Contents

I.EarHistology............................................................................2
II.EyeHistology...........................................................................2
III.CrossSectionalAnatomy.........................................................3
IV.MusclesofMouth,Throat,andDeepNeck.............................3
V.TheTongue..............................................................................4
VI.EyeandEarMuscles................................................................4
VII.NasalCavity..............................................................................4

QuestionBreakdown
1. Histology(6) 6. Grossanatomymaterial(13)
Ear3 Eye3
Eye3 Ear1
2. Xray1 Pharynx2
3. Crosssections2 Mouth1
4. Bones4(knowthecranialvault) Larynx2
5. Comprehensivematerial(4) Deepneck3
Upperextremity2 Cranialvault1
Lowerextremity2

Emptinessisasymptomthatyouarenotlivingcreatively.Youeither
havenogoalthatisimportantenoughtoyou,oryouarenotusing
yourtalentsandeffortsinstrivingtowardanimportantgoal.

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TableI
Images
Hel=helicotrema,spiralgangliaatcenter
TableII
Layer Description
Posterior5/6ofeye
Sclera Maintainssize/shape
Attachmentformm.
Anterior1/6ofeye
Avascular,colorless,
transparentdueto
uniquefibrous
Cornea
arrangementandfluid
efflux
Refractile
extendsfromthe
angleoftheanterior
Iris
chamberpartially
coveringthelens
anteriorexpansionof
thechoroidthatliesat
Ciliarybody theinnersurfaceof
theanteriorportionof
thesclera
Highlyvascularized
Richinfibroblasts,
macrophages,
Choroid
lymphocytes,mast&
plasmacells,collagen
&elasticfibers
posteriorportion
(photosensitive)
anteriorportion
Retina (notphotosensitive)
innerliningofciliary Innerplexiformlayer
body,posterioriris
Lens Refractile
NervousSystemPracticalExamIITables byDMFA
EarHistology Lecture20(Dr.Sheedlo)andDissector3.4
Structure Function
Scalatympani Containsperilymph,transmitssoundwavesSVtoroundwindow
Scalavestibuli Containsperilymph,transmitssoundwavesfromstapes/ovalwindowtoST
Helicotrema Atapexofcochlea,communicatesbetweenSVandST
SeparatesSTfromcochlearduct;distortedbysoundwaveswhichmechanically
Basilarmembrane
stimulatesouterhaircellsofOrganofCorti
Vestibular(Reissners)membrane SeparatesSVfromcochlearduct
Cochlearduct
ContainsOrganofCortiandendolymph
(scalamedia)
OrganofCorti Specializedepithelialorganofhearing,restsonbasilarmembrane
Tectorialmembrane Extendsfromspirallimbus,restsonstereociliaofouterhaircells
Spirallimbus Attachedtocentralbonycoreofcochlea,proximalattachmentofbasilarmembrane
Spiralligament Thickeningofperiosteum,distalattachmentofbasilarmembrane
Supporttectorialmembrane with stereocilia,3rowsinbetweenoutertunnelandinner
OuterHairCells(OHC) tunnel,supportedbyouterphalangealcells
Mechanicalstimulationbybasilarmembranetransporteddownaxonstospiralganglion
Cochlear(spiral)ganglion Atmodiolus,containscochlearnervefibers
Innerhaircells
1row,separatesinnertunnelfrominnerspiralsulcus
(notlabeled)
EyeHistology Lecture19(Dr.Cammarata)andDissector3.4
Structure Description Images
Laminacribosa Posteriorexitofopticnerve,fenestratedmembrane
Tenonscapsule a.k.a.bulbarsheath,coversposteriorportion
CorneoscleraljunctioncontainingCanalofSchlemm
Limbus
whichdrainsaqueoushumorfromanteriorchamber
Nonkeratinized,stratified,squamous
Cornealepithelium 56cellsinthickness,continuousw/bulbarconjunctiva
+
MaintainstransparencybyNa dehydrationofstroma
Bowmansmembrane finecollagenfibrilscrossatrandom,nocells,~712m
bulkofthecornea,fewcells,collagenbundlesat90
Stroma
abundantgroundsubstancerichinchondroitinsulfate
Descemetsmembrane homogeneousstructureoffinecollagenfibrils,510m
Cornealendothelium Simplesquamous,maintainstransparencysameasepi
Anteriorsurface spongystroma: fibroblasts,collagenfibers,melanocytes
(schemaoflayers,
irisnotshown)
preventstraylightfrominterferingwithimage
Melanocytes
formation,eyecolor
Posteriorsurface basalsurfaceofposteriorcellsattacheslooselytolens
Dilatorpupillaem. anteriorlayerofcells atpost.surface,sympathetic
Sphincterpupillaem. constrictspupil,parasympathetic
ridgelikeextensionsfromwhichthezonulesemerge
activelytransportconstituentsofplasmaand
Ciliaryprocesses
synthesizedelementsintotheposteriorchamberas
aqueoushumor
Ciliarymuscle Controlslenscurvebyexertingtensionviathezonules
richinsmallbloodvessels
Choriocapillaris
providesnutritiontothesensoryretina
Thin,amorphous,hyaline
Bruchsmembrane
Separateschoriocapillarisfromretina
Cuboidal/columnar,basalnucleus
Retinalpigmentepith.
Vit.Ametabolism,growthfactorsecretion,structure
Photoreceptorlayer Cellbodiesinouternuclearlayer(ONL),rods&cones
Outerlimitingmembr. Mullercellprocesses&photoreceptorcellbodies
Outerplexiformlayer synapsesofphotoreceptor cells bipolarcells
Innernuclearlayer bodiesofMuller,bipolar,horizontal,amacrinecells
synapsesofbipolarcellsganglioncells
axonsoftheganglioncells,continuesignalgeneratedat Seealsoaboveforretinallayers
Nervefiberlayer
thephotoreceptorOStobrainsvisualcortex
Basementmembrane1020micronsthick
Lenscapsule
mainlyofcollagentypeIVandamorphousglycoproteins
Subcapsularepithelium simplecuboidal,onlypresentontheanteriorsurface
Elongate(710m),differentiated,derivedfromepith.
Lensfibercells
Losenucleiandorganelles,containcrystallineproteins
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TableIII CrossSectionalAnatomy Dissector3.4

