of Kazakhstan (NCA) is a sole accreditation body for conformity
assessment and carries out its activities in accordance with the Law of the
Republic of Kazakhstan d.d. July 5, 2008, On Accreditation in the field of
conformity assessment, Standard of ST RK ISO/IEC 17011-2006
Conformity assessment General requirements for accreditation bodies
accrediting conformity assessment bodies., and other regulatory legal
acts of RK, as well as the requirements of International Accreditation
Organizations.

KAZNEX INVEST(Export)

It is a National Export and Investment Agency. KAZNEX INVEST has

provided export development and promotion services since 2008. During
this period the company has become an efficient government mechanism
of support of national exporters and has assisted to dozens of Kazakhstan
companies to penetrate foreign markets.

Three forms of support:

1) financial;
2) service;
3) information & analytics.

SHIPPING NORMS:

The need to have a well-developed food quality control system for export
is more important for countries that are major exporters. Some of the
benefits of such export control systems are highlighted below:

(i) Minimize impediments to trade by reducing the time for

inspection and testing at the importing end.

(ii) Minimize and even eliminate rejection or non-compliance at

the point of import.

(iii) Avoid duplication of inspection, sampling and tests at the

exporting and importing ends and lead to usage of collective
resources more efficiently and effectively.

(iv) Are financially more effective as cost of recall, cost of testing

+ at importing end and cost of destruction of consignments is
minimized.

(v) Take care of variation in quality due to production by small

farmers, fishermen or enterprises.

(vi) Help in building up the image of the country, as ensures that

inferior quality products are not exported by unscrupulous
one-time or fly-by-night operators. Such problems can be
minimized with mandatory export certification. For example, in
the Indian dairy sector, export certification has become
mandatory and it is obligatory for exports to take place only
 from material processed in an approved unit implementing
food safety management systems.

(vii) Enable official inspection/health certificates to be given as the

same are often required by the buyers.

(viii Help in 'Capacity Building' in a country with respect to product

) as well as systems. With a mandatory export certification
system, the country identifies the weaknesses and focuses on
correcting these.

(ix) Decisions on a country's products that are exported are taken

by the country itself rather than by the importing country. For
example, if the product does not meet an importing country's
requirement, the exporter can, in consultation with the official
certifying body send it to a third country, which permits the
same, rather than the importing country deciding that it is not
fit for consumption as its requirements are not met and
therefore needs to be destroyed.

(x) Facilitate negotiating Agreements/MoUs for recognition of food

control systems and certification by the importing country.

(xi) Provide protection to the consumer of the importing country

as the broad objective of the exporting country is to ensure
that requirements of the importing country are met.

(xii) Facilitate implementation of various forms of voluntary

certification which address the entire chain from farm to table.
This is simplified as a major part of the total chain, namely
processing is already covered and only additional areas such
as those at farm level need to be certified.

BROAD COMPONENTS OF EXPORT CONTROL SYSTEMS

Export Food Control Policy and Strategy

Export food control activity is a multi-disciplinary activity

covering a number of aspects such as food science,
microbiology, analytical chemistry, plant pathology, veterinary
science, etc. A number of agencies would normally be
involved in any country including various departments of
government, control organizations, promotional bodies,
research institutions, agricultural institutions, farming
community, trade associations, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs), consumers etc. There needs to be a
suitable documented export control food strategy with clear
objectives, including the countries of focus, well designed plan
of action with role clarity provided for different players and
clear networking of the organizations within the country.

Legislative framework

Food legislation includes acts, regulations, and requirements

or procedures prescribed by the government relating to export
of foodstuffs to meet requirements of the importing country
while ensuring conditions of fair trade. Food control needs to
be simple, complete, covering various aspects of the food
chain as needed and address requirements of importing
country - both issues of safety and quality. It should provide
authority to carry out controls at all stages of the food chain.
Furthermore, it should be flexible to allow taking into account
new technologies, developments and changing trade needs. It
also needs to be WTO compatible and as far as possible based
on Codex standards, guidelines and recommendations, but
depending on importing country's requirements. Legislation
may also include provisions for registration of establishments
or listing of certified processing plants, establishment
approval, licensing or registration of traders or agents,
equipment design approval, penalties, coding requirements
and charging of fees. Necessary provisions need to be
included for ensuring integrity, impartiality and independence
of the official and officially recognized inspection and
certification systems.

Control programmes and operations

Inspection services should design control programmes based

on precise objective and appropriate risk analysis. HACCP or a
similar quality and safety assurance and management system
based approach should be encouraged with responsibility for
meeting the food quality and safety regulatory requirements
of importing country resting with the food industry with all
segments of the food chain having responsibility for
establishing food safety and quality controls. The
responsibility of food control regulators is to ensure, through a
surveillance system of industry and other components of the
food chain that they meet the requirements specified by the
importing country.

