NYUpfront Printables 022916-1

ALL PRINTABLES FOR
February 29, 2016

QUIZZES
Multiple-choice comprehension questions about the following articles:
Whos Allowed to Be President?
Feeling the Heat
How the Chicken Built America
CORE SKILLS PAGES

Making Connections
A graphic organizer to help students determine cause and effect in the article
Up Close
Writing prompts to help students better understand central ideas about the
impact of climate change
Mt. McKinley vs. Denali

Primary Sources: Two government documents from the 1970s regarding efforts to rename
Alaskas Mt. McKinley, North Americas highest mountain
Interesting, Profitable, and Patriotic

Primary Source: A 1918 essay encouraging Americans to raise their own chickens
Analyzing Authors Claims

A skills sheet to help students understand the different points of view on minimum wage for teens
Word Watch
Determine word meanings through context. For use with the articles Feeling the Heat and
How the Chicken Built America.
Core Ideas
Common Core skills pages to use with any Upfront article
GRAPH
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Students answer questions about a bar graph showing the countries with the most
greenhouse gas emissions.
CARTOON ANALYSIS
Students answer questions about a political cartoon about teen workers vs. unemployed
older workers.
PHOTO ANALYSIS
Students answer questions about a photograph showing flooding in Majuro, the capital
of the Marshall Islands.
LEVELED TEXT
A lower-Lexile version of the article Feeling the Heat
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Class discussion prompts to get students thinking more critically about the articles
upfrontmagazine.com
Name Class
QUIZ For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine
Feeling the Heat

Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.
CHECK COMPREHENSION ANALYZE THE TEXT
1. Which of these was NOT cited in the 2014 report 5. The author discusses per capita income in Mali to
by the American Association for the Advancement
a demonstrate that Malis high greenhouse gas emissions
of Science as evidence of climate change?
Uses: copy machine, opaque projector, or transparency master for overhead projector. Scholastic Inc. grants teacher-subscribers to The New York Times Upfront permission to reproduce this Skills Sheet for use in their classrooms. 2016 by Scholastic Inc. All rights reserved.
are linked to a rapidly growing industrial economy.
a melting ice sheets b show that Mali lacks the resources to address
b increased seismic activity the problems associated with climate change.
c higher levels of greenhouse gases c contrast Mali with other places hard hit by climate
d rising temperatures change, including the Marshall Islands.
d all of the above
2. The goal of Decembers international accord on
climate change is to 6. How will rising seas in Bangladesh affect other
countries, according to Tariq Karims prediction?
a force developing nations to comply with firm limits
on greenhouse gas emissions. a The flooding will spread quickly to other countries.
b investigate whether climate change is occurring. b Any disaster there will devastate the global economy.
c prevent the worst effects of climate change c Millions of Bangladeshis will flee to other countries.
from happening. d Rising sea levels there will significantly diminish the
d all of the above worlds food supply.
3. According to the article, levels of carbon dioxide 7. Select the sentence from the text that best
in the atmosphere have risen 41 percent supports your answer to question 6.
a in the past decade. a . . . we will not be able to keep them.

b since the environmental movement began. b . . . high tides in Bangladesh are rising 10 times faster
c since the beginning of recorded history. than the global average.
d since the Industrial Revolution. c . . . time for action may be running out.
d Were living through history . . .
4. Climate change has devastated the country of Mali
by causing 8. Based on your reading of the box outlining the Paris
climate deal, what might a climate scientist say is a
a rising ocean water to flood coastal areas.
weakness of the climate deal?
b serious droughts that have threatened food supplies.
c a centuries-old seawall to crumble away. a Plans for cutting emissions are strictly voluntary.
d extreme storms that have taken lives and b It creates a system of global peer pressure.
damaged buildings. c Both developed and developing countries are involved.
d Nations will reconvene every five years.
IN-DEPTH QUESTIONS Please use the other side of this paper for your responses.
9. What do most scientists say is the link between the burning of fossil fuels and warmer global temperatures?
10. What do you think is the most worrisome effect of climate change? Why?
8 UPFRONT UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM
F E B RUA RY 29, 20 1 6 UP F R O N T M AGA ZI N E .CO M
Name Class
For use with Whos Allowed to Be President? on p. 6 of the magazine QUIZ

1. The requirement that a United States president 5. Which question is NOT answered in the article?
be a natural born citizen
a What does the natural born citizen requirement
a was added to the Constitution in 1790. mean today?

b is the only requirement for the presidency mentioned b When was the term natural born citizen crafted?
in the Constitution. c What are the constitutional requirements for
c has been interpreted in different ways. the presidency?
d all of the above d Why is the natural born citizen requirement
controversial?
2. Some have challenged Ted Cruzs eligibility to run
for president mainly because he was born 6. The article talks about the possibility of a
definitive Supreme Court ruling. You can infer
a in Cuba.
that the word definitive means
b in Canada.
c to noncitizen immigrants. a contemporary
d on a U.S. military base overseas. b restrictive
c hurried
3. The movement known as birtherism holds that d conclusive
a the natural born citizen requirement is outdated.

7. Which phrase from the article best supports
b a natural born citizen is anyone born to at least one
your answer to question 6?
parent who is a U.S. citizen.
c President Barack Obama was not born in the U.S. a intentionally challenging
d Naturalization should be eliminated as a path b original intent
to citizenship. c that would settle the issue
d incentive to act quickly
4. Removing the natural born citizen language from
the Constitution would require 8. Laurence Tribe suggests that Ted Cruz might
file a lawsuit
a ratification by 38 of the 50 state legislatures.
b the approval of two thirds of the Senate. a if he wins the Republican nomination but a state still
c the approval of two thirds of the House of denies him a spot on the ballot.
Representatives. b if his rivals continue questioning his qualifications.
d all of the above c on behalf of 17 members of Congress who were born
outside the U.S.
d none of the above
9. What was one of John Jays concerns about the national government, spelled out in his letter to George
Washington during the Constitutional Convention?
10. Based on the article, why might a decision about the natural born citizen requirement for the presidency
affect the vice presidency as well?
F E B R UA RY 29, 20 1 6 U P F R O N T M AG A Z I N E .CO M 9
Name Class
QUIZ For use with How the Chicken Built America on p. 18 of the magazine
How the Chicken Built America

1. In the late 17th century, the Virginia Assembly 5. The underground slave economy mentioned in the
passed a law making it illegal for slaves to raise article refers to the
a any animals. a ability of many slaves to purchase their freedom.
b large livestock. b trading of goods and services among slaves.
c chickens. c importing of slaves from West Africa to the
d none of the above American Colonies.
d use of slaves to build infrastructure in Americas South.
2. The Asian chickens that arrived in America
in the 1840s 6. Select the sentence from the text that best
supports your answer to question 5.
a made it possible for everyday people
to afford chickens. a . . . Thomas Jefferson bought three chickens for two
b were much smaller than the varieties that were silver Spanish bits . . . from two female slaves . . .
already in the Americas. b . . . plantation owners in Virginia were worried.
c were initially seen as collectors items. c Most slaves came from West Africa . . .
d remained mostly in the South. d . . . slaves on one Virginia farm . . . contracted enslaved
carpenters to build wooden stools for their cabins in
3. According to the article, which group made chicken exchange for fowl.
a popular food in Americas Northeast?
7. The article notes that in the 1840s, exotic fowl
a Jewish immigrants in the late 1800s
sold for fantastic prices. Here, the word fantastic
b freed slaves in the early 1800s
is used to mean
c Asian immigrants in the mid-1800s
d none of the above a imaginary.
b unbelievably high.
4. According to the article, which statement is true c unbelievably low.
of chicken today? d relatively fair.
a Chicken is more moist and tasty than it used to be.

