MECH 320

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory II

EXPERIMENT J

Boundary Layer Measurements Over a Flat Plate

Lab. Instructor: Lab. Assistants:

Assist. Prof. Dr. Onur Taylan Loiy Al-Ghussain

Sajed Sadati

Date/ Time of the Experiment: Duration of the Experiment:

March 31, 2016 08:40 50 minutes

Group ID:

Group Members:

ID # Orkun Mehmet Akyol ID # Mehmet Arda Meder

ID # Muhammad Yousuf Ansari ID # Saad Rafi

EXP-320- J Group-1

Submitted by: Submission Date:

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EXP-320- J Group-1

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EXP-320- J

ABSTRACT

The main objective of the experiment isto get familiar with the velocity profilesin the boundary
layer that are to be obtained at different stream-wise locationsand free stream velocities and,
understandingthe integral boundarylayer parameterswhich are boundarylayer thickness,
momentum thicknessand skin friction coefficients. For the experiment, an experimental open wind
tunnel wasused to examine the boundary layer measurement application and to illustrate bigger
wind tunnels which are commonly used in real engineering measurements. Experiment J consistsof
one major portion. In thismajor portion, main dutyisto measure staticpressure, dynamicpressure,
velocity and, comparing the data that are taken via the computer which isconnected to the open
wind tunnel experimental setup. In continuation of that, same procedureswere applied for different
location about x and y directionsfor flat plate and picostatictube. These location changesof the
picostatictube and flat plate give a better understanding to analyze the behavior of boundarylayer,
changesin the flow that iscaused by location change and effects of these changeson the data that
are goingto be taken. Apart from that, GUNT HM.170 open wind tunnel experimental setup and its
relevant computer software wasused to collect data and to draw graphical representation for
behavior of the boundarylayer according to applied velocity and, necessary datawere saved asa
.dat file on the computer.[1] In addition to that, to analyze the effectsof the changesin the boundary
layer accordingto location in x and y directionsall crucial information were stated with the aid of
data were taken via lab computer. In the end of thisreport, useof all these taken data were stated
and comparison between corresponding theoretical valuesand calculated valueswere shown in the
sample calculation part of the report.

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EXP-320- J

NOMENCLATURE
Rex : The local Reynoldsnumber based on the distance, x, from the leading edge.

: Densityof fluid

U : Free stream velocity

u : Velocity of fluid

x : Horizontal distance from the leading edge

y : Vertical distance from the plate to the Pitostatictube

: Dynamic viscosityof the fluid

: Boundarylayer thickness

* : Displacement thickness

: Momentum thickness

Df : Drag force

h : Height of the selected control volume

CDf : Friction drag coefficient

L : Length of plate

b : Width of plate

w : Wall shear stress

Cf : Local skin friction coefficient

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EXP-320- J

1. INTRODUCTION
Viscosity of the fluid is such a complex and dependent way for the aerodynamic forces. When the
fluid moves past of the object, the molecules that located right next to the surface, stick to the
surface and the molecules above the surface are slowed down in their collisions with the molecules
sticking to the surface. These molecules in turn slow down the flow just above them. The farther one
moves away from the surface, the fewer the collisionsaffected by the object surface. This creates a
thin layer of fluid near the surface in which the velocity changesfrom zero at the surface to the free
stream value away from the surface. Thislayer that is being occurred boundary of the fluid is called
as boundary layer by engineers. [2] Boundary layer measurementstake a crucial in real engineering
world applications. To illustrate the importance of boundary layer, areas can be listed asfollows, all
the applications that contain initiation processes of dynamic interaction between the flow and the
body, the aerodynamic drag and lift of the flying vehicle, or the energy loss for the fluid flow in
channelswhich ismostly about hydromechanicsare determined by boundarylayer measurements.[3]
In addition to that, in the design of the aero foils and winglets of the aircraft which are needed to be
avoided from turbulent region boundary layer, boundary layer measurement application takesplace.
Also, stuffsthat are in daily usage, such asgolf balls, tennisballsare designed and produced based on
these boundary layer measurement applications, to people have a better experience while the ball in
landing, spinning and bouncing motions.[4]

In experiment J, measurements of boundary layer over a flat plate are examined, broadly. Before
starting the experiment, the outside temperature was measured with the aid of sensitive digital
temperature scale from the front portion of experimental setup which iscalled as inlet contour and,
picostatic tube was positioned to the closest level to the flat plate. After that, axial fan of the open
wind turbine was started and idle velocity was reset to zero value with the aid of display and control
unit portion of the experimental setup to collect the data as possible as close to the theoretical
values that were calculated in the next part of the report. Furthermore, data were collected via lab
computer, from three different x direction value that are specified as 40mm - 80mm - 120mm, to
examine the numerical behavior of the shape of boundary layer on static pressure, dynamic pressure
and velocity and all the reactions that come from the experiment are stated in the experiment J
report. Consequently, to collect unknown data, which come the behavior of boundary layer, relevant
computer software of GUNT HM.170 was used.

