Elementary Transformations Example.

The following operations w.r.t. a matrix are known as Using elementary transformations reduce
elementary transformations. the matrix A first to upper triangular
Interchange of any two ROWS, indicated by Rij or by
Ri Rj and then to identity matrix where
2 5 7
Multiplication of elements of any ROW by a non-zero A = 1 2 3
real number, indicated by Ri kRi
3 1 2
Addition of the constant multiple of jth ROW to ith ROW
indicated by Ri Ri + kRj
2 5 7
Similar COLUMN transformation are denoted by Solution: 1 2 3

Cij , kCi, Ci + kCj 3 1 2

Solution: 1 2 3 Solution:
1 0 0
Operating R1 R2 A = 2 7 Operating C2 C2-2C1, 1
5
A~ 0 1
3 1 2 C3 C3-3C1
0 0 2
Operating R2 R2-2R1, 1 2 3

1 0 0
1 A~ 0
A~ 0 Operating C3 C3-C2
0
1
and R3 R3-3R1 1
0 5 7
0 0 2
1 2 3
1 0 0
1
Operating R3 R3 +5R2 A~ 0 1
Operating C3 C3 / (-2) A~ 0 1 0
0 0 2
0 0 1
(Upper Triangular Form) (Identity matrix)

2 3 1 1
Definition: Two matrices A and B are said to be SOLUTIONS 1
1 2 4
equivalent, if one can be obtained from another by a (1) Let A = 3 1 3 2
sequence of elementary transformations and the same is
7
6 3 0
symbolically written as A~B.
1 1 2 4
Example: Using elementary transformations find the 2 3 1 1
ranks of the following matrices
Operating R12 3 1 3 2
(1) 2 3 1 1 (2) 1 2 3 (3) 1 2 1 0
1 1 2 4 2 4 3 0 6 3 0 7
2 4 7
1 1 2 4
3 1 3 2 1 0 2 8
3 6 10 Operating R2 R2 -2R1, 0
5 3 7
6 3 0 7
(5) 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 R3 R3-3R1, R4 R4-6R1 0 4 9 10

(4) 1 4 3 2 1 0 9 12 17
2 3 1 9 3 92 93 94 95 96
1 1 2 4

1 6 7 12 9
93 94 95 96 97 Operating R2 R2 -R3, 0 1 6 3

94 95 96 97 98 0 4 9 10
3 3 6 21 12
0 9 12 17

1
 1 1 2 4 (2) 1 2 3
Operating R3 R3-4R2 , 0 1 6 3 B = 2 4 7

R4 R4-9R2 0 0 33 22 3 6 10

0 0 66 44
Operating R2R2 -2R1, 1 2 3
1 1 2 4 B ~ 0 1
Operating , R4 R4-2R3 A ~ 0 1 6 3 R3R3-3R1 0
0 0 1
0 0 33 22
Though the matrix is in Upper Triangular Form
0 0 0 0
we observe that R2 and R3 are identical.
Observe that the matrix is in UPPER TRIANGULAR FORM
1 2 3
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows
Operating R3 R3-R2 B ~ 0 0 1
(A) = 3 0 0 0

This form of the matrix where,

(3) Reduce to row -echelon
1 2 1 0
3 0
(i) First non-zero entry (or element) in every non-zero form and find rank of C for, C = 2 4
row is UNITY or can be made unity. 1 0 2 8

(ii) Elements in the column below these above 1 2 1 0

mentioned UNITIES are zeroes Or the number of Operating R2 R2+2R1,
C~ 0 8 5 0
zeroes before the non-zero element increases with row
R3 R3-R1

number. 0 2 1 8
(iii) All the zero rows are below the non-zero rows
1 2 1 0
is known as ROW ECHELON FORM
Operating R23 C ~ 0 2 1 8

The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows 0 8 5 0
(A) = 2

1 4 3 2 1
1 2 1 0 (4)
Operating R3 R3+4R2 C ~ 3 1 9 3
C =2
0 2 1 8 1 6 7 12 9

0 0 9 0 3 3 6 21 12
1 0 0 0 0
C2
C~
1 1 1 0 Operating C2 C2-4C1,
2
1 1 8
Operating 5 5 5 5
(2) 0 C3 C3-3C1 , C4 C4+2C1, C~
1 10 10 10 10

0 0 9 0 C5 C5 - C1
3

15 15 15 15
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Operating R3
9 C ~ 0 1 1 8 Operating C3 C3 -C2, 2 5 0 0 0
C ~
0 0 1 0 C4 C4 -C2, C5 C5 -C2 1 10 0 0 0
This is in Row- echelon form.
3 15 0 0 0
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows Lower Triangular form
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero columns
(A) = 3
(A) = 2