Elements of a control programme should include the following:

- Inspection;

- Sampling and analysis;

- Checks on hygiene, including personal cleanliness and

clothing;

- Examination of routine and other records;

- Examination of the results of any verification systems

operated by the establishment;

- Audit of establishments by the national competent authority

responsible for export control;

- National audit and verification of the control programme.

An administrative procedure should ensure that controls by

the inspection systems are carried out regularly proportionate
to the degree of risk, where non-compliance is suspected and
in a coordinated manner between different authorities (if
several exist).

Control should also cover, as appropriate, the establishment,

installations, means of transport, equipment and material; raw
materials and ingredients for preparation and production of
food stuffs; semi-finished and finished products; cleaning and
maintenance products; processes for manufacture or
processing of foodstuffs; preservation methods; labelling
integrity and claims etc. Formal documentation of the export
control programmes is also necessary.

Decision criteria and action

Control programmes should target the appropriate stages of

operation depending on specific objectives. The frequency and
intensity of controls should be designed to take into account
the risk as well as the reliability of controls already carried out
by those handling the products at various other stages i.e.
production, manufacturing, etc. In case of rejected products,
information should be sought by the export food control
authority from the importing country as per CAC/GL 25-1997 -
Codex Guidelines for the Exchange of information between
countries on rejections of imported foods. Such information on
rejections should be provided at the earliest opportunity, by
the export control authority, to the exporter, the
manufacturer, producer and any related department
depending on the situation.

Facilities, equipment, transportation and communication

Adequate facilities including equipment, transportation and

communication facilities should be available to ensure delivery
of export inspection and certification services.

Laboratories
Laboratories are the backbone of the inspection and
certification activity. In order to test to requirements
prescribed by the importing countries, the laboratories should
have state-of-the-art equipment and manpower that is
qualified and trained to operate such equipment. The
laboratories used by the export inspection and certification
services need to be accredited as per international standard
ISO 17025 under officially recognized programmes to ensure
that adequate quality controls are in place to provide for
reliability of test results. Internationally accepted quality
assurance techniques should be implemented to ensure
reliability of analytical results.

Personnel

Official inspection and certification services should have

access to a sufficient number of qualified personnel in food
science, technology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology
etc. The personnel should be trained in areas of inspection
and certification systems, audit techniques, risk analysis
techniques, testing, technological aspects etc. and have a
status that ensures impartiality and no direct commercial
interest in the products or establishments being inspected or
certified.

Certification systems

Certification should provide assurance of conformity of a

product to importing country requirements by checks on each
product or a batch of products or by approval of the system
being implemented by the processor with regular checks by
the inspection and certification service on various aspects of
the system being implemented. The competent authorities
should take all necessary steps to ensure the integrity,
impartiality and independence of official or officially
recognized certification systems.

Official accreditation

Export inspection or certification bodies may be officially

accredited to provide services on behalf of official agencies.
These bodies shall comply with criteria laid down in
international standards such as ISO/IEC 17020, ISO Guides 62
and 65, as well as Codex Guidelines for the Design, Operation,
Assessment and Accreditation of Food Import and Export
Inspection and Certification Systems with specific reference to
competence, independence and impartiality of personnel. The
performance of such inspection and certification bodies should
be regularly assessed by the competent authority.

Assessment and verification of inspection and certification

systems

The export inspection and certification system should be

subject to audit separate from routine inspection, may be self-
evaluation or by third parties. Internationally recognized
assessment and verification procedures should be used.
Guidelines for conducting assessment and verification of an
exporting country by an importing country have been given in
the Annex to CAC/GL 26-1997 and an importing country may
undertake a review of the exporting country's systems, if so
agreed.

Transparency

For decisions relating to food export control systems, both

developmental as well as implemental, there is a need to have
information as well as data that is scientifically collected,
shared with decision makers and implementers as well as
processors. This would include information on regulatory
requirements of importing countries; data on residues and
other parameters which would help in framing regulatory
requirements as well as being used for decision making on
implementation actions to prevent food-borne hazards, plan
food control activities etc. While ensuring transparency, any
constraint of professional and commercial confidentiality
should be respected.

CONCLUSION

Although the significance of export certification systems have

not been fully recognized by many countries, these can play a
very important role in the present day scenario of rapidly
expanding global trade in food. These would be useful for both
importing and exporting countries and would help to utilize
pooled resources more effectively while ensuring that the food
exported is safe and meets the sanitary requirements of the
importing country as well as any voluntary requirements,
which can also be built into the system. However care needs
to be taken that such export control systems are established
based on the Codex Guidelines for the Design, Operation,
Assessment and Accreditation of Food Import and Export
Inspection and Certification Systems.

