Professional Documents
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ISSN 1410-9530 print / ISSN 1979-570X online
Semarang; INDONESIA.
*Corresponding author; e-mail: b.suryanto@hw.ac.uk 3
Note: Discussion is expected before June, 1st 2016, and will be Figure 1. (a) Shear failure in a reinforced concrete beam
published in the Civil Engineering Dimension volume 18, number containing no shear reinforcement; (b) shear failure in a
2, September 2016. reinforced concrete beam with improper shear detailing;
Received 10 December 2015; revised 23 December 2015; accepted and (c) typical flexural failure. Note the large residual
29 December 2015 deflection sustained by the beam shown at the bottom
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
1
2
To provide insights into the response of shear-critical
reinforced concrete beams, this study presents 3 an
assessment of the response of such beams to an 552
established theory called the Modified Compression
4
L
Field Theory (MCFT) [8] by using a simplified 220
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
Figure 3. Cross-section Details of Vecchio and Shim Beams [13]. This Schematic Diagram was Prepared using Response-
2000 Software [9].
Response-2000 has a user-friendly interface, allowing Standard National Indonesia (SNI 2847:2013)
users to quickly define the geometrical and mecha-
nical properties of a beam under study and input the The SNI 2847:2013 is the building standard used in
details of reinforcement and load configuration Indonesia for structural design of concrete structures
within a short time. Figure 4 shows an example of [12]. This standard supersedes the SNI 03-2847-
input data for Beam A1. The time required for 1992 [15] and has become the mandatory code of
preparing similar input data is less than 30 minutes practice for design and construction of reinforced
on average. It then takes less than 5 seconds to concrete buildings in Indonesia. The standards have
perform the sectional and full member analyses, adopted the requirements specified in the ACI
with an Intel Core i5-4200U 2.3GHz computer 318M-11[16].
with 4GB memory.
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
Beam B2
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
Figure 5. Typical Member Response Outputs: (a) Curvature Over Half of the Beam Span; (b) The Corresponding
Deflection Profile; (c) Shear Strain Distribution; (d) Load versus Deflection Response; and (e) Crack Patterns.
during the subsequent loading stages. All cracks reinforcement arrangements. The first row presents
appear to have fully formed at Loading Stage 10. the results of beams with no transverse reinfor-
Between Loading Stages 10 and 15, it appears that cement, which is then followed by the results of those
the flexural cracks open further and new diagonal with transverse reinforcement. The first, second and
cracks form close to the load point and support. At third columns present the results of the 3.7 m, 4.6 m,
the peak load (Loading Stage 20), the critical and 6.4 m long beams, respectively. The experi-
diagonal shear crack is predicted to have a crack mental data are presented at selected points only for
width of 1.9 mm which compares reasonably well to comparative purposes; for full load-deflection res-
the crack width found experimentally. ponse, please refer to Vecchio and Shim [13]. Also
included in the Figures are the predicted shear
All Beams capacities according to SNI 2847:2013. The predicted
crack patterns are shown in Figure 7, with the half
To check the accuracy of Response-2000, Figure 6 span crack diagrams mirrored to enhance presen-
presents the predicted response of all beams. Each tation. The predicted crack diagrams are in agree-
row presents the response of beams with notionally ment with the experimental crack patterns reported
identical geometry and span, but with different in Vecchio and Shim [13].
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
Figure 6. Comparison of Simulated and Observed Load-deflection Response of Twelve Reinforced Concrete Beams Tested
under Three-point Loading by Vecchio and Shim [13]. For Full Load-deflection Response, One Shall Refer to Vecchio and
Shims Work [13].
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
With regard to the Response-2000 predictions shown providing reasonable predictions of the load-
in Figure 6, it is evident that in general, the deflection responses of the beams up to the peak
predicted responses closely replicate the experi- load. However, the response near the peak is not
mental responses. Each beam is predicted to exhibit well reproduced. In particular, Response-2000 tends
an initial linear-elastic response, which is then to under-estimate the ductility of the longer beams
followed by a transitional nonlinear response and a (Beams A3, B3, and C3). Nevertheless, as far as the
final somewhat linear response until the peak load. prediction of load capacity is concerned (e.g. as
This agreement is indeed impressive considering the required from the design point of view), this is still
complexity of the actual response resulting from the acceptable.
formation of concrete cracks and the propagation of
pre-existing cracks thereby decreasing the overall From the results presented in Figures 6(a)-(l), a
stiffness of the beam. comparison can also be made to the accuracy of SNI
2847:2013. For ease of observation, Figure 8 provides
With reference to the response of beams without web a summary of all predictions. It was assumed in the
reinforcement (Beams OA1, OA2, and OA3; Figure analysis that only the failed volume of the beam
6(a)-(c)), it is evident that Response-2000 underes- contributed to the beam self-weight (for simplicity,
timates the actual beam capacity quite significantly. this was taken as a half the self-weight). As can be
This can be attributed to the fact that the response of seen, the SNI design code tends to underestimate the
these beams is mainly governed by diagonal tension load-capacity of beams with no transverse reinfor-
failure. The actual failure occurred due to rapid cement (Beams OA1, OA2, and OA3). The average of
propagation of the diagonal crack along the top layer the predicted-to-observed shear capacity ratio for the
of tension steel to the end of the beam [13] similar to code is 0.73 and the coefficient of variation (CoV) is
that presented earlier in Fig. 1(a). This localized 6.9%. This compares favorably to Response-2000
crack behavior departs from the condition on which prediction ratios which have a mean of 0.68 and a
the material models incorporated in the program CoV of 9.2%, indicating that both methods are
were derived, thereby leading to the inaccuracy. For conservative.
this reason, Vecchio proposed the residual tension
concept [18] and the crack-shear slip formulation In beams with transverse reinforcement, the average
[19,20]. ratio of predicted-to-observed shear strength for SNI
2847:2013 and Response-2000 are 1.02 and 0.96,
Comparing the predicted and observed response of with CoV values of 14.1% and 5.7%, respectively.
other beams with web reinforcement (Beams A1-A3, While both predictions show a mean value close to
B1-B3, and C1-C3; see Figures 6(d)-(l)), it can be 1.0, the code prediction shows higher CoV which
seen that the Response-2000 program is capable of indicates greater margin of error. The main limi-
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Suryanto, B. et al. / Predicting the Response of Shear-critical Reinforced Concrete Beams / CED, Vol. 18, No. 1, March 2016, pp. 1624
tation of the code prediction can be particularly seen 4. Response-2000 program is found to be a quick
from the over-estimated load-capacity of the long- and reliable analysis tool for determining the
span beams (Beams A3, B3, and C3). An explanation shear strength, load-deformation response and
as to the cause of this discrepancy warrants further failure mode of reinforced concrete beams con-
investigation. Further research will also be carried taining shear reinforcement. However, it should
out to use Response-2000 to study factors that be noted that it remains the responsibility of the
influence shear strength. structural engineer to interpret the post-pro-
cessing output and design the structural element
in question.
Acknowledgements
References
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