2
 91 92 93 94 95 1 1 1 1 1
(5)
Find the rank by reducing 92 93 94 95 96 Operating R2 R2 -91R1,
0 1 2 3 4
the following matrix : D = R3 R3 -2R1, D~
93 94 95 96 97 0 0 0 0 0
R4 R4 -3R1
94 95 96 97 98 0 0 0 0 0
91 92 93 94 95
Operating R2R2 -R1, 1 1 1 1 1
R3R3 -R1 , D~
2 2 2 2 2
R4R4 -R1 This is in Row- echelon form.
3 3 3 3 3
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows
1 1 1 1 1
91 92 93 94 95 (A) = 2
Operating R12 D~
2 2 2 2 2

3 3 3 3 3

1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
(3) Reduce to row -echelon Operating R3 R3+4R2 C ~
form and find rank of C for, C = 2 4 3 0 0 2 1 8
1 0 2 8 0 0 9 0

C2 1 1 1 0
C~
1 1 0 1 1 8
2 Operating
(2) 0

Operating R2 R2+2R1,
C~ 0 8 5 0 0 0 9 0
R3 R3-R1

0 2 1 8 1 1 1 0
Operating R3
9 C ~ 0 1 1 8

1 1 0 0 0 1 0
2 This is in Row- echelon form.
Operating R23 C ~ 0 2 1 8
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows
0 8 5 0
(A) = 3

1 4 3 2 1 91 92 93 94 95
(4) (5)
3 1 9 3 Find the rank of 92 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6
C =2
1 6 7 12 9 the following matrix : D =
93 94 95 96 97
3 3 6 21 12
1 0 0 0 0 94 95 96 97 98
Operating C2 C2-4C1,
2 5 5 5 5 91 92 93 94 95
C3 C3-3C1 , C4 C4+2C1, C~
1 10 10 10 10

Operating R2R2 -R1, 1 1 1 1 1
C5 C5 - C1
3

15 15 15 15 R3R3 -R1 , D~
2 2 2 2 2
1 0 0 0 0
R4R4 -R1
Operating C3 C3 -C2, 2 5 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 3
C ~
C4 C4 -C2, C5 C5 -C2 1 10 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
91 92 93 94 95
3 15 0 0 0
Lower Triangular form Operating R12 D~
2 2 2 2 2
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero columns
3 3 3 3 3
(A) = 2

3
Operating R2 R2 -91R1, 1 1 1 1 1 CONSISTENCY OF SYSTEM OF
0 1 2 3 4
R3 R3 -2R1, D~ SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
0 0 0 0 0
R4 R4 -3R1 Consider the following set of Linear equations.
0 0 0 0 0
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + a13 x 3 + . . . + a1n xn = b1
a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3 + . . . + a 2n xn = b 2
This is in Row- echelon form.
.... .... .... .... ....
The rank of the matrix = the number of non zero rows
.... .... .... .... ....
(A) = 2
.... .... .... .... ....
am1 x1 + am 2 x 2 + am 3 x 3 + . . . + amn xn = bm

From the knowledge of matrix multiplication, where a a a .... .... a

11 12 13 1n
this can be written in matrix form
a 21 a 22 a 23 .... .... a 2n
a11 a12 a13 .... .... a1n .... .... .... .... .... ....
x1 b1 A= ,
x b .... .... .... .... .... ....
a 21 a 22 a 23 .... .... a 2n
2 2
.... .... .... .... .... .... x3 b3 .... .... .... .... .... ....
an1 an 2 an 3 .... .... ann
=
.... .... .... .... .... .... ... ... x1 b1
... ... x b
.... .... .... .... .... .... 2
2

x3 b
am1 am 2 am 3 .... .... amn xn bm X = , and D = 2
... ...
... ...
i.e., AX = D
xn

b n

and
Here A is called coefficient matrix, X is C = [ A | D]
called variable vector and D is called
Right hand side column vector.
a11 a12 . . . a1n b1
If D = 0 i.e. b1, b2,, bm = 0 then the a
matrix equation becomes A X = 0, 21 a22 . . . a2 n b2
which is called a system of = .......................
HOMOGENEOUS linear equations.
.......................
If D 0 then the system A X = D is am1 am 2 . . . am n bm
called a system of
NON-HOMOGENEOUS linear equations.
is called the AUGMENTED MATRIX.