8. You can infer from the article that in the industrial
b Americans eat more chicken than pork or beef.
model of chicken farming, chickens are typically
c Chicken is more expensive than pork or beef.
d all of the above a raised outdoors and exposed to the sun.
b treated humanely.
c fattened up as quickly as possible.
d none of the above
9. How did Delaware entrepreneur Celia Steele turn an oversized shipment of chicks in 1923 into what became
a multibillion-dollar industry?
10. Do you think the raising of chickens for food needs to be more tightly regulated? Why or why not?
Name Class
ANALYZE CAUSE & EFFECT For use with Whos Allowed to Be President? on p. 6 of the magazine
Making Connections
Noting cause and effect is one technique authors use to draw connections between ideas or events
in an informational text. Read Whos Allowed to Be President?, then complete the grid below with
causes and effects described in the article.
CAUSE(S): EFFECT(S): PAGE(S):
Some people argue that Ted Cruz is
disqualified under the Constitution from
becoming president.
The Founding Fathers feared the U.S. could

fall prey to foreign influence.
The phrasing of the natural born citizen

clause is vague, and the Supreme Court has
not ruled on it.
Some say the natural born citizen clause

has outlived its original intent.
Removing or clarifying the natural born

citizen clause would not be simple.
SYNTHESIZE: Write a paragraph explaining why you think the natural born citizen requirement is becoming such
a heated issue. Include some causes and effects mentioned in the article.
Name Class
CLOSE READING For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine
Up Close
Feeling the Heat
Read the article closely, then answer each question below. Write three to five sentences for each
response, using evidence from the text to support your answers. Use a separate sheet of paper
if you need more space.
1. E
valuate the authors purpose in sharing the story about Linber Anej in the first four
paragraphs.

2. The author notes that there is accumulating evidence of climate change. What evidence
does the author give in the article to support this claim?

3. T
he author writes that the world has begun taking action on climate change after many years
of delays. Why do you think there have been delays? Use evidence from the article in your
response.

4. Based on the article, why are carbon dioxide and certain other gases in Earths atmosphere
known as greenhouse gases? Do you think this term is an accurate description? Explain.

5. What is the central idea of the section under the heading Displacing 18 Million??

6. Study the world map on page 16 of the magazine. What does it add to your understanding
of the article?

F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 U P F R O N T M A G A Z I N E . C O M
For use with The Town of What?! on p. 12 of the magazine
PAIRING PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES
Mt. McKinley vs. Denali

Efforts to rename Alaskas Mt. McKinley, North Americas highest mountain, began in the 1970s.
Last year, President Obama used executive powers to restore Mount McKinleys Native American name, Denali.
A dispute had been raging for years. In 1975, Alaskas legislature requested the name change. And in 1976, Ohio, the
birthplace of Pres. William McKinley, opposed it. Read the primary source documents below, then answer the questions.
COPIES OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS WERE OBTAINED FROM AND ARE USED AS A COURTESY OF THE U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 U P F R O N T M A G A Z I N E . C O M PA G E 1 O F 2
Mt. McKinley vs. Denali (continued)
COPIES OF THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS WERE OBTAINED FROM AND ARE USED AS A COURTESY OF THE U.S. BOARD ON GEOGRAPHIC NAMES
(A page of signatures has been omitted.)
Questions
1. Whats one of the aims of naming geographical 4. What point are the Ohio lawmakers trying to make
features, according to Alaskas 1975 joint resolution? when they say, Denali was but one of a number of
the mountains former names?
2. What arguments does the Alaska legislature
present to persuade the Secretary of the Interior 5. What do these two historical documents add to your
that Mount McKinley should be renamed Denali? understanding of the Upfront article on offensive
place names? Explain.
3. In their 1976 letter to the Secretary of the Interior,
what reasons do the Ohio lawmakers give
for opposing the mountains proposed renaming?
F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 U P F R O N T M A G A Z I N E . C O M PA G E 2 O F 2
Name Class
PAIRING A PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCE For use with How the Chicken Built America on p. 18 of the magazine
Interesting, Profitable, and Patriotic

During World War I, the U.S. government urged Americans to eat less beef, pork, wheat, and other foods so that these items
could be shipped to the troops. To alleviate the resulting food shortage, it suggested that more Americans begin raising
chickens. Read this excerpt from a 1918 essay about the poultry campaign, along with the Upfront article about the role
of chickens in U.S. history. Then answer the questions.
Essay from the San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1918
W hat are you going to do with back-lot waste space

during the war? How shall you utilize the food
scraps that even diligent food economy cannot eliminate?
trictly fresh eggseggs whose food and market value
1. S
2. M
is vastly greater than that of the cold storage variety.
eat finer and fresher than the cold storage kind, raised
The government points [to] the answer in its plea that more cheaply than it can be purchased on the open
poultry raising be taken up by every one who has a few market.
square yards of space in his back yard. 3. A
definite margin of profit on every dozen of eggs or
City home owners and commuters can do effective pound of meat disposed of.
stay-at-home war work by assisting in the production of 4. A
n avocation interesting in itself and enhanced by
meat and eggs through the simple expedient of keeping a patriotic significance. . . .
dozen hens on their premises and caring for them in their
leisure time at home. Conditions since the war have made it rather difficult
Egg production is an industry that rivals wheat for a beginner to readily obtain a dozen young hens for
production. Poultry growers throughout the United States immediate service as egg machines. Perhaps the average
have pledged the national government the production of beginner will prefer the purchase of young chicks, though
100,000,000 pounds more poultry meat than was produced that entails a wait of five or six months for egg yield. . . .
last year. This mere margin of increase would supply The cost of day-old chicks of good stock varies from 15 to
every man, woman, and child in the United States with 25 cents each. . . .
excellent, nourishing foodstuff. Table scraps from a family of five will furnish nearly
Yet the meat production phase of poultry raising is a enough food to half maintain a flock of ten or twelve fowls
minor one compared with the food value and economic the year round. . . . [Fowls] will pick bones as closely and
importance of the annual yield of eggs. eagerly as a dog, shredding off the last vestige of meat or
Poultry raising is interesting, profitable, and patriotic. gristle. They will eat potato parings, turnip tops, the waste
Thousands of city people will take it up as an avocation outer leaves of lettuce and cabbage, unused mush, stale
[in] the coming year. And the most substantial increase bread, vegetable and meat scraps, raw or cooked. Despite
in production is expected from the urban dweller. . . . the added vigilance resulting from the food-saving campaign
To the man who responds to the governments appeal inaugurated during the war, there are still inevitable scraps.
for increased food production by maintaining a few fowls Thats where the householder gets his clear profit, turning
in his yard, these benefits are reasonably assured: waste into eggs at 50 cents or so a dozen.
Questions
1. What is meant by diligent food economy? 4. What
references does the writer make to the war?
Why do you think he or she does this?
2. What
specific group does the writer predict will take
part in the campaign? How might this compare with the 5. What does this historical essay add to your
Americans whod been raising poultry previously? understanding of the Upfront article How the Chicken
Built America?
3. How
does the writer argue that people will benefit
from raising chickens?
F E B RUA RY 29, 20 1 6 UP F R O NT M AGAZI N E .CO M