In the report of experiment J, all related method description and all crucial formulas that were used
in the calculations were stated and fundamental intension of the experiment explained, briefly. In
the result and discussion part, theoretical results was stated with their related tables. In addition to
that, discussion about the included resultswasstated in the result and discussion part. In conclusion,
all partsof the experiment J were summarized in the conclusion part and also, all significant advices
and expectancesabout the experiment J were denoted in the same of the report.

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EXP-320- J

2. THEORYAND METHODOLOGY
As mentioned before, the aim of this experiment is to get familiar with boundary layer
measurements and to see the relationship of the boundary layer with changing stream-wise
locationsand free-stream velocities.

The Reynoldsnumber along the x-direction can tell us about the characteristic of the flow, and we
can hence determine when the flow is laminar or steady and/or when it is turbulent. The transition
from laminar flow to a turbulent flow and the relative boundary layer thicknessis illustrated in the
figure below for better understanding:

Figure 1: Flow transition and relative boundarylayer thickness[5]

The transition, as shown above, usually occurs when the local Reynolds number (Rex ) is between
1x105 and 5x10 5. The local Reynoldsnumber isgiven by:

U x
Re =
x

When we consider a flow involvingviscouseffects, the velocity of the fluid tendsto rise from zero, as
the distance from the leading edge increases. This leads to a velocity profile, which in turn, is
responsible for the associated boundarylayer thickness. The boundary layer thicknesscan be defined
as the vertical distance from the plate to the free-stream velocity, but is not usually calculated
accurately, and therefore, displacement thicknessis used instead. The displacement thicknesscan be
calculated bythe equation given below:

* U b -
0
(U-u)bdy = 0

The momentum thicknessisa measure of the lossof the momentum flux in the boundarylayer. The
momentum thicknesscan be calculated bythe equation given below:

U2 b -
0
u(U-u)bdy = 0

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EXP-320- J

A shear stress is developed on the plate by the fluid flow. This shear stressis usually called as the
wall shear stress. If the viscositywere zero there would be no shear stress, but thats not the case in
our experiment. The wall shear stress occurs due to the tangential force exerted on the surface of
the plate by the fluid flow. The wall shear stresscan be calculated bythe equation given below:

d
= U
w dx

The local skin friction coefficient is calculated and defined by the equation given below:

w
C=
U2
f 2

The drag force is basically the friction force due the viscosity of the fluid. The drag force can be
calculated bythe equation given below:

L
Df = bdx
0 w

Subsequently, the friction drag coefficient isgiven bythe equation below:

Df
C =
bLU2
Df 2

The equations listed above can be used to calculate the respective values, which can then be
compared to the theoretical values for better understanding and judgment of the fluid flow in real
life.
To start off the experiment, the ambient temperature and pressureare to be measured foremost.

The device used in our experiment is a subsonic open wind tunnel. Below is a diagram of the wind
tunnel:

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EXP-320- J

Figure 2: Wind tunnel used in experiment [6]

Where:
1 = inlet contour, 2 = flow straightener, 3 = nozzle, 4 = measuring section, 5 = drag body, 6 = force
sensor, 7 = display and control unit, 8 = diffuser, 9 = switch cabinet, 10 = inclined tubemanometer,
11 = axial fan

Air is withdrawn in the tunnel through a flow straightener and the nozzle, and into the measuring
section. The measuring section has the plate over which our boundary layer measurement data is to
be collected. An inclined manometer is used for the idle velocity in the wind tunnel. The data is
collected using specified software. The x-direction distance is controlled by a rotating slide on which
the plate is placed. The y-direction distance is controlled by a micrometer attached to the Pitostatic
tube. Data iscollected for a specific distance, x, from the leading edge, for different y-values, which is
administered by the micrometer. The y-distance is to be varied arbitrary until the flow becomes
turbulent and the velocity profile goesabrupt. The datais then recorded and saved. Thisprocedure is
then repeated for different x-distances. For better understanding, below is a figure which illustrates
the x and y distances:

Figure 3: Pitostatictube with x and y distances[6]

Note that the difference between staticand total pressureswill not be equal to zero due to the very
small thicknessof the plate itself.