India: Packaging and standards

Packaging and labelling regulation in India

Packaging

All pre-packaged commodities imported into India must carry

the following declarations on the label:

- name and address of the importer,

- generic or common name of the commodity packed,

- net quantity in terms of standard unit of weights and
measurement,

- month and year of packing in which the commodity is

manufactured, packed or imported,

- The maximum retail sales price (MRP) at which the

commodity in packaged form may be sold to the end
consumer.

Languages Permitted on Packaging and Labeling

English and/or Hindi.

Unit of Measurement

All imported goods as well as transport documents must show

standard units of measurement and weight.

Mark of Origin "Made In"

Not mandatory, except in the case of foodstuffs and drinks

and also where preferential import duties are claimed.

Labeling Requirements

The packaging and Labeling requirements for packaged food

products is laid down in the Part VII of the Prevention of Food
Adulteration (PFA) Rules, 1955, and the Standards of Weights
and Measures (Packaged Commodities) Rules of 1977.

Specific Regulations

In specific cases, the product label also has to contain:

The purpose of irradiation and license number in case of

irradiated food
 Extraneous addition of coloring material

Non-vegetarian food must have a symbol of a brown color-

filled circle inside a brown square outline prominently
displayed on the package

Vegetarian food must have a similar symbol of green color-

filled circle inside a square with a green outline prominently
displayed

INDIA: BISCUIT SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS

Supply chain Analysis: - Biscuits Industry

The agents involved in the value chain are producer, distributor,

wholesalers and retailers.

The producer collects the raw materials such as wheat flour, sugar,
cartoons etc. from the local market at a factory delivery price. The other
materials such as palm oil, wrappers, chemicals, and flavours are
purchased from outside Assam. The producer has distributor in
approximately all districts of Assam. Only in local market the producer
themselves act acts as the distributor.

From the distributor wholesaler as well as retailer collects the products.

The customers can buy the product from either retailers or wholesalers.
The continuous arrow line shows the flow of the product from the producer
till it reaches its customers.

The dotted arrow lines represent the information of the demands from the
customers till it reaches the producer. The producer transports its
products to the distributor. In local market the option of distributor is
eliminated and the distribution is done directly by the producer. They sell
their product directly to the wholesalers and the retailers. Apart from the
local market all other distribution is done by the distributor. The
wholesalers buy their product from the distributor. Their customers are
both the retailers and the consumers.

Retailers have the option to buy the product from the wholesaler as well
as distributor. Their profit margin is high when they purchase the product
from the distributor. The customer if want product in huge amount can
buy from the wholesalers at cheaper rate than buying at the maximum
retail price from the retailers.

The information of the demand of the product required starts from the
customers which go to the wholesalers and the retailers. From them the
information of the demand goes to the distributor from whom the
producer can collect the information of the required demand and thus
they can supply the amount of product required to be transported next
time.
Suggestions for biscuit Manufacturing Supply Chain Management

Supply chain should consider 360 degrees approach which includes :

Purchase Reporting & Tracking
Planning to dictate product mix Models
Tele based channel support- Inbound and outbound logistic
Introduction and Implementation of New trade offers to boost sales
in sagging periods
Managing Personal Relationship Portfolio
Rewards Redemption-Sourcing, Delivery, and Logistics

https://www.slideshare.net/ValueNotes/slide-share-biscuits-and-
cookies20152019

Kazakhstan Supply chain analysis:

https://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/tse/yksikot/PEI/raportit-ja-
tietopaketit/Documents/Lorentz_112006.pdf

Supply chain Analysis: - Britannia

Britannia has been focusing on developing a competitive edge in

manufacturing by deploying Cost Efficiency and Operational Excellence
programs across the value chain and is also working on scaling up some of
the existing manufacturing units.

Britannia increased operating control on capacity with the successful

completion of Jhagadia Factory expansion and acquisition of a Contract
Manufacturing unit in Chennai. Two more Greenfield factories are under
construction in Perundurai, Tamil Nadu and Bidadi, near Bangalore which
are scheduled to be commissioned in Financial Year 2015-16.
Britannia has successfully installed and commissioned a state-of-the-art
biscuit line in Gwalior Factory and has rolled out NutriChoice Heavens and
Good Day Chunkies (Innovation products) in the market.

All these have helped in creating the right capacity and capability with
superior technology to meet the growing demand and rising consumer
expectation.

The APO Planning tool has been further consolidated with focus on
integrating the challenging demand-supply scenario with optimum
inventory management to better serve the market. In the area of logistics
the focus was on execution effectiveness, reduction in the distance
travelled for products and optimum space utilization for higher
throughput.

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