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EE 201 RC transient 1
Solving a circuit with transient changes
1. Determine the DC voltages on the capacitors before the change
occurs. These may be given, or you may have to solve for them from
the original configuration.
2. Let the change occur instantaneously at time t = 0. The capacitors
will maintain their voltages into the instant just after the change.
(Recall: capacitor voltage cannot change instantaneously.)
3. Analyze the circuit using standard methods (node-voltage, mesh-
current, etc.) Since capacitor currents depend on dvc/dt, the result
will be a differential equation.
4. Solve the differential equation, using the capacitor voltages from
before the change as the initial conditions.
5. The resulting equation will describe the charging (or discharging) of
the capacitor voltage during the transient and give the final DC value
once the capacitor is fully charged (or discharged).
In practice, we will solve only one circuit and try to understand it
completely. Then, when we encounter other circuit configurations, we
will make those fit the prototype.
EE 201 RC transient 2
Simple RC circuit transient (physics)
+ vR
ic
VS R +
Vf + C vc
Vi
t=0
= ln =
()
()= exp
=
EE 201 RC transient 4
()= exp
At t = 0, vc = Vi, as expected.
Finally, note that the equation works just as well for discharging as it
does for charging. In the example, we used Vf > Vi, but that was never
a requirement in the derivation of the equation.
EE 201 RC transient 5
+ vR
ic
VS R 5 k! +
6V
Vf + C vc
2V
Vi 1 F
t=0
7! 1!
6!
0.8!
5!
0.6!
4!
vc (V)!
ic (mA)!
3!
0.4!
2!
0.2!
1!
0! 0!
-5! 0! 5! 10! 15! 20! 25! -5! 0! 5! 10! 15! 20! 25!
t (ms)! t (ms)!
1. For t < 0, if the capacitor has some charge, it will have an initial
voltage, vc(t < 0) = Vi . Also, ic = 0.
2. At t = 0, the switch closes. The capacitor maintains its value, vc(0) = Vi.
The capacitor current abruptly jumps to
()=
()= exp
EE 201 RC transient 7
RC time constant
The decay is characterized by a time constant, = RC.
(Check the units.)
If R = 1k and C = 1 F, = RC = 1 ms.
If R = 1k and C = 1 nF, = RC = 1 s.
If R = 100 and C = 10 pF, = RC = 1 ns.
EE 201 RC transient 8
Rise/fall times
Non-zero transition times for voltages or currents are typical in circuits.
There isnt necessarily a resistor, but there is always some capacitance
or inductance present somewhere. There are a couple of commonly
accepted definitions for rise/fall times.
3 3
v (V)
v (V)
2 2
1 / 1
0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
t t
If RC circuit / = . = .
EE 201 RC transient 9
+ vR
Example ic
VS R 2 k! +
5V 0V +
Vi C vc
Vf
10 nF
t=0
In the RC circuit above, VS abruptly changes value from Vi = 5 V to Vf =
0 (essentially shorted out) at t = 0. Assume that the source was at Vi for
a very long time before t = 0. Find the expression for the capacitor
voltage as a function of time. Find the time at which vc = 1 V.
Note that this is exactly the same situation as the previous example Vf
= 0, so the capacitor simply discharges through the resistor. We can
write the capacitor voltage equation directly.
()= exp
= = =
ln ( ) ln
EE 201 RC transient 11
R1 5 k! R3 6.67 k!
Example 3
V2
V1 15 V + V R2 10 k!
C 250 nF
S
6V
t=0
In the RC circuit above, VS abruptly changes value from V1 to V2 at t =
0. Find the expression for the capacitor voltage as a function of time.
We could write a couple of loop or node equations, slash through some
of algebra, and then solve the resulting differential equation. But instead
we will use the Thevenin equivalent to make the circuit fit our equation.
R1 R3 R 10 k!
Th
= =
+
+ R2
VS VTh + C
= + =
t < 0, Vi = 0.667V1 = 4 V.
t 0, Vf = 0.667V2 = 10 V. ()= [ ] exp
.
RC = (10 k!)(250 nF) = 2.5 ms.
EE 201 RC transient 12
Example 4 R1 500 !
t=0
b a
VS + IS1 R2 C + R3 IS2
vc
50 V 0.1 A 125 ! 2 F 25 ! 0.2 A
In the circuit above, the switch has been in position a for a very long
time. At t = 0, it abruptly switches to position b. Find the expression
for the capacitor voltage as a function of time.
VS + IS1 R2 C +
vc
50 V 0.1 A 125 ! 2 F
C +
VTh + vc
RC = 200 s
20 V 2 F
The capacitor starts at 5
()= exp V and charges to 20 V
with a time constant of
= [ ] exp 200 s.
EE 201 RC transient 14
To study:
1. Work through the solution to the differential equation (slide 4) and
make sure that you understand it thoroughly.
2. Try to find the solution to Example 3 without using the Thevenin
equivalent. It can be done.
3. For the example shown on slide 6, calculate the capacitor charge
before and after the transient. Then integrate the current equation
and show that everything balances.
4. For the example shown on slide 6, calculate the capacitor energy
before and after the transient. Calculate the total energy delivered by
the source during the transient. Show that everything balances.
(Dont forget about the power consumed in the resistor.)
5. For example 3, show that all of the energy stored in the capacitor is
dissipated in the resistor during the discharge transient.
6. In example 4, determine the capacitor voltage function if the switch
stays in position b for a long time and flips to position a.
EE 201 RC transient 15