Despite this, there are some cautionsto be taken also. The Pitostatic tube should not touch the plate
when the idle flow speed is being measured, because that can lead to an influenced idle speed,
which can lead to invalid or wrong data. Also, the plate surface and Pitostatic tube are not to be
pressed too hard against each other, as it may damage the tube and the micrometer, which can
influence the velocity profile and hence the boundary layer thickness, which can in turn lead to
wrong or vague results.

By using all the equations and the procedure described above, the respective unknowns can be
found easily, and then can be compared to the theoretical values. The results of the experiment are
to be further discussed in the following pages.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The propertiesof water istabulated below;

Table 1: The propertiesof the water

T[ C] P[mbar] [kg/ (m3)] [Pa*s] V [m/ s]
19,100 1008 1,20283 0,00001832 8,000

For the x=40 mm and x=80 mm values, distances from leading edge, Reynoldsnumber is less than
5x105, which concluded that the flow is laminar for these locations. On the other hand, for x=120 mm
value, the Re number is higher than 5x105 that makes the flow turbulent for this location. Thus,
certain equationsand data changesrelative to the Re number. Table 2 shows Re number for every x
value.

Table 2: Re number for every x value

Re (40mm) Re (80mm) Re (120mm)
21004,882 42009,764 63014,646

According to Re numbersabove, the equationsused to calculate the local skin friction coefficient (cf)
and the boundarylayer thickness() for laminar and turbulent flowsare given as;

5xL 0.382 x L
=
L [7] =
T [7]
Re 0.5 Re 0.2

c 0.664 [7] c 0.0583 [7]

f,L = f,T =
Re Re 0.2

Firstly, the distance from leading edge, x, is taken as40 mm;

Table 3: Measured data for x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 40 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 7,917 -0,010 0,205
2 8,023 0,118 0,254
3 7,917 0,215 0,273
4 8,023 0,988 0,430
5 8,023 1,690 0,440
6 8,023 2,204 0,440

Table 3 above shows the data that are measured by students using wind tunnel device. The free
stream velocity is defined as u0 (which may also be defined as U ). Although the first value of y is
negative, it is taken as positive. This condition occurs because of lowering the pitotstatic tube more
than itsdesignated starting point which is settled beforehand. P value is the dynamic pressure that is
used to find the velocity via usingthe Bernoulli equation which isshowed below;

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EXP-320- J

Po Vo2 P1 V12
+ +z = + +z +h +h
g 2g o g 2g 1 m ajor m inor

As the elevation is zero, major and minor losses are neglected and pitotstatic tube is measuring the
stagnation point pressure, the final version of Bernoulli equation that isused becomes;

Po V12
=
g 2g

The Table 4 below shows the calculationsfor x=40 mm that are made by usingthe data given in Table
3. Note that V1 that is shown in the equation above is defined asu which is the velocity for the given
y value (vertical height).

Table 4: Calculationsfor x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

For 40 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,840 0,738 0,262 0,0000026 0,0000019
2 6,497 0,810 0,190 0,0000242 0,0000196
3 6,742 0,852 0,148 0,0000145 0,0000123
4 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,0000414 -0,0000436
5 8,549 1,065 -0,065 -0,0000459 -0,0000489
6 8,549 1,065 -0,065 -0,0000337 -0,0000359

The equationsto find the displacement thickness(*) and the momentum thickness( ) are given as;
(also these equationsare used for x=80 mm and x=120 mm too)

* u u u
= (1- ) y [7] = (1- ) y [7]TextRun
u0 u0 u0

The important thing about the above equationsis that they are derived from integration equations
shown in theory and methodology part. Following data that are given in Table 5 isthe total valuesof
displacement and momentum thicknesses. It must be understood that the velocity values that
dependson height (y) will eventually reach to free stream velocity starting from zero. Thus, u values
that are equal or bigger than u0 values can be neglected. That is why the data after 3rd one is not
taken. Table 5 also includes the boundary layer thickness and local skin friction coefficient that is
found by usingRe number.

