Stress

Normal stress is intensity of force or force per unit area, acting

normal to the surface. If Fz is acting normal to the surface area,
then we can write z = lim Fz / A
A 0

If normal stress pulls on A, it is referred as tensile stress and if it

pushes on A, it is a compressive stress

Shear stress
The intensity of force acting tangentially to A is called Shear stress or

Units: N/m , Pascal (Pa), ( 1 Pa = 1 N/m )

1 KPa = 1000 Pa

1,000,000,000 Pa= 1 GPa

1,000,000 Pa = 1 MPa, 1MPa = 1MN/m2 = 1 N/mm2

Homogeneous Material (Definition)

-as has the same physical and mechanical properties

throughout its volume

Isotropic materials;
- Materials having the same properties in all direction.

Anisotropic materials:
Materials having the different properties in different direction.
 Average normal stress distribution
- Uniform deformation of the material when the cross
section is subjected to a constant normal stress
distribution
Maximum average normal stress
- When the bar is subjected to several external loads
along its axis or a change in its cross sectional area occur
- maximum average normal stress to be determined
- plot of the normal force, P vs its position, x along the
bars length
- positive for tension and negative for compression
 Example Problem 5-Average Normal Stress

The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and thickness of 10 mm. Determine the
maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading as shown
 Example Problem 6-Average Normal Stress

The 80 kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown in figure below. If AB has a
diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal
stress in each rod.
 Shear stress
-Based on the figure (a), if F is large, material will deform
along the planes identified by AB and CD
- To hold the segment in equilibrium, shear force, V = F/2
must be applied
- The average shear stress, avg = V/A
 Example Problem 8- Shear Stress
Determine the average shear stress in the 20 mm diameter pin at A and the 30 mm
diameter pin at B that support the beam
Double shear; VA = 10.68 kN
Single shear; VB = 12.5 kN
 Allowable Stress
To ensure safety of a structural member, it is necessary to
restrict the applied load to be less than load that it can
support
Reasons for Failure of structures:
Actual Load is different from the designed load
Difference in Measurements due to errors in fabrication
or in assembly
Unknown Vibrations, impact or accidental loading
Deterioration due to corrosion, decay and weather.
High variability in mechanical properties.
An allowable stress is a maximum stress used for sizing
structural members to guard against failure of the member
when in service.
The Factor of Safety takes the allowable stress into account.
 Factor of safety

fail fail
F .S . F .S .
allow allow

Must > 1 to avoid failure

 Simple connection

=


=

Example
Example Problem 10-Allowable Stress
 Plane Stress Transformation
General state of stress is characterized by 6
independent normal and shear stress components.
Not often encountered in engineering practice.
Simplifications on the loading will be analyzed in a
single plane.
Material is subjected to plane stress
 The general state of plane stress represented by a
combination of two normal stress components (x,
y) and shear component, xy .
Only view in the x-y plane
These 3 components will be different for each
specific orientation of the element at that point
After knowing the force components, Fx and Fy along
the x-y axis, to find the force components, Fx and Fy
along the x-y axis that produces the same resultant.
Procedure
for
analysis