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CALDIE CALDIE
CALDIE
REFERENCE STANDARD
Edition 150216
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CALDIE
General Properties
Caldie is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloyed tool The properties below are representative of samples
steel which is characterised by: which have been taken from the centre of bars with
dimensions 203 x 80 mm and 102 mm. Unless
Very good chipping and cracking resistance otherwise indicated, all specimens have been hardened at
Good wear resistance 1025C, gas quenched in a vacuum furnace and tempered
High hardness (>60 HRC) after high temperature twice at 525C for two hours to 6062 HRC.
tempering
Good dimensional stability during heat treatment PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Excellent through-hardening properties
Good machinability and grindability Hardened and tempered to 60 - 62 HRC.
Excellent polishability
Good surface treatment properties Temperature 20C 200C 400C
Good resistance to tempering back
Very good WEDM properties Density
7 820 - -
kg/m3
Modulus of elasticity
213 000 192 000 180 000
C Si Mn Cr Mo V MPa
Typical analysis %
0.7 0.2 0.5 5.0 2.3 0.5
Standard Coefficient of
None thermal expansion - 11.6 x 10 -6 12.4 x 10 -6
specification
per C from 20C
Delivery condition Soft annealed to approx. 215 HB
Thermal
Colour code White / Grey conductivity - 24 28
W/m C
Specific heat
460 - -
J/kg C
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Blanking
Cold forging and forming 3
Machine knives
Thread rolling dies
2
Substrate for surface coatings
Fragmentation knives for plastics and metals
Roll forming rolls 1
CA LDIE AISI A2 AISI D2
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CALDIE
Heat treatment
SOFT ANNEALING QUENCHING MEDIA
Protect the steel and heat through to 820C, wait for High speed gas/circulating atmosphere
equalisation of the temperature (equalisation time Vacuum furnace (high speed gas with sufficient
related to the size of the tool). Then cool in the furnace overpressure)
at 10C per hour to 650C, then freely in air to room Martempering bath at 500550C
temperature. Martempering bath at approx. 200350C
HARDENING TEMPERING
Preheating temperature: 600650C and 850900C. Choose the tempering temperature according to the
In case of bigger dimensions, a third preheating step at hardness required by reference to the tempering graph
930C is recommended. below.
Austenitising temperature: 10001025C, normally
1020C. In case of bigger dimensions, use 1000C. Temper at least twice with intermediate cooling to room
Holding time: 30 minutes temperature. The lowest tempering temperature which
should be used is 525C. The minimum holding time at
Protect the part against decarburisation and oxidation. temperature is 2 hours.
Tempering graph
62
Austenitising temperature 1000C
60 15
Hardness
58
56 10
54
52 5
Retained austenite
50
48
500 520 540 560 580 600C
Tempering temperature
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CALDIE
CCT graph
Austenitising temperature 1025C. Holding time 30 minutes.
C
1100 Austenitising temperature 1020C
Holding time 30 minutes
1000
900
AC = 870C
f
800 AC = 805C
s
Carbides
Pearlite
700
600
500
Cooling Hardness T800-500
400 Curve No. HV 10 (sec)
Bainite
1 824 2
300 2 813 140
3 803 280
200 4 803 1030
MS 5 792 1596
6 690 2325
100 7 525
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 5215
Martensite 7
8 464 13850
1 10 100 Hours
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CALDIE
Machining recommendations
The cutting data below are to be considered as guiding MILLING
values and as starting points for developing your own
best practice. Face and square shoulder milling
Cutting speed
(vc) 160 - 200 110 - 140 60 - 90 Face grinding segments A 24 GV A 36 GV
m/min
Cylindrical grinding A 60 KV A 60 KV
Feed (f)
0.05 - 0.152 0.10 - 0.252 0.15 - 0.252
mm/r Internal grinding A 46 JV A 60 IV
1 Drill with interntal cooling channels and brazed carbide tip
2 Depending on drill diameter Profile grinding A 100 KV A 120 KV
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CALDIE
Preheating
200 - 250C 200 - 250C
temperature1
Surface treatment
Caldie TIG-Weld
Tool steels may be given a surface treatment in order to UTP A696 UTP 69
Filler material
reduce friction and increase wear resistance. The most UTP ADUR600 UTP 67S
commonly used treatments are nitriding and surface UTP A73G2 UTP 73G2
coating with wear resistant layers produced via PVD or
CVD. Maximum interpass
350C 350C
temperature2
The high hardness and toughness together with a good
dimensional stability makes Caldie suitable as a substrate 20 - 40C/h for the first two hours
Post weld cooling
and then freely in air
steel for various surface coatings.
Hardness after
54 - 62 HRC 55 - 62 HRC
welding
NITRIDING AND NITROCARBURISING
Nitriding and nitrocarburising result in a hard surface Heat treatment after welding
layer, which is very resistant to wear and galling.
Hardened
Temper at 510C for 2 h
The surface hardness after nitriding is approximately condition
10001200 HV0,2kg. The thickness of the layer should be
chosen to suit the application in question. Soft annealed Soft anneal according to the Heat
condition treatment recommendation.
PVD
1 Preheating temperature must be established throughout the die and must be
Physical vapour deposition, PVD, is a method of maintained for the entire welding process, to prevent weld cracking
2 The temperature of the tool in the weld area immediately before the second
applying a wear-resistant coating at temperatures and subsequent pass of a multiple pass weld. When exceeded, there is a
risk of distortion of the tool or soft zones around the weld.
between 200500C.
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The deslagging unit removes oxygen-rich slag. Then deoxidation, alloying and
heating of the steel bath are carried out in the ladle furnace. Vacuum degassing
removes elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur.
ESR PLANT
In uphill casting, a controlled flow of molten steel from the ladle filled the prepared
moulds, and solidifies into ingots.
Subsequently, the steel can go directly to our rolling mill or to the forging press.
Our premium steel grades go to our ESR furnace, where they are melted once again
in an electroslag remelting process. This is done by melting a consumable electrode
immersed in an overheated slag bath. Controlled solidification in the steel bath
results in an ingot of high homogeneity, thereby removing macrosegregation. Melting
under a protective atmosphere gives an even better steel cleanliness.
HOT WORKING
From the ESR plant, the steel goes to the rolling mill or to our forging press to be
formed into round or flat bars.
Prior to delivery, all bar materials are heat treated to either soft annealed condition,
or hardened and tempered condition.
MACHINING
Before putting into stock, flat bar profiles are machined to the required size and
exact tolerance. Whilst larger round dimensions are turned in lathe, where the
steel bars rotate against a stationary cutting tool. Peeling is performed on smaller
round dimensions via cutting tools that revolve around the bars for removal of
surface defects.
To safeguard the quality and integrity of our tool steels, we perform surface inspection
and ultrasonic testing on all bars. We then cut off and discard the bar ends and any
defects that are found during inspection.
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Choosing the right steel is of vital importance. ASSAB engineers
and metallurgists are always ready to assist you in your choice of
the optimum steel grade and the best treatment for each application.
ASSAB not only supplies steel products with superior quality, we offer
state-of-the-art machining, heat treatment and surface treatment
services to enhance steel properties to meet your requirement in the
shortest lead time. Using a holistic approach as a one-stop solution
provider, we are more than just another tool steel supplier.