Contents

1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 2
1.1 BACKGROUND.................................................................................................. 2
2. Problem of the statement.................................................................................. 2
3. Objectives.......................................................................................................... 3
3.1General objective.......................................................................................... 3
3.2Specific objective........................................................................................... 3
4. Significance of the study.............................................................................3
5. Expected outcome....................................................................................... 3
6. Scope of the study....................................................................................... 3
7. Literature review................................................................................................ 3
7.1Dyes and water pollution............................................................................... 4
7.2 Adsorption....................................................................................................... 5
7.3 Adsorption mechanism.................................................................................... 6
7.4 Adsorbent........................................................................................................ 6
7.5 Bentonite......................................................................................................... 7
8. Material and methods........................................................................................ 7
8.1Material used.................................................................................................... 7
8.2 Methods........................................................................................................... 8
9. Work plan and time schedule............................................................................ 8
10. Financial break down....................................................................................... 9
13. Reference................................................................................................... 10

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Water is one of the vital necessities for the survival of human being. Earth is a planet with
71% of its surface covered by water, of the total available water on earth 97% its sea water

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and unavailable for human consumption. Only 3% is available as fresh water .out of this 3%,
only a meagre 0.06% can be easily accessed as the rest comprises of the frozen polar ice cap,
ground water and swamp. The water demand doubles globally due to the rapid increase in the
population and industrial activity. Many countries are facing the shortage of clean drinking
water and it is estimated that 1.2 billion people are already drinking unclean water further
more 5-10 million people die annually due to various disease caused by the consumption of
contaminated water. The scarcity of water has been a global challenge for many countries like
Ethiopia. Waste water can be reclaimed from various such as industrial textiles. Depending
upon the attention of government, organizations and water industries to develop cost effective
technologies for water treatment and reclamation. The reclamation of waste water requires
cost effective techniques that can generate high quality water for reuse. The reclamation of
waste water may reduce the demand for fresh water.

Dyes have adverse effects and the presence of dye in water is highly visible so the
government of most countries are imposing legislations for the removal of dyes from
industrial effluents and are demanding zero synthetic chemical discharge. These strict rules
are compelling industries to search for novel effective and economical methods of dye
removal.

Adsorption has been recognized as a potential technology for the removal of dyes from waste
water. In comparison to other physical, chemical and biological methods available for the
treatment of textile industries effluent. Adsorption is the most preferred technique due to
simple and flexible design and easy operation. The adsorption process may generate little or
toxic pollutant and involve low initial capital and operating costs. Moreover, it does not have
environmental issues as it does not produce any sludge.

2. Problem of the statement

Textile industry effluents exhibits large amount of dye chemicals which create water
pollution. Therefore, it is important to reduce the dye concentration in the wastewater before
discharging it in to the environmental. Discharging large amount of dyes into water resources
accompanied by organics, bleaches, and salts can affect physical and chemical properties of
fresh water. Dyes in waste water can obstruct light penetration and it is highly visible and
unacceptable which is not good to water life. Dyes are also stable to light irradiation and heat
which is toxic to microorganisms.

One of the powerful treatment processes for removal of dyes from water at low cost is
adsorption. Adsorption technique has proven successful on reducing dye concentration from
textile industries by using adsorbents such as the bentonite clay.

3. Objectives
3.1General objective
The project is conducted to investigate the adsorption of dye in textile from waste water
using the bentonite clay.

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3.2Specific objective
To study the effect of PH towards dye removal
To study the effect of the surface area of adsorbents
To determine optimum contact time/residence time of adsorption
To show the effect of solubility of solute (adsorbent) in liquid (wastewater)
Study adsorption kinetics and performance of the bentonite with respect to the
systematic conditions
Describe and select cost effective technique for the modification of bentonite to
maximize its adsorption capacity

4. Significance of the study

Industrial waste water contains high concentration of coloured toxic compound this can bring
risk of harm to the health in the population. Dyes in waste water:

a) Obstruct light penetration

b) Highly visible and unacceptable
c) Stable to light irradiation and heat
d) Become as a toxic to microorganism
e) Hard to remove due to their complex structure and synthetic origins

The project is important to reduce the dye concentration so it cannot bring any harm to the
important source of life, water.

5. Expected outcome
The expected outcome of our project will have high efficiency, fast and easy operation of for
the removal of dye using the benonite and also generate little or no toxic pollutant.

