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HYDROMECHANICS
Overview
V1=V2=V
A1=A2=A
1=2=1
1=2=1
Assumptions:
- Fully developed flow (uniform) - Incompressible fluid
- Circular tube (pipe) - Constant diameter
- Steady Flow
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 3/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2 = VA = constant
Momentum Equation
0, since 1= 2
p1 A1 p2 A2 + W sin F f = Q( 2V2 1V1 )
p1 A1 p2 A2 + A( z1 z 2 ) w PL = 0
p1 w LP w L
p2
z1 + z 2 = =
A RH
A D 2 4 D R
where RH is hydraulic radius RH = = =
P D 4 2
W sin = AL sin
= A( z1 z 2 ) P: wetted perimeter
p1 wL p2
z1 + z 2 =
RH wL
hf =
RH 4 w L
Energy Equation gives
2 L hf =
hf = w D
p1 p2 R
z1 + z2 = hL
Note that the above equation is applicable for both laminar and
turbulent flows and for open channel flows as well.
w = F (V , D, , , )
w shear stress
1 = = f
V 2
dynamic pressure 1 = ( 2 , 3 )
VD VD
2 = = Reynolds Number w VD
= ,
D
2
V
3 = Relative Roughness
D
w = f V 2
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 7/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l r
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 10/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
p du
= r =
2l dr
The negative sign is included to give > with du/dr < 0 ( the
velocity decreases from the pipe centerline to the pipe wall)
du p p 2
= r integration yields u ( r ) = ( )r + C1
dr 2 l 4 l
We can evaluate the integration constant using the no slip
condition at the pipe wall so that u = 0 at r=D/2 and
C1=(pD2/(16l)). Hence
Centerline (max) velocity
Velocity: Vc=(pD2/(16l)).
pD 2 2r 2r 2
2
u (r ) = 1 = Vc 1
16l D D
R 2Vc Vc pD 2 D 4 p
V= = = Q=
2 R 2
2 32 l 128l
Above equation is referred to as Poiseuilles Law.
Recall that all of these results are restricted to laminar flow in
a horizontal pipe.
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 14/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
D 4 p
Flowrate: Q=
128l
Proportional to the pressure drop
Inversely proportional to viscosity
Inversely proportional to the pipe length
Proportional to the pipe diameter to the fourth power
p = f (V , l , D, )
( / 4C )pD 4
Q = AV =
l
Recall average velocity was found to be
D 2 p
V =
32l
1
We can divide both sides by the dynamic pressure V 2
2
(recall from Chapter 3)
p 32 lV / D 2 l 64 l
= = 64 =
1
V 2
1
V 2 VD D Re D
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
2 2 19/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
D 2
f = p
2 Darcy friction factor
l V
64
For a fully developed laminar flow the friction factor is f =
Re
8 w
Alternate expression as a dimensional wall shear stress f =
V 2
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 20/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
p1 V 21 p2 V 22
+ 1 + z1 = + 2 + z2 + hL
2g 2g
where alpha values (always >=1) compensate for the fact that
velocity profile across the pipe is not uniform (Chapter 5).
p1 p2
Hence + z1 + z 2 = hL
CVE 372 Hydromechanics
21/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
p1r 2 ( p1 p )r 2 2rl = 0
p 2
=
l r
p1 p2 2l
( + z1 ) ( + z 2 ) = hL hL = h f =
r
Using the shear stress at the pipe wall, we have No minor loss
u (r ) = 1 or u (r ) = Vc 1
16 l D D
Average Velocity:
Vc pD 2 1V12 / 2 g = 2V22 / 2 g
V= =
2 32 l
pD 8V
w = or w =
4l D
Shear Stress:
du 2r
= or =w
dr D
Friction Factor:
64 8 w
f = f =
Re V 2
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 25/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
10 cm
u u
As this parameter increases, the fluctuations of the velocity
increases. Well designed wind tunnels have typical values of
0.01 or smaller.
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 30/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
du
= u ' v' = lam + turb
dy
turb is
dominant
Structure of turbulent flow in a pipe. (a) Shear stress. (b) Average velocity.
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 32/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
u yu
= 2.5 ln + 5.0
*
u
where
R
y = Rr y
r
Vc u R
*
= 2.5 ln
u y
or
1/ n
u r Figure 8.17
= 1 Exponent, n, for power-law velocity profiles.
Vc R Power-Law velocity profile
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 37/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
c) Determine the ratio of the turbulent to laminar shear stress, turb/ lam at a
point midway between the centerline and the pipe wall (r=0.025 m).
hL = hLmajor + hLminor
Note that major and minor losses do not necessarily reflect the magnitude
of the energy losses
p = F (V , D, l , , , )
p ~ VD l
= ( , , )
1 / 2 V 2
D D
Reynolds number
Dynamic pressure
Lets assume that pressure drop is proportional to the length of the pipe:
p l
= (Re, )
1 / 2 V 2
D D
pD
Recall that f = is the friction factor. Then we have f = (Re, )
lV / 2
2
D
The energy equation for steady, incompressible flow is given by
p1 1V 21 p2 2V 2 2
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + hL
2g 2g
l V2
hLmajor = f This is called Darcy-Weisbach equation
D 2g
1 2.51
= 2 log
f Re f
Colebrook White Transition Flow
1 / D 2.51
= 2 log +
f 3.7 Re f
Rough Pipe Hydraulically Rough Flow
1 / D
= 2 log
f 3. 7
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 46/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
Conservation of mass
A1V1 = A3V3
Conservation of momentum
p1 A3 p3 A3 = A3V3 (V3 V1 )
2
Note that: K L = hL /(V1 / 2 g )
Conservation of energy
p1 V 21 p3 V 2 3
+ = + + hL A1 2
2g 2g K L = (1 )
A2
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 49/54
2. FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS
Example 6:
A soft drink with the properties of 10C water is
sucked through a 4 mm diameter, 0.25 m long
straw at a rate of 4 cm3/s. Is the flow at the outlet
of the straw laminar? Is it fully developed?
Example 7:
0.5 m
D=10 mm
Entrance K=0.5
L=2 m
Given Q=3.6 lt/min
Exercise 1:
Water at 20C flows in a 15 cm diameter pipe with a
flowrate of 60 lt/s.
Exercise 2:
For a smooth pipe of diameter 75 mm, the head
loss for a distance of 150 m is 21 m. When the
flowrate is 8.5 lt/s. Is the flow laminar or
turbulent? (Ans: laminar)
Exercise 3:
The pressure heads measured in a 2 cm diameter circular pipe are
p1/ = 22 m and p2/ = 21.5 m. The distance between two measuring
points is 1500 m. Taking =9810 N/m3, = 1000 kg/m3, =1x10-6 m2/s
determine:
a) State of the flow
b) The equation of velocity and shear stress profiles
c) Maximum velocity
d) Velocity and shear stress at r=5 mm and y=4 mm.
e) Discharge
ANS: (a) laminar, (b) u=0.0816-816r2, =1.635r, (c)=0.0816 m/s,
(d) u(r=5mm)=0.0612 m/s, (r=5mm)=0.008175 N/m2
u(y=4mm)=0.0522 m/s, (y=4mm)=0.00981 N/m2,
(e) 1.282 x 10-5 m3/s
CVE 372 Hydromechanics 54/54