Table 5: Calculationsfor x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

* total [m] total [m] [m] Cf
0,000041 0,0000338 0,001380 0,004582

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Asit can be seen the displacement thicknessis lessthan boundarylayer thicknesswhich islogical. To
have a better understanding the relation between these two, Figure 4 can be checked; (thiscase is
similar for all other x valuestoo)

Figure 4: Comparison of boundarylayer and displacement thicknesses

Secondly, the distance from leading edge, x, istaken as80 mm;

Table 6: Measured data for x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 80 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 8,128 -0,108 0,205
2 7,917 0,108 0,225
3 8,023 0,391 0,264
4 8,128 0,694 0,293
5 8,023 0,889 0,293
6 8,023 1,106 0,313
7 8,023 1,377 0,313
8 8,023 1,639 0,322
9 8,023 1,928 0,342
10 8,023 2,280 0,352
11 8,023 2,564 0,352
12 8,023 2,789 0,361
13 8,023 3,069 0,371
14 8,023 3,307 0,381
15 7,917 3,633 0,381
16 8,128 3,918 0,391
17 8,023 4,213 0,391
18 8,023 4,555 0,400
19 7,917 4,971 0,420
20 8,023 5,225 0,430
21 8,023 5,660 0,430
22 8,023 5,861 0,420
23 7,917 6,149 0,430

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EXP-320- J

Similar to the Table 3, the first data of y that isshown in Table 6 maybe taken aspositive. Afterwards,
the calculation processisthe same asthe first part.

Table 7: Calculationsfor x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

For 80 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,840 0,718 0,282 0,00003029 0,00002176
2 6,111 0,772 0,228 0,00004911 0,00003791
3 6,622 0,825 0,175 0,00004956 0,00004090
4 6,980 0,859 0,141 0,00004274 0,00003671
5 6,980 0,870 0,130 0,00002532 0,00002202
6 7,208 0,898 0,102 0,00002204 0,00001980
7 7,208 0,898 0,102 0,00002755 0,00002475
8 7,321 0,912 0,088 0,00002294 0,00002093
9 7,539 0,940 0,060 0,00001742 0,00001637
10 7,646 0,953 0,047 0,00001655 0,00001577
11 7,646 0,953 0,047 0,00001334 0,00001271
12 7,751 0,966 0,034 0,00000764 0,00000738
13 7,855 0,979 0,021 0,00000588 0,00000575
14 7,958 0,992 0,008 0,00000192 0,00000191
15 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,00000170 -0,00000171
16 8,059 0,992 0,008 0,00000242 0,00000240
17 8,059 1,004 -0,004 -0,00000132 -0,00000133
18 8,159 1,017 -0,017 -0,00000581 -0,00000591
19 8,356 1,055 -0,055 -0,00002303 -0,00002431
20 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,00001362 -0,00001435
21 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,00002328 -0,00002453
22 8,356 1,041 -0,041 -0,00000835 -0,00000869
23 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,00001946 -0,00002078

As it can be seen on Table 7 above, after the 14th value of y, u values are bigger than uo which again
brought the necessity of neglecting the values from 15th to 23rd. Following calculations are made
accordingly and shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Calculationsfor x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

* total [m] total [m] [m] Cf
0,00033229 0,0002847 0,0009758 0,003240

Thirdly, the distance from leading edge, x, is taken as120 mm;

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EXP-320- J

Similar to the first and second part, Table 9 below shows the data that ismeasured by usingthe wind
tunnel device.

Table 9: Measured datafor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 120 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 7,809 -0,088 0,186
2 8,023 0,127 0,205
3 8,023 0,333 0,244
4 8,023 0,616 0,264
5 8,023 0,911 0,283
6 7,917 1,273 0,303
7 8,023 1,633 0,322
8 8,023 1,979 0,342
9 7,917 2,463 0,361
10 8,023 2,972 0,361
11 7,917 3,330 0,381
12 7,917 3,679 0,381
13 8,023 3,982 0,410
14 7,917 4,414 0,400
15 8,023 4,829 0,420
16 7,917 5,230 0,420
17 7,917 5,651 0,430
18 7,917 5,939 0,430
19 8,023 6,198 0,449

Again the first y value is accepted to be positive. Calculations that are made from the above
measurementsare shown in Table 10;