Name Class
EVALUATE ARGUMENTS For use with the debate on p. 22 of the magazine
Analyzing Authors Claims

Read Is It Fair to Pay Teens Less Than Adults? on p. 22, then follow the directions below
to analyze each authors claims.
AUTHOR: Bob Battles AUTHOR: Marilyn Watkins
General Counsel, Association of Washington Business Policy Director, Economic Opportunity Institute
Authors main claim or argument in the debate: Authors main claim or argument in the debate:
REASON 1: Name one reason the author gives for his claim. REASON 1: Name one reason the author gives for her claim.
List any evidence the author gives to support Reason 1. List any evidence the author gives to support Reason 1.
REASON 2: Name another reason the author presents. REASON 2: Name another reason the author presents.
List evidence the author gives to support Reason 2. List evidence the author gives to support Reason 2.
REASON 3: Name a third reason the author presents. REASON 3: Name a third reason the author presents.
List evidence the author gives to support Reason 3. List evidence the author gives to support Reason 3.
What persuasive devices does the author use? What persuasive devices does the author use?
___ Appeals to emotions ___ Appeals to emotions
___ Uses data or scholarly research ___ Uses data or scholarly research
___ Tells why the other sides argument is weak ___ Tells why the other sides argument is weak
___ Other: ___ Other:
EVALUATE: Which author do you think makes his or her case more effectively? Do you spot any weaknesseslike a bias or
missing informationin either argument? Explain on a separate sheet of paper.
F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 U P F R O N T M A G A Z I N E . C O M
Name Class
Determine Word Meaning
Word Watch
Use context clues to figure out the meanings of unfamiliar words as you read the article, and jot down
your inferred meanings. After reading the article, use a dictionary to check meanings and write those
down too. Note each words part of speech and origin, if available.
WORD: Page: Part of speech:
Inferred meaning:
Dictionary definition:
Word origin or root:
Inferred meaning:
Inferred meaning:
Inferred meaning:
UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM PA G E 1 O F 2
Name Class
Word Watch (continued)

Inferred meaning:
Inferred meaning:
Inferred meaning:
Inferred meaning:
UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM PA G E 2 O F 2
CORE IDEAS
Common Core skills pages to use with any Upfront article
Dear Teachers,
The Common Core State Standards require high school students to analyze informational texts, like Upfront.
Students must be able to identify central ideas, determine the figurative, connotative, and technical meanings
of unfamiliar words and phrases, understand and evaluate an authors point of view, and compare accounts
of the same topic in a variety of formats or media.
To help you satisfy the Common Core, were pleased to offer the following reproducible.
Core Ideas can be used with any article in the magazine: You may choose to assign a specific article
or let students pick one.
Because the Common Core calls on students to analyze and compare topics from different
points of view, we suggest using Core Ideas with articles that feature sidebars, timelines,
historical-document excerpts, and/or infographics. You might also want to use Core Ideas
with supplementary online content, such as videos, slideshows, or audio interviews available
at upfrontmagazine.com.
Core Ideas addresses these Reading Standards for Informational Literacy:

1. Cite textual evidence to support analysis of the text.
2. Determine and analyze the central ideas of a text; provide an objective summary.
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text.
6. Determine an authors point of view or purpose in a text.
7. Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different media or formats.
Core Ideas addresses these Reading Standards for Literacy in History/Social Studies:
1. Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources.
2. Determine the central ideas of a primary or secondary source; provide an accurate summary.
4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in a text.
7. Compare the point of view of two or more authors on the same or similar topics.
9. Compare and contrast treatments of the same topic in several sources.
We hope this material challenges your students and assists you in meeting your curriculum goals
throughout the year.
Best Regards,
Ian Zack
Executive Editor, The New York Times Upfront
UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM
PRINT THIS OUT
CORE IDEAS
Article title and page number: ___________________________________________________________________
Answer the following questions.
1. Share the central ideas and key details of the article in a brief summary.
2. How is this issue or event relevant today? Is it particularly relevant to young people?
Cite evidence from the article to support your response.
UPFRONT UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM PA G E 1 O F 2
CORE IDEAS (continued)
3. Identify two words or phrases in the text that are unfamiliar to you. Write the meaning of each
and cite any context clues from the text that help you determine their meanings.
4. Describe the authors point of view and/or purpose in writing this article.
Cite evidence from the text.
5. Consider an accompanying element that supports the main text, such as a graph, timeline,
separate article, or video. (Videos and other digital content are available at upfrontmagazine.com.)
How does the second source contribute to your understanding of the topic?
Compare and contrast the main text and accompanying element.
UPFRONT UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM PA G E 2 O F 2
Name Class
For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine GRAPH
Greenhouse The bar graph below shows the 10 countries
Gas Emissions with the most greenhouse gas emissions.
I n December, 195 nations

pledged to work to reduce
the greenhouse gas emissions
11,000
10,000
that most scientists agree are
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

9,000
(IN MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS), 2012

contributing to global warming.
The graph at right shows which 8,000
countries have the most work 7,000
to do. These 10 nations are 6,000
responsible for more than half
5,000
of the global total of 47,500
4,000
million metric tons of green-
house gas emissions. The 3,000
lineup is hardly surprising, 2,000
however. All of these nations 1,000
rank among the worlds
0
20 largest economies; one
INA
IA
IA
ZIL
ADA
NY
O
U.S
ESI
XIC
A
IND
SS
JAP
MA
BRA
CH
major source of emissions
CAN
RU
ON
ME
GER
is the burning of fossil fuels IND
by various industries. COUNTRY
SOURCE: WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE; 2012 DATA ARE THE MOST RECENT AVAILABLE.
ANALYZE THE GRAPH
1. Which country 2. China emitted 3. Many want the 4. In 2012, Iceland 5. Which of these
on the graph just over three U.S. to cut emitted about continents does
emitted about times as many emissions to 2.7 million not have a nation
2,250 million metric tons of 5,000 million metric tons on the top 10 list
metric tons of greenhouse metric tons by of greenhouse of greenhouse gas
greenhouse gases as ___. 2025. Thats gases, or about emitters?
gases? about a ___ from one thousandth
a India 2012 levels. of __ emissions. a Europe
a the U.S. b Canada b Africa
b India c Japan a 50 percent drop a Chinas c South America
c Russia d the U.S. b 30 percent drop b the U.S.s d both b & c
d Indonesia c 15 percent drop c Indias
d 2 percent drop d Germanys
6. What are some ways a country might reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases?
7. Many of the nations hit hard by climate change, like the Marshall Islands, have very low greenhouse gas
emissions. How does that affect your view of how we should respond to climate change? Do you think major
greenhouse-gas-emitting nations have a responsibility to aid nations like the Marshall Islands? Why or why not?
8. Do you think a nation can continue to grow economically without increasing its greenhouse gas emissions? Explain.
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CARTOON ANALYSIS For use with Is It Fair to Pay Teens Less Than Adults? on p. 22 of the magazine
DAVE GRANLUND POLITICALCARTOONS.COM
Analyze the Political Cartoon

1. Who are the two figures in the cartoon intended to represent?
2. What are the figures arguing over? What does it symbolize?
3. What observation is the cartoonist making about low-paying jobs?

Do you agree with his observation? Explain.
4. Do you think many teens have trouble finding summer jobs? Explain.
5. How do you think allowing businesses to pay teens less than older workers
might affect teen workers? What about older workers?