TableIV MusclesofMouth,Throat,andDeepNeck Lecture21(Dr.Sheedlo)

Muscle Innervation Action
Palatoglossus PharyngealplexusofCNX Elevatestongue
Tongue

Styloglossus Hypoglossaln.(CNXII) Elevatesandretractstongue

Hyoglossus Hypoglossaln.(CNXII) Depressestongue
Genioglossus Hypoglossaln.(CNXII) Depressesandprotrudestongue
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Tensorvelipalatini CNV viaoticganglion Tenses softpalate
SoftPalate

Levatorvelipalatini PharyngealplexusofCNX Raisessoftpalate

Palatoglossus PharyngealplexusofCNX Elevatestongue (pullsrootoftongueupanddown)
Palatopharyngeus Hypoglossaln.(CNXII) Elevateswallofpharynx
Uvulamuscle Vagusnerve(CNX) Elevatesuvula
Geniohyoid Firstcervicalnerve Pullshyoidanterior
Floor

Mylohyoid Inferioralveolarnerve Elevateshyoidandfloor,depressesmandible

Ant.bellyofdigastricm. Nervetomylohyoid Depresses mandible
Pharyngealconstrictors PharyngealplexusofCNX Propelsbolusdownwards
Pharynx

Salpingopharyngeus Elevatespharynx
Palatopharyngeus PharyngealplexusofCNX Elevateswallofpharynx
Stylopharyngeus Glossopharyngealn.(CNIX) Elevateslarynxduringswallowing
Obliquearytenoid Recurrentlaryngealn. Narrowslaryngealinlet
Thyroepiglottic Recurrentlaryngealn. Widenslaryngealinlet
Cricothyroid Externallaryngealn. Tensesvocalcord
Larynx

