1. Article 1170.

- Those who in the performance of their obligations are guilty of fraud,

negligence or delay and those who in any manner contravene the tenor
thereof, are liable for damages.
2. Define solutio indebiti (Art. 2154)
3. Define negotiorum gestio (Art. 2150)
4. What is consent? When is consent vitiated?
- Definition (Art. 1319)
- Vices of consent (Mistake, Violence, Intimidation, Undue Influence,
Fraud)
5. What are the kinds of contract? Define each kind.
- Rescissible Contracts (Art. 1381)
- Voidable Contracts (Art 1390)
- Unenforceable Contracts (Art 1403)
- Void Contracts (Art. 1409)

6. Define Natural Obligations

- Natural obligations are real obligations to which the law denies an
action, but which the debtor may perform voluntarily.

7. Define Estoppel. Give the kinds of estoppels

- Estoppel is a bar which precludes a person from denying or
asserting anything contrary of that which has, in contemplation of
law, been established as the truth, either by the acts of judicial or
legislative officers, or by his acts, representations, or admissions,
either express or implied.
- Kinds:
o Estoppel in pais (equitable estoppels)
o Estoppel by deed (technical estoppels)