PHOTO ANALYSIS For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine
GIFF JOHNSON/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
Analyze the Photo

(The photo appears on p. 17 of the magazine.)
1. What details do you notice in this photo of Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands?
2. B
ased on the photo, how do you think the regular flooding caused by rising sea levels affects
the inhabitants daily lives?
3. Why do you think the people shown in the photo have not fled the area?
ESSAY
Do you think climate change will cause low-lying places like the Marshall Islands to disappear
in your lifetime? Explain.

INTERNATIONAL
FEELING THE
Whether its record temperatures, rising seas,
or disappearing rivers, the effects of
climate change are already being felt
in a growing number of countries BY PATRICIA SMITH
L
inber Anej lives in the Marshall regularly flood the shacks and muddy tists agree. Thats because the rise in
Islands. Its a tiny nation in the streets with salt water and raw sewage. Earths temperature causes a host of
Pacific Ocean thats slowly Its insane, I know, says Anej, side effects. Flooding from rising seas,
but surely being swallowed by 30, who lives with his family of 13 in severe drought, and more destructive
the sea. Every day, Anej joins a four-room house. But its the only weather in general are among the worst.
a group of men and boys who wade option weve got. Low-lying nations like the Marshall
into the water at low tide. They gather Standing near his house, he says, I Islands are already feeling the effects of
GIFF JOHNSON/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
chunks of concrete and metal scraps to feel like were living underwater. climate change on a daily basis. Now, the
rebuild a seawall in front of his home. Thanks to climate change, it may world has started to take action after many
Its a losing battle. The temporary bar- not be long before the Marshall Islands years of delays. In December, the U.S. and
rier is no match for the rising tides that is literally underwater, most scien- 194 other nations agreed to a landmark
deal (see box, p. 17). The agreement com-
Watch a video on the impact of climate change at upfrontmagazine.com mits them to lowering greenhouse gas
Severe flooding
in Majuro, the capital
of the Marshall Islands
HEAT
emissions. Scientists say the release of
these gases is heating up the planet. The
agreements goal is to try to stop the worst
effects of climate change from happening.
Those effects are already visible around
the world (see map, p. 16), according to
scientists. In Bangladesh, rising sea levels
2014. That year had previously held the
record. The vast majority of scientists
say human activities are to blame.
Despite growing evidence, however,
theres still widespread doubt in the U.S.
about whether climate change is real.
About a third of Americans say it isnt
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
are rising, the report said. Temperatures
are going up. Springs are arriving earlier.
Ice sheets are melting. Sea level is rising.
The patterns of rainfall and drought are
changing. Heat waves are getting worse.
How did we get into this situation?
have forced millions to leave coastal vil- a serious threat. And many Republican Scientists say the burning of fossil fuels
lages along the Bay of Bengal. In Mali, lawmakers remain skeptical. like oil and coal has caused a buildup of
a poor African country, drought is mak- carbon dioxide and other gases that trap
ing farming increasingly difficult. And in Evidence Is Overwhelming heat in the atmosphere. Cars and power
the northwestern U.S., the Pacific Ocean But 97 percent of climate scientists say plants are mostly to blame. But there are
is threatening lands the Quinault Indian the problem is urgent, according to a 2014 other sources too. Cows raised for meat
Nation has lived on for thousands of years. report by the American Association for or dairy production, for example, give off
In January, weather researchers con- the Advancement of Science, the worlds methane gas during digestion.
firmed that 2015 was the hottest year largest scientific organization. The report These invisible gases let sunlight
worldwide since record keeping began warned that the world was running out of through. But they prevent some of the
in the 19th century. The global average time to deal with climate change. resulting heat from flowing back out to
temperatures were even higher than in The evidence is overwhelming: Levels space. Because they behave like the panes
F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 15
in a greenhouse, theyre called green- cally, some of these countries are among But in the northwestern U.S., the prob-
house gases. Their influence on Earths those suffering most from the effects. lem is too much water. The Quinault
temperature is called the greenhouse In Mali, climate change has raised Indian Nation may leave its small vil-
effect. The higher the amount of green- temperatures and sharply reduced rain- lage on the outer coast of Washingtons
house gases, the warmer the planet gets. fall. More than 80 percent of the coun- Olympic Peninsula because the rising
trys population depends on agriculture Pacific Ocean threatens to swallow it. For
Severe Weather for survival. The lack of rain seriously now, a seawall is protecting the village.
Carbon dioxide is the main green- threatens food supplies. But a $60 million plan to move the entire
house gas. Its level is up 41 percent In Mali, we are facing droughts and village further inland is being considered.
since the Industrial Revolution in the a coming desertification; we have a rainy
early 19th century. If current trends season which went from a six-month An Underwater Cemetery
continue, it could double in a few duration to a month and a half in just The Marshall Islands is located in
decades. Already, the planet has warmed a few years, says Maga Sina Damba, a the North Pacific, near the equator. The
1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since the 1800s. former government minister. So climate nation faces a similar problem. Most of
That may not sound like much. change is a daily life issue for us. its 1,000 or so islands are less than 6 feet
But many scientists see links between Malians dont have the tools to adapt above sea level. Few of them are more
warmer global temperatures and more to their changing environment. The than a mile wide.
severe weather. For example, they say nations annual per capita income was Majuro is the capital of the Marshall
climate change has worsened the long $660 last year. More than 43 percent of Islands. There, waves have overtaken a
drought in California. And one of the its population lives in poverty. seaside cemetery. About 10 rows of cof-
most worrisome effects may be the melt- I saw with my own eyes the River fins and headstones have washed out
ing of much of the Earths ice in the polar Niger vanish into the sands, as the to sea. People have begun burying their
regions. That will likely raise sea levels months went by, says Malis president, dead in above-ground concrete tombs.
and flood coastal regions. Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. The Niger River But even those are now threatened by
Countries that are poor and have fewer is the third longest in Africa. It supports rising waves. Farmers are also struggling.
cars and power plants havent contributed 112 million people in nine countries. Salt water has been soaking their fields
much to the planets warming. But ironi- Malis problem is not enough water. and killing their crops.
A GLOBAL THREAT
Scientists are documenting the effects of climate change around the world
POLAR REGIONS ARCTIC OCEAN THE ALPS
Melting ice sheets in the GREENLAND Temperatures in Europes tallest ISLAND
(DENMARK) mountains are rising three times
Arctic, the Antarctic, and ARCTIC CIRCLE NATIONS
Greenland could raise faster than the global average Countries like
CANADA
sea levels 1 to 3 feet by 2100. and glaciers are quickly melting. Kiribati and the
NORTH
Paris Marshall Islands
AMERICA ALPS EUROPE
WASHINGTON could be lost to
U.S. New York ASIA CHINA rising seas.
CALIFORNIA Shanghai
Miami PACIFIC
INDIA OCEAN
ATLANTIC MALI Mumbai
OCEAN Niger River
Dhaka BANGLADESH MARSHALL
Bay of
Bengal ISLANDS
EQUATOR AFRICA INDIAN

OCEAN
SOUTH
KIRIBATI WEST AFRICA
AMERICA
The Niger River, which
PACIFIC BOLIVIA BANGLADESH
flows through Guinea,
OCEAN Rising seas could
Mali, Niger, Benin, and
displace 18 million AUSTRALIA
Nigeria, has dried up,
CITIES AT RISK people from low-lying
jeopardizing farming
More than 130 cities, including areas by 2050.
in the region.
New York, Miami, Shanghai, and AUSTRALIA
Mumbai, are threatened by rising A major drought has
seas from climate change. afflicted Australia
for the past four years.
JIM MCMAHON
ANTARCTIC CIRCLE SOUTHERN OCEAN
ANTARCTICA
Fishing boats in what used to be Lake Poop in
Bolivia; it was the nations second-largest lake before
it evaporated last year, in part due to climate change.
If climate change causes sea levels to at Newcastle University in England.