Table 10: Calculationsfor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 120 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,554 0,711 0,289 0,0000254 0,0000181
2 5,840 0,728 0,272 0,0000586 0,0000426
3 6,371 0,794 0,206 0,0000424 0,0000337
4 6,622 0,825 0,175 0,0000495 0,0000409
5 6,862 0,855 0,145 0,0000426 0,0000364
6 7,094 0,896 0,104 0,0000376 0,0000337
7 7,321 0,912 0,088 0,0000315 0,0000287
8 7,539 0,940 0,060 0,0000209 0,0000196
9 7,751 0,979 0,021 0,0000102 0,0000100
10 7,751 0,966 0,034 0,0000173 0,0000167
11 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,0000019 -0,0000019
12 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,0000018 -0,0000018

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EXP-320- J

13 8,259 1,029 -0,029 -0,0000089 -0,0000092

14 8,159 1,031 -0,031 -0,0000132 -0,0000136
15 8,356 1,041 -0,041 -0,0000172 -0,0000179
16 8,356 1,055 -0,055 -0,0000222 -0,0000235
17 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,0000285 -0,0000305
18 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,0000195 -0,0000208

Similar to the first and second part, the valuesthat are bigger than 1 for u isnot taken in Table 10
and correspondingcalculationsare made and shown in Table 11 below;

Table 11: Calculationsfor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
* total [m] [m] total [m] Cf
0,0003359 0,0050275 0,0002804 0,002645

Now instead of usingRe number to find the skin friction coefficient, the equation below is used; (this
isalso derived from the equation that is written theoryand methodologypart)

d
c f =2 [7]
dx

The relation between the local skin friction coefficient and the distance from the leading edge may
be expressed asthe graphically such as;

Graph a: local friction coefficient ( ) vsdistancefrom the leading edge (x)

As it can be seen in Graph a, the method is to take the trendline linear. Then the local friction
coefficient is found to be 0.0062 for every x location. Although they can be accepted ascorrect, the
differences between the local friction coefficients found by using Re and the equation above occur

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EXP-320- J

because of the calculation mistakes that students are made, the exclusion of the diameter of the
pitotstatic tube that affects y value and failure of providing the exact velocity at the surface of the
plate. Plus, the case that these measurements on the flat plate are taken only for the top part is
another problem asthe flow also passesthrough the bottom part.

Table 12 shows the relation between the vertical distance from the surface (y) over displacement
thickness(*) and the velocity that isdependent on y (u) over the free stream velocity (u0).

Table 12: y/ * vs u/ u0
y / * u / uo
0,007 0,738
0,085 0,810
0,156 0,852
0,990 1,000
0,999 1,000
1,000 1,000

Graph b: y/ * vs u/ u0

The trendline that is shown in the graph b above isactually very similar to the velocity profile of this
experiment at x=40 mm location which is logical when considered that displacement thickness(*)
and free stream velocity (u0) are constant values. Thisgraph is an example for other x valuestoo. In
addition, as it can be seen from the graph, the trendline isnot starting from zero to zero point which
indicates that it affects the measurementsand as a result forming difference between theoretical
and measured values for displacement thickness, momentum thicknesses, skin friction coefficients
and the other valuesthat are found usingthese onesfor all x values.

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Graph c: Height (y) (vertical distance from the surface) vsvelocity (u)
Series 1 : 40 mm
Series 2 : 80 mm
Series 3 : 120 mm

Asit can be seen from the Graph c above, the measured velocity profile issimilar to general
theoretical ones(one example can be seen in theory and methodologypart). The increase of velocity
with increasing y value diminishesthroughout.

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4. CONCLUSIONS
The experiment was performed in three parts, them being the readings taken at three different x-
axis distance on a flat plate. The distance on y-axis was changed while on specific x distance until the
tube isoutside of the boundarylayer. The velocity waskept constant at 8 m/ s. The resultsshowed as
the distance on x-axis is increased the Reynoldsnumber increased with it. The Re value correspond
to laminar through turbulent flows. The results also showed as the y-axis increased the pressure
increased. The boundary layer, displacement and momentum thicknesscan be seen random, which
could be due to human error while recording. Another human error was seen at starting point as it
was not clearly visible on the screen. The skin-friction coefficient of the second reading would show
if flow was truly turbulent. Over here it can be seen as laminar or possibly at transition. For further
experimentsit would be better to not use an open wind tunnel asdue to disturbancesthe deviations
could be found on the sensitive instruments used for measurements. Moreover, for future get more
values on laminar flow region. Except aforementioned difficulties and suggestions the experiment
wasfairly successful.