4
 To solve a non-homogeneous system
of linear equations:
First, we calculate the rank of
Augmented Matrix D.
If [A | D] = (A) = n (number of
variables) the system will be consistent
and will have UNIQUE solution.
If [A | D] = (A) < n (number of
variables) the system will be consistent
but will have infinite number of
solutions
If [A | D] (A) the system will have NO
solution i.e. the system will be
INCONSISTENT.
After checking above three conditions if
the system is consistent
then its solution is calculated by, again
converting the Upper triangular /
Echelon form of the Augmented Matrix D
(from which rank was found) into linear
equations and solving it.

Example 1 Test the consistency and solve Here 1 2 3 x 8

A = 2 3 0 X = y D = 5

x-2y+3z= 8
1 1 1 9
2x-3y = -5 ( *) z
x+ y+ z = 9 Then (*) in matrix form is AX = D
Solution:
To test the consistency, we calculate the 1 2 3 8
Augmented matrix of the system (*) 2 3 0 5
Consider [A/D]=
And then we find 1 1 1 9
i) the rank of matrix [A/D]
ii) the rank of matrix A (Augmented matrix)

Operating R2 R2 -2R1, R3 R3-R1

(*) and (**) are equivalent system
1 2 3 8
[A/D] ~ 0 1 6 21

0 3 2 1 x - 2y + 3z = 8 --------(i)
Operating R3 R3-3R2 1 2 3 8 (**) y - 6z = -21 --------(ii)
16z = 64 --------(iii)
[A/D] ~ 0 1 6 21 (**)
0 0 16 64 (iii) z=4
z = 4 in (ii) y=3
( (A) = 3 ) = ((A/D) = 3)
y = 3 and z = 4 in (i) x=2
System of equations (*) are consistent.
( (A) = 3 ) = ((A/D) = 3) = No. of unknowns Answer x = 2, y = 3 and z = 4
There exists a unique solution of (*)

5
Example 2 2 1 2 1
Test the consistency and solve (Augmented
Consider [A/D]= 1 2 1 2
2x+y+2z=1 matrix)
x+2y - z=2 ( *) 5 4 3 4
5x+4y+3z=4 Operating R12 1 2 1 2
To test the consistency, we calculate the Augmented matrix of the
system (*) And then we find [A/D] ~ 2 1 2 1
i) the rank of matrix [A/D] 5 4 3 4
ii) the rank of matrix A
Here Operating R2 R2 - 2R1, R3 R3 - 5R1
2 1 2 x 1
1 2 1
D = 2 1 2 1 2
A= X = y

[A/D] ~ 0 3 4 3

5 4 3 z 4

Then (*) in matrix form is AX = D 0 6 8 6

Operating R3 R3-2R2
x+ 2y - z = 2 --------(i)
(**)
1 2 1 2 -3y+ 4z = -3 --------(ii)

[A/D] ~ 0 3 4 3 (**) Let z = k be the parameters
0 0 0 0
4 5
y = 1+ k x=- k
3
( (A) = 2 ) = ((A/D) = 2) 3
4
System of equations (*) is consistent Answer: x = - 5
k y = 1+ k z=k
3 3
( (A) = 2 ) = ((A/D) = 2) < No.of unknowns=3
For k = 3 x = -5 y = 5 z = 3
There exist infinite solutions of (*) is one particular solution.
(*) and (**) are equivalent system

Example 5. For what values of and Operating, R3-R2,R1-R2

the following system 1 1 1 6
[A/D] ~
x+y+z=6 0 1 2 4

x + 2y + 3z = 10 0 1 1 6
x + 2y + z =

Operating R3-R2,
will have 1 1 1 6
0 1 2 4
i)Unique solution [A/D] ~
ii) Infinite solutions 0 0 3 10
1 1 1 6
1
iii)No solution 2 3 10
[A/D] ~ 1 1 1 6
1
[A/D] ~ 0 1 2 4
2

0 1 1 6

6
 System of equations will have i) Infinite solution if ( (A) = 2 ) = ((A/D = 2)

i) Unique solution if ( (A) = 3 ) = ((A/D = 3) < No. of unknowns=3

= No. of unknowns=3 hence = 3 and = 10

hence 3 0 ii) Infinite solution if ( (A) 2 ) ((A/D = 3)

Example 3. Test the consistency and solve Operating R2 R2 - 3R1, R3 R3 - 7R1

x-4y+7z=14
1 4 7 14
3x+8y -2 z=13 (*)
7x-8y+26z=5 [A/D] ~ 0 2 0 2 3 2 9

To test the consistency, we calculate the 0 2 0 2 3 9 3
Augmented matrix of the system (*) Operating R3 R3-R2
And then we find 1 4 7 14
i) the rank of matrix [A/D] 2 9
[A/D] ~ 0 2 0 2 3
ii) the rank of matrix A
0 0 0 6 4
1 4 7 14
( (A) = 2 ) ((A/D) = 3)
Consider [A/D]= 3 8 2 1 3
There exists no solution of system of simultaneous
7 8 2 6 5 linear equations(*).