6. Scope of the study

The growth of textile industries, which is the mark of technological development, is also the
mark of increase pollution. The production of textile goods also steadily increases the volume
of waste water containing textile dyes. During the dying process, a large amount of dye stuff
is being lost directly on to the wastewater. Even a slight colouration of the water sources
could make them unacceptable to consumers, though it may not be toxic to the same degree.
The real hazard, setting aside aesthetic considerations, is caused when the coloured agents are
free with the transmission of light through water and prevent photosynthesis, resulting
environmental imbalance.

Most of the industries, except a very few, discharge the untreated effluent. The industrial
effluent in most of the cases are simply drained out the nearby waste water bodies, without
any proper treatment. Hence, these industrial effluents which are discharged without any
treatment cause the environmental degradation. There is an ample scope for all types of

Environment pollution such as air, water and solid pollution to exist, and among the other, the
water is the more significance one.

Numerous research and development are being undertaken around the world for the attractive
low cost methods to overcome the water pollution. The utilization of waste materials from

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textile industries for waste water may reduce to some extent and also to solve the solid waste
disposal problems in textile industries. An expensive adsorbent would make the removal of
pollutants economically.

Thus, the present investigation is a huge project, in which the finding will be useful to the
industries, society and to the country, to protect and sustain the environment. From the results
of preparation, characterization and adsorption studies, one can advice the textile industries to
go for cheap and efficient low cost method of treatment.

7. Literature review
The pollutant from dyeing industries is highly toxic. The removal of dyes from waste water
before its discharge is necessary practice foe water industry the significant increase in the use
by various industries is causing severe damage to the environment due to non-
biodegradability and high toxicity of these compounds [1]. Adsorption is one of the most
effective dye removal techniques. Adsorbents play a vital role in the adsorption process. The
major cost of the adsorption process is incurred in the adsorbents. Various commonly used
adsorbents that provide significant removal of dyes but in our project we use the bentonite
clay adsorbent [2].

7.1Dyes and water pollution

Dyes are an organic compound that imparts colour to substances such as textile material.
Dyes have long been known to man and in the prehistoric times they were derived from
natural plants, mainly for colouring fabrics [3]. At present almost all the dyes are
manufactured artificially even the natural dyes. The artificial dyes are thoughtfully delineated
to have distinctive characteristics such as; ability to impact specific colour to the substance,
resistance to fade when exposed to light, chemicals and washing and resistance towards acid
and bases. The groups that modify the ability of chromophores to absorb light are called
auxochromes (NO2, NO, N=N). The part of molecules which provides the colour by
adsorbing wavelength is called chromophores (OH, NH 2, Cl and COOH). Dyes can be
classified in two ways either based upon chemical composition or application.

Dyes have a wide range of application and are used as a colouring agent for many different
substances. Dyes are widely used to impart colour to fabrics and plastics[4]. They are used in
food industry, Printing and leather industry [5].

Dyes are classified based on chemical composition these dyes are indigoid dye, nitro dye,
nitroso dyes, azo dyes, phthanlein dye, triarylmethane dyes, basic dyes acid dyes disperse,
direct dyes, fibre, dyes etc.

The effluent from dye industry generally constitutes coloured solutions, dissolved organic,
inorganic solids [6].

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7.2 Adsorption
Adsorption is integral to a broad spectrum of physical, chemical, biological processes and
operations in the environmental field. Adsorption is a treatment which can economically meet
todays higher effluent standards and water reuse requirements. Phenomenon, where the solid
surface in contact with a solution has a tendency to accumulate a surface layer of soluble
molecule because of the imbalance of surface forces. In general, adsorption is the process by
which the component moves from one phase to another crossing some boundary. It was found
that the observed effect of adsorption was porous solids and that it was the result of
interactive forces of physical attraction between the surface of porous solids and adsorption
involves the accumulation of substance at an interface, which can either be liquid-liquid, gas-
liquid, gas-solid or liquid-solid. The rate adsorption is defined as the rate at which substances
are transferred from the liquid phase to the solid phase. Most of colorants are hydrophobic in
nature and they can be easily adsorbed on the suspended matter from aqueous media.
Moreover the conventional physico-chemical and biological methods such as oxidation and
filtration are not efficient enough to be utilized for large streams due to their less cost
effectiveness and difficult operational conditions.

Among the various available water treatment techniques, adsorption the most reliable and
efficient technique for decolouration, in which the recovery and recycling of the adsorbent
can be achieved along with distinct advantages of non-production of any toxic sludge and
cost effectiveness. This has encouraged the development of adsorbent that are abundantly
available and economically viable [5].