rise further, islanders who today expe- THE PARIS He analyzed decades of tidal records.
CLIMATE DEAL
rience tidal flooding once every month His research shows that high tides in
or two could see their homes unfit for Bangladesh are rising 10 times faster
humans to live in within decades. The climate deal struck in Paris than the global average. He predicts
in December has the backing of 195 that seas in Bangladesh could rise as
Displacing 18 Million? nations, including the United States. much as 13 feet by 2100. Thatll be four
In terms of global impact, the situation The goal of the Paris Accord is to times the global average.
in Bangladesh is even more alarming. prevent the worst predicted effects Tariq Karim is Bangladeshs ambassa-
Climate change there could make mil- of climate change from happening. dor to India. He estimates that as many
Heres how its supposed to work.
lions homeless in one of the worlds most as 50 million people could flee the coun-
turbulent regions. By 2050, 17 percent of l Every country has to publish a
try by 2050 if sea levels rise as expected.
its land could be underwater. The flood- plan for cutting emissions. But We need a regional and, better yet,
ing will displace about 18 million people, the agreement doesnt say how a global solution, Karim says. And if
according to scientists projections. That those cuts should happen or how we dont get one soon, the Bangladeshi
will create a potential security threat. big they should be. people will soon become the worlds
There are a lot of places in the world at l Every five years, starting in 2020, problem, because we will not be able
risk from rising sea levels, but Bangladesh nations must reconvene. Then to keep them.
is at the top of everybodys list, says they will present updated But many climate change experts
Rafael Reuveny, an environmental plans that would increase their fear time for action may be running
affairs professor at Indiana University at emissions cuts. out. Bill McKibben is a professor at
Bloomington. And the world is not ready l The countries plans are voluntary. Middlebury College in Vermont and a
to cope with the problems. But the accord requires them to climate activist. Rising average temper-
Bangladeshis have already started publicly monitor and report their atures alarm him. If the Earth gets too
moving away from the lowest-lying actions. That is intended to create hot, there may be a point of no return
villages in the river deltas of the Bay a system of global peer pressure. when it comes to preventing the worst
of Bengal. Rising tides are a big factor. l Unlike previous climate deals, effects on humans.
DAVID MERCADO/REUTERS
Surveys indicate that as many as the Paris Accord has the same Were living through history, says
1.5 million of Bangladeshs 5 million requirements for developed McKibben, and not the good kind.
slum residents moved to Dhaka, the cap- countries like the U.S. and
ital, from villages near the Bay of Bengal. developing countries like China. With reporting by Coral Davenport, Gardener
John Pethick is a former professor Harris, and Lilia Blaise of The New York Times.
F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 17
Name Class
WHOS ALLOWED TO BE PRESIDENT? NATIONAL
It really needs to be removed.

The other constitutional require-
ments to hold the presidency are less
controversial: The president must be at
least 35 years old and a U.S. resident for
at least 14 years.
But removing or clarifying the
For use with the article on p. 6 of the magazine

natural born clause wont be easy.
Changing the Constitution is intention-
ally challenging: It requires the approval
of two-thirds of both the House of
Representatives and the Senate, and
ratification by three-quarters of state
legislatures, or 38 out of 50.
Tribe says the quickest solution could
be provided by a legal case: What if
Cruz becomes the Republican nominee
but is denied a spot on the ballot in a
state with a significant number of elec-
Twitter war: Trumps tweets in January toral votes? Cruz would certainly have
have kept the eligibility issue in the news.
motivation to file a lawsuit. And the
Donald Trump (left) and Ted Cruz
borders of the U.S. can legitimately because his father was an courts would have incen-
sparring at a Republican debate in December
occupy the Oval Office, but others say officer in the U.S. Navy.
No Person tive to act quickly, possi-
anyone born a citizen qualifies. There have also been except a bly resulting in a definitive
1. Which presidential candidatespast and presenthave had their Whos Allowed to Be

Cruz isnt the only presidential can- accusations for years that natural born Supreme Court ruling that
didate to be challenged on this issue. President Barack Obama
Citizen would settle the issue.
PRESIDENT?
Some have raised questions about doesnt meet the qualifica- There are other com-
Senator Marco Rubio of Florida, another tions. A fringe movement . . . shall be plications. What about
eligible to
Republican candidate, who was born in known as birtherism t h e v i c e p re s i d e n cy ?
the U.S. to two Cuban immigrants who contends that Obama the Office of Senator Michael Bennet
were not yet citizens. He faces at least wasnt born in the U.S. of Colorado, whos been
one lawsuit in Florida claiming that he and is therefore ineligible
President. mentioned as a potential
The Constitution is vague about whether Americans born outside Article II of the
qualifications called into question because of the natural born clause

isnt a natural born citizen. to be president, despite Democratic vice presiden-
the U.S. can be president. Is it time to settle the issue? BYPATRICIASMITH Senator John McCain, the Republican documentation that he
U.S. Constitution
tial candidate, was born
T
nominee in 2008, also had to deal with was born in Hawaii to an American in India when his father was serving
he U.S. Constitution declares Cruz says absolutely not: As a urging a strong check to the questions about whether he could hold mother and a Kenyan father. there as a diplomat. Would Bennet be
TWITTER/@REALDONALDTRUMP(TWEETS);BILLPUGLIANO/GETTYIMAGES(PRESIDENTOBAMA)
that the president must be a legal matter, the question is quite admission of Foreigners into the the office; he was born on a U.S. military eligiblewhen the most important role
natural born citizen. But straightforward and settled law. administration of our national installation in the Panama Canal Zone, Forget About King George? of the vice president is the ability to
ELECTION
what does that mean exactly? But one of his rivals for the 2016 Government; and to declare where his American parents were living With these kinds of controversies assume the presidency if called upon?
More than two centuries nomination, Donald Trump, sees expressly that the Command in becoming a regular feature of American Among those hoping for a resolution
after the Framers established the require- it as a huge problem. You cant Chief of the American army* shall politics, demand is mounting for a are some of the 17 current members of
of the Constitution?
ment, it continues to generate both confu- have a nominee whos going to be sub- not be given to nor devolve on, any but a definitive answer to the modern mean- Congress who were born outside the
sion and controversy. The latest involves ject to being thrown out as the nomi- natural born Citizen. ing of natural born citizen. Some U.S. and might one day want to run for
Senator Ted Cruz, one of the front-runners nee, Trump says. experts say that the provision has sim- higher office.
for the Republican presidential nomina- The term natural born citizen was Conflicting Interpretations ply outlived its original intent. Ambiguity is always a bad thing, says
tion. No one disputes that Cruz is a U.S. crafted by the Founding Fathers in 1787, Like much of the language in the The worry that George III might come Congressman Jim Himes, a Democrat
citizen because his mother is American; while memories of the Revolutionary War Constitution, the phrase is vague enough over and exert undue Germanic or British from Connecticut who was born in Peru
but he was born in Calgary, Canada, and were fresh and leaders of the new nation to be interpreted in different ways. And influence is no longer a threat, says while his American parents lived there,
his father, whos from Cuba, had not yet feared it could fall prey to foreign influence. the Supreme Court has never ruled Laurence Tribe, a Harvard law professor so of course it would be good to get this
JOHNLOCHER/APIMAGES
become an American citizen. Does that During the Constitutional Convention, on what it means in practical terms. and constitutional scholar, referring to straightened out.
disqualify Cruz from the presidency? John Jay wrote to George Washington, That has led to conflicting legal inter- the British king during the Revolutionary
pretations: Some argue that only those President Obama has been plagued for years period. There is no defense now for With reporting by Carl Hulse of The New
2. Why do some people argue that the natural born citizenclause has
Download a legal analysis of natural born citizen at upfrontmagazine.com born to American parents within the by false accusations that he wasnt born in the U.S. retaining the clause in the Constitution. York Times.
*UndertheConstitution,thepresidentis
6 UPFRONT UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM thecommanderinchiefofthemilitary. F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 7
WHOS ALLOWED TO BE PRESIDENT?