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REFERENCES
[1] http:/ / www.gunt.de/ static/ s3399_1.php

[2] https:/ /www.grc.nasa.gov/ www/ k-12/ airplane/ boundlay.html

[3] http:/ / www.thermopedia.com/ content/595/

[4] https:/ /www.quora.com/ Whats-the-importance-of-learning-about-Boundary-layer-in-fluid-

mechanics-and-heat-transfer

[5] https:/ /fugahumana.files.wordpress.com/2012/ 03/ flowoverplate.jpg, retrived on 7th April 2016.

[6] Lab J Manual byProf. Onur Taylan, retrieved 7th April 2016.

[7] http:/ / web.iitd.ac.in/ ~pmvs/courses/mel705/ boundarylayer.pdf

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APPENDIXA DATA SHEET

Table 1: The propertiesof the water
T[ C] P[mbar] [kg/ (m3)] [Pa*s] V [m/ s]
19,100 1008 1,20283 0,00001832 8,000

Table 2: Re number for every x value

Re (40mm) Re (80mm) Re (120mm)
21004,882 42009,764 63014,646

Table 3: Measured data for x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 40 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 7,917 -0,010 0,205
2 8,023 0,118 0,254
3 7,917 0,215 0,273
4 8,023 0,988 0,430
5 8,023 1,690 0,440
6 8,023 2,204 0,440

Table 4: Calculationsfor x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

For 40 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,840 0,738 0,262 0,0000026 0,0000019
2 6,497 0,810 0,190 0,0000242 0,0000196
3 6,742 0,852 0,148 0,0000145 0,0000123
4 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,0000414 -0,0000436
5 8,549 1,065 -0,065 -0,0000459 -0,0000489
6 8,549 1,065 -0,065 -0,0000337 -0,0000359

Table 5: Calculationsfor x=40 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

* total [m] total [m] [m] Cf
0,000041 0,0000338 0,001380 0,004582

Table 6: Measured data for x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 80 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 8,128 -0,108 0,205
2 7,917 0,108 0,225
3 8,023 0,391 0,264
4 8,128 0,694 0,293
5 8,023 0,889 0,293
6 8,023 1,106 0,313
7 8,023 1,377 0,313
8 8,023 1,639 0,322
9 8,023 1,928 0,342

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10 8,023 2,280 0,352

11 8,023 2,564 0,352
12 8,023 2,789 0,361
13 8,023 3,069 0,371
14 8,023 3,307 0,381
15 7,917 3,633 0,381
16 8,128 3,918 0,391
17 8,023 4,213 0,391
18 8,023 4,555 0,400
19 7,917 4,971 0,420
20 8,023 5,225 0,430
21 8,023 5,660 0,430
22 8,023 5,861 0,420
23 7,917 6,149 0,430

Table 7: Calculationsfor x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

For 80 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,840 0,718 0,282 0,00003029 0,00002176
2 6,111 0,772 0,228 0,00004911 0,00003791
3 6,622 0,825 0,175 0,00004956 0,00004090
4 6,980 0,859 0,141 0,00004274 0,00003671
5 6,980 0,870 0,130 0,00002532 0,00002202
6 7,208 0,898 0,102 0,00002204 0,00001980
7 7,208 0,898 0,102 0,00002755 0,00002475
8 7,321 0,912 0,088 0,00002294 0,00002093
9 7,539 0,940 0,060 0,00001742 0,00001637
10 7,646 0,953 0,047 0,00001655 0,00001577
11 7,646 0,953 0,047 0,00001334 0,00001271
12 7,751 0,966 0,034 0,00000764 0,00000738
13 7,855 0,979 0,021 0,00000588 0,00000575
14 7,958 0,992 0,008 0,00000192 0,00000191
15 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,00000170 -0,00000171
16 8,059 0,992 0,008 0,00000242 0,00000240
17 8,059 1,004 -0,004 -0,00000132 -0,00000133
18 8,159 1,017 -0,017 -0,00000581 -0,00000591
19 8,356 1,055 -0,055 -0,00002303 -0,00002431
20 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,00001362 -0,00001435
21 8,453 1,054 -0,054 -0,00002328 -0,00002453
22 8,356 1,041 -0,041 -0,00000835 -0,00000869
23 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,00001946 -0,00002078

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Table 8: Calculationsfor x=80 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)