Factors affecting the adsorption capacity are

Surface area of the adsorbent
Pore size of the adsorbent
Solubility of the solute in aqueous solution
PH
Temperature

The factors affecting the adsorption rate are

Size of adsorbent particles

Concentration of solute in solution
Temperature

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7.3 Adsorption mechanism
Adsorption occurs in three steps. First step, the adsorbent diffuses from the major body of the
stream to the external surface of the adsorbent particle. Second step, the adsorbent migrates
from the relatively small area of the external surface to the pores within each adsorbent
particle. The bulk of adsorption usually occurs in these pores because there is the majority of
available surface area. Final step, the contaminant molecule adheres to the surface in the
pore.

Adsorption is one of the preferred processes for dye removal over conventional
methods due to its high efficiency, fast and easy operation and simple and
flexible design. Moreover the adsorbent can be easily recovered and reused [6].

Adsorption is widely used for the removal of the textile pollution from waste
water due to its low capital costs and the wide availability of low adsorbents. The
adsorption process may generate little or no toxic pollutants and has low initial
capital and operating costs [7].

Adsorption is safe from the environmental point of view as no sludge is produced

[8].

7.4 Adsorbent
The applicability of adsorption process depends on the adsorbents and their physical and
chemical properties. An adsorbent is expected to have high selectivity, high adsorption
capacity and long life. Furthermore, an adsorbent should be available in abundance at
economical costs [9]. A wide are commercially available and successfully used for the
removal of organic and inorganic pollutants.

7.5 Bentonite
Bentonite clay is a natural silicate mainly composed of montmorillonite. The basic structure
of bentonite is made up of two silica tetrahedral sheets with an intermediate aluminium
octahedral sheet [10].

Bentonite is widely used in various industrial products and processes such as pharmaciticals,
cosmetics and drilling fluids to modify the rheology and control the stability of systems [11].
It is used as an emulsifying agent i asphaltic substances, as thickener and extender for paints,
as adhesive in concrete mixture, horticultural spray, and adsorbent in removal of dyes and
heavy metals and bleaching earth in refining oil and fats[12].

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The wide spread use of bentonite can be attributed to its physical and chemical properties
such as small particle size, high porosity, large area and high cation exchange capacity [13].

The bentonite has excellent adsorption capacity and its adsorption ability is determined by the
chemical nature and pore structure [14].

The usefulness of bentonite in the removal of dyes has been proven by various researchers.
However, studies have shown that bentonite is more efficient in adsorption of basic dyes than
acidic dyes. The excess negative charge is responsible for lower efficiency of bentonite thus
becomes necessary to enhance its adsorption capacity and make it suitable for the adsorption
of acidic dyes.

8. Material and methods

8.1Material used
Bentonite
Congo red dye
Uv vis spectrophotometer: used for recording the absorbance of congo red dye
muffle furnace for the thermal activation of bentonite
disccator: used as a cooler
rotary shaker
HCl
Double ionized water used for washing the acidified product
Centrifuge (Eppendorf centrifuge)
Sliver acetate solution
Oven used for drying
Tight plastic bottles
Flask

8.2 Methods
Organization: Addis Ababa science and Technology University

Size of the sample: 2kg of bentonite clay, 700ml of congo red and 1 litter of Hcl acid

Sample design: simple random method

9. Work plan and time schedule

Table1: work plan and time schedule

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No Activities Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr.
Week Week Week Week Week Week
1 Proposal approval
and Literature
review
2 Sample collection
3 Experimental work

4 Data analysis
5 Progress report
compilation
7 Project final report
compiling
8 Final project report
submission

10. Financial break down

The financial break down of the project is determined as shown below

Table 2: Financial break down

Item Unit price Quantity required Sum of costs

Bentonite 50 8 kg 400
Hydrochloric acid 800 2 liter 1600
Silver acetate 1400 1 liter 1400
Glow 400 6 pieces 2400
Glove 20 6 120
Eye glass 25 3 75
Transport cost 100 15 day 1500
Soap or detergent 50birr 10 500
Total=4195

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13. Reference

[1] Enhancing adsorbtion capacity of bentonite for dye removal (pdf)

[2] Zollinger et al,,2007

[3] Srinivasan et al,,2007

[4] Robinson et al,,2001

[5] G.annadurai;r.sjuang,D.J,lee.J.hazardmatter,B92,2002

[6] Ozcan et al,,2005

[7] Crini,2006

[8] Unuabanah et al,,2008

[9] Mckay,1996

[10] Vimonses et al,,2002

[11] Faur-brasquet et al,, 2002

[12] Puspaletha et al,,2005

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[13] Doulia et al,,2009

[14] Koyuncu,2008

[15] Ozcan et al,,2005

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