outlived its intent?
4. W Analyze the Article

3. How might this issue be resolved?
hat do you think the phrase natural born citizen means?
FROZEN LOVE For use with the article on p. 8 of the magazine I

SCIENCE
1. W hich presidential candidatespast and present

n the moments just before Kim
Suozzi died of cancer at age
23, it fell to her boyfriend, Josh
Schisler, to follow through with
Frozen Love
the plan to freeze her brain.
As her breath grew ragged, he
fumbled for his phone. Fighting the
emotion that threatened to paralyze
him, he alerted the cryonics team
waiting nearby and called the nurses
to come pronounce her dead. Any
delay would jeopardize the chance to
maybe, someday, resurrect her mind.
When Kim Suozzi was diagnosed It was impossible to know, on
that cloudless morning on Jan. 17,
with a terminal disease at age 21,
have had their qualifications called into question

1. What is cryonics? Why might some people resort to it?
2013, in Scottsdale, Arizona, which
she and her boyfriend chose to freeze her brain fragments of Kims identity might
with the hope that they might one day reunite survive, if any. Would she remember
Josh Schisler and Kim Suozzi
their first, fumbling kiss in his dorm (above) at their home in Colorado Springs
BYAMYHARMON room five years earlier? Their private in 2012; Kims post on Reddit (right)
jokes and dumb arguments? More than
memories, Josh, then 24, wished for the Once the stuff of science fiction,
crude procedure to save whatever part of the idea of brain preservation is
her brain gave rise to her dry, generous today taken seriously by some neu-
PREVIOUSPAGE:ILLUSTRATIONBYCHRISTOPHERSHORT.THISPAGE:THENEWYORKTIMES(JOSHSCHISLERANDKIMSUOZZI);COURTESYOFKIMSUOZZI(REDDIT)
humor, compelled her to greet every cat roscientists, who believe it may be
she saw with a high-pitched helllooo, possible one day for our minds to
2. Why are some neuroscientists skeptical about cryonics?

and inspired her to write him poems. continue after deathin a computer
I just think its worth trying to pre- or some other kind of simulation. To
serve Kim, Josh said. make this happen, its key to preserve
3. What do youbecause of thedecision

natural born clause of the
a persons brain correctly after death. Denk, a director at the Max Planck
What Is Cryonics? Cryonics tries to do this by storing the Institute of Neurobiology in Germany.
It may sound crazy, but a handful of brain at very low temperatures in liquid But many other neuroscientists dis-
people around the world every year choose nitrogen gas. Even when that process goes agree. Even if a whole human brain
cryonics over burial. That means they well, though, it almost certainly damages could be successfully preserved, we are
decide to freeze their bodies upon death, some of the billions of fragile connections nowhere close to brain emulation given
in the hope that decades or centuries in a human brain. The second step is to our current level of understanding,
from now they could be revived. Others, scan those connections sometime in the says Cori Bargmann, a neuroscientist at
think of Kim Suozzis to freeze her brain?

like Kim, prefer to preserve only their future and map them using computers to Rockefeller University in New York.
heads, so that, in the future, the brains create a digital reproduction of the brain. Will it ever be possible? she asks. I
billions of interconnected The latest advances in sci- dont know. But this isnt 50 years away.
neurons could be digitally The brain is ence seem promising: Some
scanned and converted into It Freaks People Out
holding on scientists have successfully
computer code. If that code preserved the much smaller Kim and Josh met, and fell in love,
is one day uploaded to a to many of brains of a mouse, a rabbit, in 2007 during their freshman year at
Constitution?
robotic or virtual body, the its secrets. and a pig without damag- Truman State University in Kirksville,
hope is that a persons mind ing their connections. Others Missouri. Soon they could be found
could be brought back to life. (Thats have successfully mapped the neurons talking into the night in an empty dor-
because its widely believed that a brains from small bits of lab animals brains. mitory lounge, turning out the lights to
4. W hy do you think human beings have been on a quest

network of neurons encodes our unique I can see within, say, 40 years, that we keep others from entering. Josh, a politi-
memories and learned behaviorsand, would have a method to generate a digital cal science major, would often coax Kim,
some argue, makes us who we are.) replica of a persons mind, says Winfried who was studying cognitive science, into
teaching him about the brain.
Watch a video about Kim and her boyfriend at upfrontmagazine.com By their junior year, theyd developed
8 UPFRONT UPFRONTMAGAZINE.COM F E B R U A R Y 2 9, 2 0 1 6 9
for immortality through the ages?
THE TOWN OF WHAT?! For use with the article on p. 12 of the magazine NATIONAL
The Town of
WHAT?!
Other states, like Maine, Minnesota,
Montana, Oklahoma, and South Dakota,
have passed measures to require or
encourage the elimination of squaw
names, but the going has been slow.
Montanas law dates to 1999 and South
Dakotas to 2001, yet in both states some
name changes havent been completed.
Its not like people here fought to
More than a thousand place names keep the names, says June Hansen of
that many find offensive still dot the South Dakota Board on Geographic
the American landscape. Should they Names. It just takes time.
be changed? BYALESSANDRAPOTENZA Views Can Change Over Time

Mt. McKinley is once
1. Why do so many offensive place names still exist in the U.S.?

The U.S. Board on Geographic Names again known by its original
the federal panel that has the final word on Native American name.
mapssets a high bar for name changes;
it doesnt accept new names without a
consensus among local groups and state
and local officials. When it comes to eth- From McKinley to Denali
2. Why do some people argue that the natural born

