To view the variation in STOIIP for each case, select it from the Show ‘volumetric button drop-down menu. Once shown in the Spreadsheet, ‘the cases according to rank and the elasest case to P50 is highlighted in green. The corresponding seed number and case can intenstvam set | now easy be found. By right-clicking onthe corresponding case inthe renee Cases pane, a Create workflow and Rerun workflow can be ‘spreadshont. performed. Py highlight it and press the %Percent ranks button, Petvel will now sort The P50 vols shawn inthe histogram does nat Extra: Workflow editor and Uncertainty Analysis course (2 days) + Workflow editor interface + Processes and Operations + Pre-defined workflows + Uncertainty and optimization + Integrated structural uncertainty Volume Calculation & Uncertainty Analysis - Exercises [A Volumes are calculated in the Volume calculation process. A pre- \iefined Contact set in the Make contacts process is used as input to the Volume calculation process. You will specify the input to be used and the type of output to generate (3D propartes, reports, maps ete. f you want to see the effect of different property models, than you should define several Volumetric ‘uns, each using different inputs; such as several realizations of properties or contacts. A report defined by you will be created after the process has been run, listing al of the volumes per zone, per segment and/or per facies. \Volume calculations can be performed using several hypotheses (Runs) in one operation. Running a volume calculation will create a case, stored in the Cases pane. The Results pane controls outputs and allows you to create filters for separating out data and to show the results of the Run ina plot window. This exercise covers how to run a volume calculation using the petrophysical property models we have made previously (SW, NvG and Porosity} and the use ofthe volume calculation case to perform a simple uncertainty analysis. Exercise Steps 1. Open the Processes pane>Utilities>Volume calculation process. Select Create new case and type a name (for example ‘Base Case’), Use the Exercise Model as Grid. 2. Inthe Properties>Contacts tab, toggle on only the Oil Hydrocarbon interval. 3. Insert the Oil water contact by selecting it from Exercise Model > Fluid contacts > Contact set > Oil water contact, and pushing the blue button in the Contacts tab (see figure below) 58> Vln tc ratios Fegan "Wane atin BsVolume calculation tose Pe 4 In the Properties>Gen. Properties tab, specify the N/S (NtG_cont_synt(1}U)) and Porosity (PHI_SGS(1}(U)}, properties from your model. Note that all ofthe properties that you select should be populated in the 30 grid previous! ss [EB SoBe 96) 9G NG_con oni (U) iy | @[@ Pesos) 5 [dd Conace Gen Foe ‘Salons nC rterval(eourert RE popes ae cry shown coped si) da a ii si Surlace contion: unis defined m the respecne Templates willbe used) Bl R,| i Reanepieder a gC ‘+ ne Calon Utzon eas [OB pope im Constant propety ___ #io- fa 5 Mo-i@ in the Properties>Oil Properties tab, specify the Sw property (SW. sec. data}, set Ba ta 1.19 and leave all the ther constants as default. Diop [Gas pops Caner component @o-bmjo a figjH-1ss0 © @ 49-2 log onary Maing ‘6. Optionally, in the Results>Output tab you can specify which properties and volume maps you would like to generate, as well as how you want to set up the Report format. a) Select Make spreadsheet report. ') Toggle on only HEPY ail and STOIP as properties to make. c|In Report settings>Report tab>Cases tab tougle only Bulk, Net and Pore Volume in addition to HPV Oil and STOMP. In the Format tab select only Z 7. Leave all the other settings as default, press Apply and R button to perform the volume calculation 8. Check the volume report in the Output she calculation case is stored in the Cases pane. You can run several cases using the different property models {NtG, Porosity and Sw) or typing a constant value forthe properties. By inspecting the resvits, you can understand how the various changes impact the volumetric resutt ‘The new volume Uncertainty analysis using the volume calculation ci For this simple case of uncertainty, we will just vary the SEED number for the NtG, Porosity and Sw models in the Petrophysical modeling process and define the number of realizations as 10, for example. It ‘means that we want to have a look at how much the STON varies if the properties vary, or simply compare different case outputs. The Uncertainty process will generate 10 volume calculation cases with 10 different realizations of NtG, Porosity and Sw properties. Exercise Steps 1. Open the Processes pane>Utilities>Uncertainty and ‘optimization process. Select Create new case and type @ name (e.g use default ‘Uncertainty and optimization 1’) 2. Inthe Base case tab insert the case by selecting the volume calculation case from the Cases pane pressing the blue arrow button Inthe process dialog window all processes