System of Homogeneous Linear which can be written as

Equations a11 a12 . . . a1n x1 0
x 0
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + . . . + a1n xn = 0 a a . . . a
21 22 2n
2
a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + . . . + a 2n xn = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = .

........................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a xn 0
............................ m1 am2 . . . amn
am1 x1 + am2 x 2 + . . . + amn xn = 0

7
 or AX = O
For such a system the [A] is always
equal to [A / D].
Hence a system of Homogeneous linear
equations is always consistent.
There are following cases:
1. If
[A] = n (number of var iables)
i.e | A | 0 then the system (1) will
have only Zero or Trivial or Unique
Solution.
2. If
[A] < n (number of var iables)
i.e | A | = 0 then the system (1) will
have Non-Zero or Non-Trivial or
Infinite number of Solutions.

Example-1 Solve the system of i.e. AX = O , where the coefficient

equations matrix
x + 3 y 2z = 0 1 3 2
2x y + 4z = 0 A = 2 1 4

x 11y + 14z = 0 1 11 14
Solution: The given system of equation
can be written as
1 3 2 x 0
2 1 4 y = 0 Applying R 2 R 2 2R 1 ,
R 3 R 3 R1
1 11 14 z 0

1 3 2 which is in Echelon form and hence

A 0 7 8 [A] = 2 < 3 (number of var iables).
Therefore, the given system has non-
0 14 16 trivial solutions.
Applying R 3 R 3 2R 2 Converting last form of A into equations
we get
1 3 2 x + 3y 2z = 0
A 0 7 8 7y + 8z = 0

0 0 0

8
On assuming z = k , where k is arbitrary Example-2 Solve the system of
constant and applying back substitution, equations
we find x + 2 y + 3z = 0
8k 10k 3x + 4y + 4z = 0
that y = and x = .
7 7 7x + 10y + 12z = 0
10k 8k
Thus x = ,y= and z = k are
7 7 Solution: The given system of equation
the solutions of given system. can be written as

1 2 3 x 0 Applying R 2 R 2 3R 1 ,
3 4 4 y = 0 R 3 R 3 7R 1
1 2 3
7 10 12 z 0 A 0 2 5

i.e. AX = O , where the coefficient 0 4 9
matrix
Applying R 3 R 3 2R 2
1 2 3
1 2 3
A = 3 4 4
A 0 2 5
7 10 12
0 0 1

which is in Echelon form and hence Example-3 For what values of and
[A] = 3 = (number of var iables). , the following non-homogeneous
Therefore, the given system has trivial or system
zero or unique solution. x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
Thus x = 0 , y = 0 and z = 0 is the only
x + 2y + z =
solution of given system.
will have
(i) Unique solution
(ii) No solution
(iii) Infinite number of solutions.

9
 1 1 1 6

Solution: The given system of equation [A / D] = 1 2 3 10
can be written as
1 1 1 x 6 1 2
1 2 3 y = 10 Applying R 2 R 2 R 1 ,
R 3 R 3 R1
1 2 z
1 1 1 6
i.e. AX = D , where the augmented
matrix [A / D] = 0 1 2 4
0 1 1 6

Applying R 3 R 3 R 2 3 0 3.
1 1 1 6 (ii) For No solution, we require
[A / D] (A) , which is
[A / D] = 0 1 2 4
0 0 3 10 possible iff.:
3 = 0 and 10 0
which is in Echelon form. Or = 3 and 10
(i) For Unique solution, we require (iii) For Infinite number of solutions, we
require
[A / D] = (A) = 3 (number of vari [A / D] = (A) < 3 (number of variables)
, which is possible iff.: which is possible iff.:
3 = 0 and 10 = 0

Example-3 For what values of and

, the following non-homogeneous
system
2x + 3y + 5z = 9
7x + 3y -2z = 8
2x + 3y + z =
will have
(i) Unique solution
(ii) No solution
(iii) Infinite number of solutions.

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