nic slurs, only two words are officially The renaming of a mountain in Alaska puts to rest a decades-long fight
outlawed. In 1962, the board ordered all
Signs of the times:
places using a pejorative word for African- Even whenplace namesarent calledthemountainDenalimeaning
Negro Mountain in
Grantsville, Maryland, Americansoften referred to today as the offensive,theycanstillkindle thehighoneorthegreatone.
and Squaw Valley in n-wordto be changed to Negro. And emotionaldebates.Onesuchplace Thenamewaschangedin1896,
wasMountMcKinleyinAlaska,the afteragoldprospectorheardthat
2. What is the U.S. Board of Geographic Names and how does it do its work?
California (left) three years later, it banned the word Jap, a
tallestmountaininNorthAmerica. McKinleyhadwontheRepublican
slur for Japanese, which was mostly used
InAugust,PresidentObama presidentialnominationanddeclared
T
in California, Hawaii, and Oregon.
usedhisexecutivepowertoenda thatthemountainbenamedinhis
ake a careful look at your The names were put on maps at a the word squaw in their names. The term, Theres been discussion over the decades-longbattleandrestorethe honor.(McKinleyneveractually
state map and you might be time when society was less sensitive, which has been in the English language years about prohibiting others, but our mountainsoriginalNativeAmerican visitedAlaska,inpartbecause
shocked by some of the names says Mark Monmonier, a geography for almost 400 years, probably derives board takes a very conservative approach name,Denali.ThenameMount itwasntastateuntil1959.)
you see. In Pennsylvania, professor at Syracuse University in New from ancient Native American words for to making any changes, says Lou Yost McKinleyforthe25thU.S.President Therecentnamechange
theres Jewtown; in Texas, you
York. So they picked a lot of names woman, but many American Indians con- of the Board on Geographic Names. WilliamMcKinley(1897-1901)was sparkedoutrageinOhio,McKinleys
dislikedbymanyAlaskans,especially birthplace.ButmanyAlaskans
can visit Dead Negro Draw; in California,
that later on became pejoratives. sider it disparaging. People disagree on whats acceptable,
nativepeople.Theyobjectedto welcomedit.SenatorLisaMurkowski,
you can swim in Chinaman Creek; and Many of the objectionable monikers are A lot of non-Indians dont think and views can change over time.
citizenclause has outlived its intent?

havingaNativeAmericanname aRepublicanwhointroducedabill
in Minnesota, you can camp near Cripple in such remote areas that they go largely theyre being derogatory when they use The process is slow also because mem- withhistoricalrootsreplacedbyan torenamethepeakearlylastyear,
3. Whats the controversy surrounding the word squaw?

Lake. The list goes on and on. unnoticed. But once in a while, some draw the s-word, says Teara Farrow Ferman, bers of the state naming boards often have Americanonehavinglittletodowith applaudedObamasdecision,which
The American landscape is dotted withattention, sparking debate an Umatilla tribe member in other jobs and receive little or no help theplace.ThenativeAthabascan shecalledasignificantchange
well over a thousand names many find about what is offensive and Oregon. But theres a history or compensation. Before proposing any peoplehavelivedinAlaskafor toshowhonor,respect,andgratitude
whose history should be Place names of it being used as a slur, and
FERNLEY/DREAMSTIME(SQUAWVALLEY);JOSHUAYOSPYN(NEGROMOUNTAIN)
offensive. They date back decades or even changes, they have to conduct research, thousandsofyearsandhavealways totheAthabascanpeopleofAlaska.
centuries and usually relate to local minor-
reflected in place names. can teach us most of us hear it that way. hold hearings, and find common ground.
DOUGLINDSTRAND/DESIGNPICSINC/NATIONALGEOGRAPHICCREATIVE
ities who lived there alongside whites, Last year, Montana made about our But many local officials In many places, local resistance has made history. Graves Point, the tip of a penin- American history at Pasadena City
who made the maps. Many of the labels headlines when a state and residents insist that that hard. In 1995, Minnesota became the sula on Lake Ontario in New York, was a College in California.
are widely considered demeaning now if legislator proposed elimi-
past. the term is fine and that first state to ban squaw from maps, but stop on the Underground Railroad used by I think that they shouldnt, in a con-
they werent then, but once recorded on nating names of springs, the names proposed by the tiny city of Squaw Lake refused to slaves to reach freedom in the North and temporary moment, show up in a Google
official maps, they stuck. A recent analysis
creeks, and lakes that include halfbreed Native Americanslike Sykiptatpa and change, and the name survives. Canada. It was called Negrohead Point search, he says. That said, I dont think
by the news website Vocativ found at least
and breed, pejorative terms usually used Nikemexare too hard to pronounce. In some cases, its not clear whether from the 1950s to the 1970s. Prior to that, you should erase them from the histori-
4. W hy did President Obama restore Mt. McKinleys original

1,441 places in the U.S. with names thatto describe Native Americans. In Grant Seriously, can you pronounce them? the name was meant to be offensive. it went by the even more offensive term. cal archives or treat them as if they never
could be offensive to African-Americans,County, Oregon, a heated debate has been says Boyd Britton, a Grant County com- Coon Hollow, Colorado, could be seen For some, offensive names can teach occurred. Thats more dangerous than
Native Americans, Italians, Mexicans, going on for six years over a spring, a rock, missioner. Its a safety issue. Someone as a racial slur for African-Americans us about our past. While purging current anything else.
Chinese, and Japanese. three meadows, and several creeks with making a 911 call has to say the location, or as a reference to a furry animal, says maps may be necessary, purging history
and the dispatcher has to understand and Monmonier, the geography professor. is very different, warns Christopher With additional reporting by Richard
Download two primary sources on Denali at upfrontmagazine.com repeat it to the sheriff. Other times, the name is deeply rooted in Jimenez y West, a professor of African- Prez-Pea of The New York Times.
Native American name, Denali?
FEELING THE HEAT For use with the article on p. 14 of the magazine INTERNATIONAL
Severe flooding
in Majuro, the capital
of the Marshall Islands
3. How might this issue be resolved?

1. In what ways are the effects of climate change already being felt?
2. How does the greenhouse effect work? Why is it called that? FEELING THE
Whether its record temperatures,
rising seas, or disappearing rivers,
I feel like were living underwater.
Thanks to climate change, it may
HEAT The goal is to try to prevent the worst
effects of climate change from happening.
majority of scientists say human activi-
ties are to blame.
sphere are rising, said the report,
by the American Association for the
3. Why do you think about a third of Americans dont see climate change
not be long before the Marshall Islands Those effects are already evident Despite accumulating evidence, how- Advancement of Science. Temperatures
the effects of climate change are are literally underwater, most scientists around the world (see map, p. 16), ever, theres still widespread skepticism are going up. Springs are arriving earlier.
already being felt in a growing number agree. Thats because the rise in Earths according to scientists. In Bangladesh, ris- in the U.S. about whether climate change Ice sheets are melting. Sea level is rising.
of countries BYPATRICIASMITH temperature causes a host of side effects, ing sea levels have forced millions to leave is real. About a third of Americans say The patterns of rainfall and drought are
L
including flooding from rising seas, coastal villages along the Bay of Bengal. it isnt a serious threat, and many changing. Heat waves are getting worse.
inber Anej lives in the Marshall Its a losing battle. The temporary bar- severe drought, and more destructive In Mali, an impoverished African country, Republican lawmakers are skeptical. How did we get into this situation?
Islands, a tiny nation in the rier is no match for the rising tides that weather in general. drought is making farming increasingly Scientists say the burning of fossil fuels
Pacific Ocean thats slowly but regularly flood the shacks and muddy With low-lying nations like the Marshall difficult. And in the northwestern U.S., Evidence Is Overwhelming like oil and coalmostly from cars and
as a serious problem? Do you think that might change?