involved in ‘the 3D grid (depth) building and volume calculation case will appear 3. Inthe Uncertainty and optimization process > Base case ‘ab, double-click on the Petraphysical modeling processes Fry Nod ‘Ware Cal Une‘for the NtG, Porosity and Sw properties to define a global ‘SEED variable as SSEED. Click on OK to close the processes. Geta a) eats atl cacao ee Nader stings (eats | Pill ia “ae GRE) ot nero) MV) >) GS) Gas wes Ble) Els & 4. After the SEED variable is defined, in the workflow window the $SEED variable will appear together with the process where itas been declared, as shown in the figure below. In the Variables tab, type a value forthe Seed variable: {Wana Caan 8 Ucar oss Popa We 6. Inthe Uncertainty tab define the No. of samples as 10, click Test and Run buttons. ) Laiypercubesaneing a 1 orhogons nay sing @ 7. Goto the Cases pane, anew folder is yenerated called Uncertainty and optimization 1. In this folder there are 10, volume calculation cases from the uncertainty analysis. 8 Open a new Histogram window and select the 10 cases to compare. 9, Goto the Result pane and select the STOMP property. 10. In the Histogram window>Function bar press the Show apy Maan mi ‘la aeton & UnaUse of realizations n to show the cumulative distribution c in the histogram. In the Histogram window you can visualize the P10, PSO and P90 cases, Petrophysical modeling realizations: Earlier we looked at Go to the Cases pane>Uncertainty and optimization 1 generating Realizations directly from Petrophiysical modeling. This will folder > RMB and select the option Show variables create multiple, equally probable outputs (with unique seed numbers) ‘spreadsheet. inthis new window you can see the variable which are stored in the Properties folder (suffixed with realization values and results for each case. Press the Show volum numbers), However, these are not necessatily used further but can be button and select STOMP, it wil be added tothe table, suitable as visual check for areas of high/low uncertainty. The Mauss arithmetic mean can give you some idea of the trend/highest accumulation in the data, but the mean has no seed number to be re-generated, so it cannot be used as a Base case in Uncertainty analysis. Uncertainty realizations: Inthe Uncertainty process however, the seed number can be varied and we get a direct measure ofthe impact ‘of the seed on volume results (other paremeters can of course also be varied, Ifthe uncertainty is low and we have good well coverage, the variation in volume will not be too high. If only a few wells are available, the impact of varying the seed will have a bigger impact on ‘the volumes. The P50 case can easily be found and also the P10. and 12, Press the STOP column in the Spreadsheet to highlight it 90 cases can be found and re-generated. The physical property can be (gray) then press the %Percent ranks button to rank the ‘generated and visualized through the automatically set up workflow. In the end, the Reservoir Engineers may want a PEO case to play with in Prediction or History matching, and they can again create their own realizations in eg, the ECLIPSE simulator (also integrated in Perel). The case closest to P50 is highlighted in green. The smallest value do ‘not correspond to 50% because the computation assumes a distribution, not just a discrete set ‘ome Caro Ucn ais i aan Una al oar dig "Whine Cibo OaSummary In this module, the Property models generated throughout the course Module 18 - Case Study were used to give a numerical input for simple static volume 7 calculation, and to assess uncertainty. Also, a short introduction to the Volume calculation and Uncertainty and optimization processes were given. Porosity Modeling using an Acoustic Impedance cube as secondary information This module covers the workflow of how to use an Acoustic Impedance cube as secondary data for Property modeling, We will use a different data set, including seismic data, with an Acoustic Impedance cube. The exercises will also cover a testing phase using various 3D grids with cifferent resolutions to test the relationship between impedance log {high frequency) and resampled seismic (low frequency) Prerequisites To successfully complete this module, the user must have knowledge ot the following ‘© Familiarity with Geostatistics Fundamentals ‘© Familiarity with Geophysics Fundamentals ‘© Familiarity with Reservoir Modeling ‘© Petre Introduction Learning Objectives The purpose of this topic isto give the participant a general Understanding of how to use an Acoustic Impedance Cube as a secondary data for porosity modeling, At the completion of this training, you will be abe to: ‘© Generate new 30 grids by copying over relevant zones, re-layer and re-upscale data, ‘+ Use Acoustic impedance to correlate for possible Co-kriging/ Simulation and quality check '* Make Porosity models based on porosity lags and seismic acoustic impedance information aime rain tae Ras aan enter ——-‘aca 0 gy tare Case Study Crossplot Impedance log vs. Porosity log Case Study Initial Analysis Problem: Primary attribute not sampled in the entire 3D grid. Solution: 1. Check whether seismic acoustic impedance cube correlates with primary attribute. 