* total [m] total [m] [m] Cf
0,00033229 0,0002847 0,0009758 0,003240

Table 9: Measured datafor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 120 mm uo [m/ s] y [mm] P [mbar]
1 7,809 -0,088 0,186
2 8,023 0,127 0,205
3 8,023 0,333 0,244
4 8,023 0,616 0,264
5 8,023 0,911 0,283
6 7,917 1,273 0,303
7 8,023 1,633 0,322
8 8,023 1,979 0,342
9 7,917 2,463 0,361
10 8,023 2,972 0,361
11 7,917 3,330 0,381
12 7,917 3,679 0,381
13 8,023 3,982 0,410
14 7,917 4,414 0,400
15 8,023 4,829 0,420
16 7,917 5,230 0,420
17 7,917 5,651 0,430
18 7,917 5,939 0,430
19 8,023 6,198 0,449

Table 10: Calculationsfor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
For 120 mm u [m/ s] u / uo 1 - u / uo * [m]
1 5,554 0,711 0,289 0,0000254 0,0000181
2 5,840 0,728 0,272 0,0000586 0,0000426
3 6,371 0,794 0,206 0,0000424 0,0000337
4 6,622 0,825 0,175 0,0000495 0,0000409
5 6,862 0,855 0,145 0,0000426 0,0000364
6 7,094 0,896 0,104 0,0000376 0,0000337
7 7,321 0,912 0,088 0,0000315 0,0000287
8 7,539 0,940 0,060 0,0000209 0,0000196
9 7,751 0,979 0,021 0,0000102 0,0000100
10 7,751 0,966 0,034 0,0000173 0,0000167
11 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,0000019 -0,0000019
12 7,958 1,005 -0,005 -0,0000018 -0,0000018
13 8,259 1,029 -0,029 -0,0000089 -0,0000092
14 8,159 1,031 -0,031 -0,0000132 -0,0000136
15 8,356 1,041 -0,041 -0,0000172 -0,0000179
16 8,356 1,055 -0,055 -0,0000222 -0,0000235
17 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,0000285 -0,0000305
18 8,453 1,068 -0,068 -0,0000195 -0,0000208

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EXP-320- J

Table 11: Calculationsfor x=120 mm (horizontal distance from the leading edge)
* total [m] [m] total [m] Cf
0,0003359 0,0050275 0,0002804 0,002645

Figure 1: Flow transition and relative boundarylayer thickness[5]

Figure 2: Wind tunnel used in experiment [6]

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EXP-320- J

Figure 3: Pitostatictube with x and y distances[6]

Figure 4: Comparison of boundarylayer and displacement thicknesses

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EXP-320- J

Graph a: local friction coefficient ( ) vsdistancefrom the leading edge (x)

Table 12: y/ * vs u/ u0
y / * u / uo
0,007 0,738
0,085 0,810
0,156 0,852
0,990 1,000
0,999 1,000
1,000 1,000

Graph b: y/ * vs u/ u0

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EXP-320- J

Graph c: Height (y) (vertical distance from the surface) vsvelocity (u)
Series 1 : 40 mm
Series 2 : 80 mm
Series 3 : 120 mm

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EXP-320- J

APPENDIXB SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

The calculationsbelow are performed for x = 40mm:

ReynoldsNumber:

U x
Re =
x
Where = 1.20283 kg/ m , = 0.00001832 Pa.s, U=8m / s
3

Re40 = (1.20283 * 8 * 0.04) / (0.00001832) = 21004.882

For second x = 40 mm, value:

Displacement Thickness:

* U b -
0
(U-u)bdy = 0

u
=
*
(1- ) y
u0

m m
Where U=6.497 , Uo=8.023 , y=0.128 m m
s s

* = [1 (6.497/8.023)]* (0.128* 10-3)) = 0.0000242 m

Momentum Thickness:

U2 b -
0
u(U-u)bdy = 0

u u
= (1- ) y
u0 u0

m m
Where * = 0.0000242 m , U=6.497 , Uo=8.023
s s

= 0.0000242 * (6.497/8.023) = 0.0000196 m

Skin Friction Coefficient:

d
c f =2
dx

Where = 0,0031x-5(10-5)

c f =0.0062

Skin Friction Coefficient (Theoretical):

c 0.664
f,L =
Re

Where Re = 21004.882,

Cf,L = [0.664 / (21004.8821/2)] = 0.004582

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EXP-320- J

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