surely being swallowed by the streets with salt water and raw sewage. Islands already feeling the effects of cli- the Pacific Ocean is encroaching upon But 97 percent of climate scientists power plantshas caused a buildup
sea. Every day, Anej joins a Its insane, I know, says Anej, mate change on a daily basis, the world lands the Quinault Indian Nation has say the problem is urgent, according to of carbon dioxide and other gases that
GIFFJOHNSON/AFP/GETTYIMAGES
group of men and boys who wade into 30, who lives with his family of 13 in has started to take action after many years lived on for thousands of years. a 2014 report by the worlds largest sci- trap heat in the atmosphere. There are
the water at low tide and gather chunks a four-room house. But its the only of delays. In December, the U.S. and 194 In January, weather researchers con- entific organization, which warned that other sources too: Cows raised for meat
of concrete and metal scraps to rebuild option weve got. other nations agreed to a landmark accord firmed that 2015 was the hottest year the world was running out of time to or dairy production, for example, emit
a seawall in front of his home. Standing near his house, he says, (see box, p. 17) that commits them to low- worldwide since record keeping began in deal with climate change. methane gas during digestion.
ering the greenhouse gas emissions that the 19th century, eclipsing 2014, which The evidence is overwhelming: These invisible gases let sunlight
Watch a video on the impact of climate change at upfrontmagazine.com scientists say are heating up the planet. previously held the record. The vast Levels of greenhouse gases in the atmo- through but prevent some of the
4. Will the Paris climate deal help alleviate climate change?
4. WCHICKEN
HOW THE hat do you thinkAMERICA
BUILT the phrase natural born citizen TIMESPAST
I
n the late 1600s, plantation own-
ers in Virginia were worried. Some
means?
enterprising slaves were rais-
ing pigs, cows, and horses and
selling them at a profit. With that
money, they might buy their freedom.
In 1692, the Virginia General Assembly
For use with the article on p. 18 of the magazine

enacted a law forbidding slaves to own
large livestock.
But it made no mention of chickens.
That loophole wound up having a
profound effect on our diets. It led to
the creation of an underground chicken
economy for Americas slaves, which
helped establish the chicken as a dietary
staple in the U.S., and eventually as the
most popular meat on American menus.
How the
The story of the chickens rise in
America begins on another continent.
Most slaves came from West Africa,
and the chicken was a staple as well
CHICKEN
as a sacred animal often used in reli-
gious rituals in places stretching from
modern-day Senegal to Nigeria. West
1. What role did slaves play in the chickens rise in America?

Africans were well versed in how to
keep their flocks happy with garden Black farmers in the South continued raising chickens after the Civil War.
waste and table scraps, and some
PREVIOUSPAGE:ROBERTDOWLING/CORBIS(CHICKEN);SHUTTERSTOCK(HAT,FLAG).THISPAGE:WILLIAMAIKENWALKERVIAWIKIMEDIACOMMONS
slaves in America capitalized on that underground slave economy. Chicken-
AMERICA
knowledge. rich slaves on one Virginia farm, for
Slaves sell the
Built
Chicken coops had sprung up example, contracted enslaved carpen-
around slave quarters in Virginia and chickens . . . and ters to build wooden stools for their
Maryland by the mid-1600s, and in the buy with the money cabins in exchange for fowl.
Carolinas soon after. A visitor to George Because their friends and relatives
Washingtons Mount Vernon observed
some furniture.
stood to benefit financially, black cooks
that the chicken is the only pleasure in plantation kitchens began moving
2. How did Jewish immigrants help spawn the industrial chicken industry
allowed to Negroes and that the slaves In Charleston, female slaves at the the menu away from beef, pork, and
sell the chickens in Alexandria and city market sold chickens and eggs goose and toward chicken. As a result,
buy with the money some furniture. from morn til night, the South- white Southerners began eating more of
The lowly bird Virginia planter Landon Carter men- Carolina Gazette reported. There, they it, and soon the ancient West African
helped sustain slaves, tions 200 chickens entrusted to his were free to charge white customers meal of fried chicken became popular
feed the nations cities, slave Sukey. Though Sukeys birds may high prices. They often lay up money, on tables across the South.
have been the property of her owner, noted Fredrika Bremer, a Swedish writer
and create our most flocks belonged to the slaves. If who toured the antebellum South, and Hen Fever and Immigrant Jews
modern way of life
in the U.S.?
their masters wanted chicken meat or I heard speak of slaves who possess sev- Chicken might have remained a
eggs, they usually had to buy it. In 1775, eral hundred dollars. regional curiosity if not for a jolt of
BYANDREWLAWLER
in what was likely a typical exchange, Though purchasing ones freedom excitement that came from, of all
Thomas Jefferson bought three chick- became more difficult by the 19th cen- places, China.
ens for two silver Spanish bits (roughly tury, chicken profits still helped slaves After its defeat in the First Opium War
$30 today) from two female slaves at buy things they otherwise could never (1839-42) against the United Kingdom,
his Shadwell plantation in Albemarle have afforded, like well-made clothes. China was forced to open trade to the
County, Virginia. The birds were also currency in the West. In the 1840s, Yankee captains
Download a primary source about raising chickens during World War I at upfrontmagazine.com
3. How are industrial chickens in the U.S. treated, according to the article?
4. What do you think the author means when he says that chickens are
starting to win some admiration and respect? Do you agree?
F E B RUA RY 8 , 20 1 6 U P F R O N T M AG A Z I N E .CO M

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ALL PRINTABLES FOR

February 29, 2016

Whos Allowed to Be President?

Feeling the Heat

How the Chicken Built America

CORE SKILLS PAGES

Mt. McKinley vs. Denali

Interesting, Profitable, and Patriotic

Analyzing Authors Claims

QUIZ For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine

Feeling the Heat

CHECK COMPREHENSION ANALYZE THE TEXT

a in the past decade. a . . . we will not be able to keep them.

For use with Whos Allowed to Be President? on p. 6 of the magazine QUIZ

Whos Allowed to Be President?

CHECK COMPREHENSION ANALYZE THE TEXT

a was added to the Constitution in 1790. mean today?

a the natural born citizen requirement is outdated.

How the Chicken Built America

CHECK COMPREHENSION ANALYZE THE TEXT

a Chicken is more moist and tasty than it used to be.

causes and effects described in the article.

CAUSE(S): EFFECT(S): PAGE(S):

The Founding Fathers feared the U.S. could

The phrasing of the natural born citizen

Some say the natural born citizen clause

Removing or clarifying the natural born

PAIRING PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES

Mt. McKinley vs. Denali

Interesting, Profitable, and Patriotic

Essay from the San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1918

W hat are you going to do with back-lot waste space

F E B RUA RY 29, 20 1 6 UP F R O NT M AGAZI N E .CO M

EVALUATE ARGUMENTS For use with the debate on p. 22 of the magazine

Analyzing Authors Claims

Determine Word Meaning

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

Word Watch (continued)

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

WORD: Page: Part of speech:

Word origin or root:

Core Ideas addresses these Reading Standards for Informational Literacy:

Executive Editor, The New York Times Upfront

Article title and page number: ___________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions.

For use with Feeling the Heat on p. 14 of the magazine GRAPH

Greenhouse The bar graph below shows the 10 countries

Gas Emissions with the most greenhouse gas emissions.

I n December, 195 nations

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

(IN MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS), 2012

Whos Allowed to Be President?

Feeling the Heat

How the Chicken Built America

Mt. McKinley vs. Denali

Interesting, Profitable, and Patriotic

Analyzing Authors Claims

2. What are the figures arguing over? What does it symbolize?

3. What observation is the cartoonist making about low-paying jobs?

1. Which presidential candidatespast and presenthave had their Whos Allowed to Be

1. W hich presidential candidatespast and present

2. Why are some neuroscientists skeptical about cryonics?

3. What do youbecause of thedecision

4. W hy do you think human beings have been on a quest

1. Why do so many offensive place names still exist in the U.S.?

2. Why do some people argue that the natural born

3. Whats the controversy surrounding the word squaw?

4. W hy did President Obama restore Mt. McKinleys original

4. Will the Paris climate deal help alleviate climate change?

1. What role did slaves play in the chickens rise in America?