2. Extract the variogram model parameters from secondary attribute 3. Use secondary attribute in collocated co-simulation Case Study Check Relationship between Impedance log and the Property Case Study Crossplot impedance Log vs. VCL Log Basic assumption: Does a relationship exists between the Log (Imp) and the Seismic property (Al)? This needs to be tested: ‘© For each well calculate an impedance log from sonic and density logs ‘@ Make a crossplot between the impedance log and the reservoir property log => Ino density logis available use the sonic log instead of the impedance log for the ‘crossplot > If this test fails the Al cube cannot be used as secondary input for the property modeling oveCase Study Limited Seismic Resolution Case Study Resampling of Al Cube into 3D Grid The layer thickness of the model should be guided by the vertical variogram range of the log data. However the layer thickness may have an effect on the relationship between the resampled Al and the upscaled log data (introduction of ‘noise’ with decreasing layer thickness). This needs to be checked! ‘oper Hedin Case Study Influence of Layer thickness Upscaied Imp log - Resampled Al relationship lj sh in 53) FI Resampled Seismic Al|_————> ‘Smaller layer thickness reduces correlation Case Study Influence of Layer thickness Upscaled PHI log ~ Resampled Al relationship Upscaled Porosity Log Resampled Seismic Al. —————+ Layer Tsien @ sn Bon Ain Smaller layer thickness reduces correlation aay MoiMs Gae Such Case Study Seismic Al and Porosity Relationship by Zone i eames 2 Depth Seismic in the Input pane. 3, Display the wells and the Impedance log inthe 30 window. Compare them with the sections of the impedance cube that are clase to the wells. To see the logs mare easily against the Intersections, draw log as 30 pipe (log>Siyle tab) 4. Open the 30 grid GEO1 Reference. Rigit-ick on the Intersections folder anc create a General Intersection, toggle the blue button the lower left part of the Petrel ‘window and select the Horizons and Faults to be displayed. Scroll through the model 5. The reservoir is given by the zones ‘lem’, ‘aeo’ and ‘wat’ 8. The Acoustic Impedance cube is already sampled into this, model (the property Al (realized!) Also, cisplay this on the General Intersection plane and scroll through the model. Push ‘he button Align plane horizontally BB atte baton of the Petrel window and scroll through the model, You will Quickly spot the sandy tres) parts of the reservoir (lem-aeo- wat}. Calculate an acoustic impedance log for each well ‘An acoustic impedance log (imp) to be used in the following exercise will be calculated using the well log calculator. The calculation is performed as a Global log forall three wells, using 1/Sonic (as velocity), Density and multiplicators for converting microseconds to seconds and feet to meters Exercise Steps, 41. Inthe Petre! Input pane, open the Wells folder and right-click on Global well logs to open the Calculator. 2. Define the settings according tothe figure: Oa iss. vara (tempts when ‘he id of ae ‘hipaa tho setings ro Ma “he Sani ii rescore dene icin gis poeta mot, ‘hnose amet the Bonus mo sepa Wasi ceCross plot impedance log against porosity log The following step is necessary to determine whether there is a relationship between the acoustic impedance log and the porosity log. Exercise Steps 1. Open a Fumetion window. 2. Inthe Wells folder, select the ‘phi_edt log (x-axis) and the new ‘Imp’ log (y-axis) from the Global well logs folder. ‘Toggle on each of the three wells to compare the difference. 3. Use the Log transform BB con or the y-axis (in the Function bar) 4. Check whether there is a (linear) relationship between these ‘two logs. Compare the relationship for high and low impedance values. phieat 5. Make a crossplot between the 'VCLI’ shale} log and the ‘imp log and check for a correlation using the Make Linear Function from Crossplot icon LES. This can only be done for one well at atime unless you make a crossplot using the Create Raw Crossplot icon ona Mg Check the model resolution In the following exercise, we will assume that we have just finished the structural model and have begun working on the property modeling. To set up ths situation we copy the structural part of the finalized 3D Grid "GEQ1 Reference” into a new 3D Grid and give it the name “Training Exercise Steps 4, Inthe 30 grid GEO1 Reference go to Zones filter and deselect the zone ‘rot’ 2, Open the Setting of GEO1 Reference. Select the Output tab ‘anid set the parameters as shown in the figure. Push the button Copy global grid. A new 30 yc is made called Part of GEO ‘1 Relerence’ Frege ing