Equilibrium for a large aspect-ratio:

Tokamak equilibria take a completely simple form for low , large

aspect ratio plasma of circular cross-section.

The ordering of the quantities, done in terms of inverse aspect

ratio =a/R is
0
= 0 1 + 2 ~0

0 2 0 2 0 2
~ ; ~ ; ~ , ~ 2 , ~1
0 0 0

The basic pressure balance equation is that of a cylinder,

= 0

The equilibrium is specified by () = 0.
The azimuthal field is derived by Amperes equation
1
0 =

and is determined from pressure equation.

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 Grad-Shafranov equation in cylindrical coordinates may be written as:
1 1 2 1 1
+ 2 2 cos sin
0 + cos
= 0 (0 + cos )2 02 ()
Expanding in
= 0 + 1 , ; cos()~


= 0 + 1 ; = = 0 + (0 )1
0

= 0 + 1 ; = = 0 + (0 )1
0
gives
1 0
= 0 02 0 02 0 (0 )

and 1 the first order equation:

1 1 2 cos 0
+ 2 2 1 = 0 02 0 1 20 0 cos (0 )
0

= 0 02 0 + 02 0 (0 ) 1 20 0 cos 0
0

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 If the flux surface is displaced by a small distance 0 , then
0 0
= 0 + 1 = 0 = 0 cos

Substituting the value of 1 from above expression in the equation for 1 gives

2 2
0 0 2
0
+ = 20 0
0

Using
0
= 0

the above equation can be rewritten as
2 0 2
0 = 20 0
0

The solution of this with = 0 at r=0 and = 0 gives the displacement () of
the flux surfaces for zero order pressure 0 ()and zero order poloidal magnetic field
0 (). This then provides solution (, ).

The displacement of the axis, = 0 is called Shafranov Shift.

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Shafranov Shift:

The Shafranov shift depends upon particular form of the

pressure profile and poloidal field profile and above
equation must be solved for each case. However some
indications can be obtained by using simple analytical
forms.
The zero order pressure profile:
2
= 1 2

and current profile
2 +1
1 1 2 Flux surfaces in circular
2
= 1 2 = large aspect ratio tokamak
/ plasma showing Sharfranov
Gives Shifts. The outer most r=a

1 3 1 surface has zero shift; the
2 2
= + inner surfaces have larger
2 2
0 amount of the shift. X-axis is
This equation can be solved numerically to obtain minor Radius a
.
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 A more useful description is in terms of the
internal inductance, , of the plasma
rather than . The internal inductance is
defined as :

2 0 2
= 2
2

An empirical fit correct to 2% is given as

= ln(1.65+.89)
The parameter is related to the q as Internal Inductance of Plasma as

0
=+1 a function of q0 the value of
safety factor at plasma center.

= +

0 2

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 Vacuum Magnetic Field
First determine from the equilibrium equation using large aspect
ratio expansion.
1 1
= =
0 + cos
with
0
= 0 () cos

With = 0, the poloidal field at r=a is given as

= 0 () 1 + cos
0
Using
2 0 2
0 = 20 0
0
for / and definition of :

= +
0 2
and this then leads to the vacuum magnetic field,

= 0 1 + cos ; = + 1
0 2
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 The vacuum field must now be matched to solution for . The
vacuum field is given by solution of equation = 0. This
can be written in terms of as

0 80 0 80 1
= 0 2 + 1 + + 2 cos
2 4
I is plasma current and there are two constant of integration.

The values of the constants is determined from the requirement that

plasma field derived above matches with the vacuum field and that
= 0.
2
1 80 1
1 = + ; 2 = +
2 2

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 For R0>>r, takes the form

0
2 cos
4

Corresponding to a field of the form

0 2
= cos() = cos()
4 0
i.e.
0 80 1
= +
40 2

This is the vertical field necessary to keep plasma in equilibrium against

the hoop force.

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Fields in an elongated plasma

is the Plasma Current, a & b are minor radii of the elongated plasma;
, , & are the Poloidal, Vertical and Radial Magnetic fields in
vacuum, respectively:

0
=
2
0 1 2 20
= + 1 + +1 cos b
40 2 2 2

0 1 2 20
= + 1 + +1 sin
40 2 2 2

= + 1
2

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 ELECTRCAL FIELDS:

Three components of electrical fields in a tokamak

Toroidal- parallel to magnetic field
Poloidal- perpendicular to magnetic field
Radial perpendicular to magnetic surface
Discharges are formed by application of toroidal electrical field. This field is
first produces a current in outer region of plasma. The current associated with
the field then diffuses into the plasma.