Posteriorcricoarytenoid Recurrentlaryngealn. Abductsvocalcord

Lateralcricoarytenoid Recurrentlaryngealn. Adductsvocalcord
Transversearytenoid Recurrentlaryngealn. Adductsvocalcord
Thyroarytenoid Recurrentlaryngealn. Relaxesvocalcord
Vocalis Recurrentlaryngealn. Relaxesvocalcord
Anteriorscalene AnteriorramiofC4C6 Laterallyflexes&rotatestheneck,elevatesfirstrib
Middlescalene Anteriorramiofcervicalnn. Laterallyflexes&rotatestheneck,elevatesfirstrib
DeepNeck

Laterallyflexesvertebralcolumn,elevatessecond
Posteriorscalene Anteriorramiofcervicalnn.
rib
Longuscapitis C1C3spinalnerves Flexesheadanteriorly
Longuscolli C2C7spinalnerves Flexesneckanteriorly,slightlyrotatesneck

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TableV TheTongue Lecture21(Dr.Sheedlo)
Image Component Location Description
Midlinegroove(mediansulcus) Midline Dividestongueintoleftandrighthalves
Terminalsulcus At2/3posterior Dividestongueintoant.2/3&post.1/3
Foramencecum Root Embryologicalremnantofthyroglossalduct
Circumvallatepapillae Anterior2/3 Large,circularpapillae,clearlyvisible
Filliformpapillae Anterior2/3 Inmiddle1/3,smallandthin
Fungiformpapillae Anterior2/3 Closertoapex,shapedlikeamushroom
Undersurfaceepithelium Underneath(!) Nonkeratinized,stratified,squamous
Lingualn. Anterior2/3 Sensoryinnervation
ChordatympanibranchofCNVII Anterior2/3 Taste
Glossopharyngealn.(CNIX) Posterior1/3 Sensoryinnervation,taste

TableVI EyeandEarMuscles Various

Muscle Origin Insertion Action Innervation Notable
fibersinsertingintosuperiortarsal
oculomotorn.(III)
platearecalledsuperiortarsalmuscle
levatorpalpebrae apexoforbitabove skinandfasciaofuppereyelidand andsympathetics
elevatesuppereyelid andaresmoothmuscle;lesionofthe
superioris opticcanal superiortarsalplate (tosuperiortarsal
sympatheticsupplycausesslight
portion)
ptosis(droopingeyelid)
elevatesandadductsthe
commontendinousring scleraonsuperiorsurfaceof
rectus,superior eyeball;rotatessuperior IIIsuperiordivision
atapexoforbit eyeball
poleofirismedially
depressesandadducts
commontendinousring
rectus,inferior scleraoninferiorsurfaceofeyeball eyeball;rotatessuperior IIIinferiordivision
atapexoforbit
poleofirislaterally
commontendinousring
rectus,medial scleraonmedialsurfaceofeyeball adductseyeball IIIinferiordivision
atapexoforbit
commontendinousring
rectus,lateral scleraonlateralsurfaceofeyeball abductseyeball abducensn.(VI)
atapexoforbit
depressesandabductsthe
apexoforbitabove scleraonsuperiorsurfaceof passesthroughfibrocartilagenous
superioroblique eyeball;rotatesthesuperior trochlearn.(IV)
opticcanal eyeball,posteriorly pulleyknownastrochlea
poleoftheirismedially
elevatesandabducts
flooroforbitlateralto scleraoninferiorsurfaceof
inferioroblique eyeball;rotatessuperior IIIinferiordivision
lacrimalgroove eyeball,beneaththelateralrectus
poleofirislaterally
wallsofpyramidal entirelyenclosedinbone,exceptfor
stapedius neckofstapes dampensvibrationofstapes facialn.(VII)
eminence itstendon
cartilagenousauditory 3
dampensvibrationsofthe medialpterygoid V innervatesbothtensormuscles
tensortympani tube&greaterwingof manubriumofmalleus 3
tympanicmembrane branchofV (tympaniandvelipalatini)
sphenoidadjacenttoit

TableVII NasalCavity Lecture21(Dr.Sheedlo)

Tablesforradiology(1q)andthecranialvault(5qs)foundinDMFAsNervousSystemPracticalExamIReviewTables,tablesXVIXVIII,pp.79.Thats20%oftheexam!

Goacethetest!
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