In simplest model the diffusion is governed by Maxwells equation and Ohms

law. The actual behavior is complicated because of temperature dependence of
conductivity, which is determined by the Ohmic heating and energy transport
and often there are instabilities associated with this process.

In slab geometry the ExB drift arising from polarization is balanced by motion
along field lines and in steady state E= j .

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 In tokamak the behavior is complicated as the flows across the magnetic field are
determined by anomalous transport rather than simple resistivity.

In final steady state in plasma the magnetic field is constant and consequently there are
no flux changes in the plasma. From Faraday Equation, = 0 , using cylindrical
coordinate (R,,Z) the Z component of the equation give

=

where c is a constant.

The constant toroidal voltage, 2 is maintained by imposed flux change through

the torus.

Fraradays Law also gives a simple result for the poloidal electric field .

In steady state the toroidal field is constant and implies that

= 0

where the integral is taken around a poloidal circuit in the plasma. This does not ,
however, imply that itself is zero.
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 Particle Orbits:
Passing and Trapped particle orbits
In a uniform magnetic field, particles gyrate around the
field line and the guiding center of the particle orbit moves
with a constant velocity along magnetic field direction.
In a tokamak, with non-uniform field, the particle suffers
drifts of the guiding center. These drifts give rise to two
types of guiding center orbits.
Particles with sufficiently large parallel velocities
continue to circulate around the torus. These particles
are called PASSING PARTICLES
The remaining particles are TRAPPED
PARTICLES, being trapped by a mirror effect caused
by variation of poloidal variation of magnetic field.
Both the orbits lie on toroidally symmetric drift
surfaces.
The orbits are constrained to lie within a distance, d, of Poloidal projections of particle
the magnetic surface. Orbit
The d can be calculated using the conservation of the
canonical angular moment due to toroidal symmetry.

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 The orbits are constrained to lie within a distance, , of the magnetic
surface, which can be calculated using the conservation of canonical
angular momentum, , which follows from toroidal symmetry.

= 0 ; = +

The constancy of implies that orbit involves a change in . This in turn
implies a displacement of the particles from the flux surface.

For small displacement from the flux surface the change in flux function is
given as

= =

The drift surfaces of passing particles are determined by two components
of particle motion: the motion parallel to the magnetic field giving rise to
poloidal rotation and the vertical drift due to gradient and curvature of the
magnetic field.

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 The rotation for passing particles has a frequency
= || /
and the drift velocity is given by
1
2 + 2 2
=

Combining these motions, the equations for the drift orbits is given by

= ; = +

where is the vertical coordinate and is the coordinate of the
center of cross-section of the magnetic surface.

The resulting equation of the drift surface is:

2
+ 2 =

This is a circular surface displaced from the flux surface by a distance

=

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 Particle Trapping:
The vacuum Toroidal Field varies as 1/R, the field is smaller on the outer
side than on inner side.
The particles in outer region, having small parallel velocity undergo a
mirror reflection as they move into the region of higher field.
In absence of collisions particles are trapped between reflection points,
undergoing repeated reflections as the bounce backward and forward
between the turning points.
The mirror force are given as
= ||
Where is the adiabatic constant
1 2

=2

We can define a minimum value of B, in median plane, along the trajectory
2
||0
=1+
0
Thus smaller is the pitch angle, smaller is the trajectory.

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 The condition that the particle is trapped is clearly that, given its pitch
angle at the median plane, the magnetic field along the particular
trajectory reaches the value Bb required for reflection. An approximate
form of this condition may be obtained by taking vacuum value of Toroidal
Magnetic field
0 0 +
= 0 and =
0
Trapping requirement, < can then be written as
2
||0 2

0 0

For an isotropic distribution, such as Maxwellian, the number of particles

trapped is determined from velocity space geometry and the fraction is

||0
=
0

where 0 is the total velocity.

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 Using 02 = ||2 + 2 to write
|| 2
2
||
= 2
||
1+
and substituting of the critical condition for from the
equation

2
||0 2

0 0
We get
1/2
2
=
0 +
For 0 = 7 , 50% of the particles are trapped.

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The bounce motion of trapped particles can be calculated using the force equation
= ||
0
= 0 =
1 + 0 cos
For strongly trapped particles 1 and large aspect ratio gives the parallel gradient of
magnetic field as
0 2 2
=
0
The equation of a field line is = = = which gives, from force
equation
2 2
=
2
where the bounce frequency is given as
1/2

=
0 20
With = 0 /0 and thus the motion along field line is defined as
= sin ; = sin
For small bounce angles
1/2
|| 20
=

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The drift surface, on which the trapped particles orbit, is now obtained by including the
r component of the vertical drift due to the toroidal magnetic field. For || the drift
1
= 2 2 / is almost constant and its radial component is

= sin

Leads to
1/2
2
= 1
0
The differential equation for the drift surface can the be written as

=
1 2 1/2
The integration of this equation gives the equation of drift surface
2

0 2 = 1

This surface has a shape of banana and therefore, these orbits are called Banana
Orbits. These orbits occur for strongly trapped particles with very small parallel
velocity in mid plane i.e. having very small pitch angles.

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 Banana Orbits

The half width of the orbit is:

||0
= =


=

The half width of these orbits is equal to Larmor radius of the particle
calculated from parallel velocity of particle in the Poloidal field.

Particle Orbits in an elongated tokamak plasma

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 De-Trapping by Collisions

Let us determine the conditions of collisionality which allow

the particle trapping. The potentially trapped paticles have
velocities lying in velocity cone satisfying trapping condition.
Collisions allow these particles to drift and they can drift out of the
trapping velocity space in a time proportional to the square of
trapping angle, i.e.
2

0
where is the collision time for large angle scattering.
The condition for collisions to prevent trapping is that the collision
time be shorter than the bounce time given by inverse of bounce
frequency:
0 3/2 0

2
For typical tokamak geometry and plasma densities, this gives a
critical temperature of few hundred eV for both ions and electrons.
Below this critical temperatures collisions de-trap the particles.
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 Potato Orbits:

The above analysis assumes that the deviation from flux

surfaces is sufficiently small so that r is almost constant over
the orbit. The requirement for this is that
3/2 1/2
where is the Larmor radius.

For Deuterons, 1/2 is typically a few cms, and so apart

from small central region, trapped deuterons have banana
orbits.

For -particles, however, the Larmor radius is several orders

of magnitude larger and they are predominantly produced in
core of plasma. They, therefore, do not satisfy above
condition and have broader orbits know as Potato Orbits.

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 General Orbits:

The general particle orbits can be calculated using the constancy of

particle energy and canonical toroidal angular moment together with
adiabatic invariant .
A particles canonical angular momentum is
=
Taking = || /
+
|| =

Eliminating || above equations gives the equation of general orbit
2

2 = +

For specified values of W, and with specified space dependence
of and hence above equation gives the general particle
orbits.

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 Plasma Rotation:

Many effects influence the evolution of toroidal rotation in tokamak

plasmas.
Momentum sources e.g. Neutral Beams injected in the plasma;
Radial plasma transport due to transport processes;
Micro-turbulence induced anomalous transport processes;
Most of these plasma transport processes can also produce momentum
pinch and intrinsic rotation effects.
3D, non-axisymmetric (NA) magnetic field components can also affect the
toroidal rotation.
Small, non-axisymmetric fields in tokamaks arise from coil
irregularities, active control coils and magnetic field distortions
caused by collective plasma instabilities.
Non-resonant, NA fields cause transit-time magnetic pumping, ripple-
trapping and radial drifts of bananas; they lead to non-ambipolar
radial particle fluxes and toroidal flow damping over the entire
plasma.
Resonant field errors cause localized electromagnetic torques on
rational surfaces in toroidally rotating plasmas.

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 The study of plasma rotation in tokamaks is important for the
understanding of many physical phenomena in toroidal confinement
systems.

The Plasma rotation is intimately connected with the existence of

radial electric fields in the plasma column.

An approximate value of the radial electric field can be found from

the ion momentum equation, neglecting ion inertia, ion-electron
friction, ion viscosity and the radial components of external forces
affecting the tokamak plasma:

1
~ + + ; =
0

where is the diamagnetic velocity, and are the toroidal

and poloidal components of ion velocity respectively, is the ion
pressure, and 0 is the maximum line averaged plasma density.

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 Plasma Rotation

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