Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Summer 2010 3
standard contained provisions for resisting wind of the Wood Frame Construction Manual (WFCM) for
loads only, and it did not address other design con- One- and Two-Family Dwellings (Figure 4), based on
siderations such as earthquake, flood, or gravity all gravity, snow, seismic, and wind loads specified
loads. An update of that standard was published in by the first edition of the IBC (2000). Supplying both
1999. engineering criteria as well as prescriptive framing
A comprehensive stan- tables and diagrams, the WFCM complimented pre-
dard encompassing all scriptive framing provisions of the IRC and was refer-
structural loadings for enced by that code for buildings in high wind re-
buildings in high wind re- gions, and was also adopted by certain states in the
gions was needed. As a re- south as mandatory for wood frame residential con-
sult, SSTD-10 has since struction in high wind zones.
been succeeded by the The 2001 WFCM does not contain provisions for
ICCs Standard for Residen- walls designed to resist combined shear and uplift;
tial Construction in High- however, ICC 600 and the 2001 WFCM are formatted
Wind Regions, ICC 600 so that shear walls resisting combined uplift and
(Figure 3), published in shear can be used in conjunction with the prescribed
2008. loads in WFCM. Efforts are being made to incorporate
Prior to publication of Figure 3. ICCs Stan- prescriptive shear wall designs into the 2012 edition
the ICC 600 standard, the dard for Residential of the WFCM, which will contain tables for combined
Institute for Business and Construction in High- shear and uplift wood structural panel walls for each
Home Safety (IBHS) pub- Wind Regions, ICC wind region.
lished a version of the 600, published in
SSTD-10 standard that 2008. Progression of Provisions
broadened the application
to more coastal areas of the Uplift capacity tables for wood structural panel
southeast U.S. with higher wind speeds than origi- sheathing or siding when used for both shear and
nally addressed in SSTD-10, as a stop-gap for use in uplift in the ICC 600 standard are identical to its
the state of Florida, in cooperation with ICC. predecessor, SSTD-10. However, the newer ICC 600
The concept of using wood structural panel shear standard directly references prescriptive tables in the
walls to resist uplift forces had been incorporated WFCM for selection of initial shear wall design and
into the SSTD-10 standard, the determination of uplift pressures, naming the ap-
and later into ICC-600 with propriate WFCM tables in the text. In addition, speci-
few changes. Incorporation of fications for anchor bolt spacing, and washer dimen-
these provisions in SDPWS sions and installation details, are provided in ICC 600
completes the codification (and subsequently in the 2008 SDPWS) require-
with some modification to the ments that became necessary when the results of full-
earlier provisions. This will scale testing showed the occurrence of excessive
now serve as the basis for cross-grain bending of the bottom plate under com-
continued development of bined loading.
prescriptive provisions for Specific provisions for the transfer of uplift forces
combined shear/uplift resis- across horizontal joints in the sheathing were new in
tance. SDPWS. Whereas SSTD-10 and ICC 600 required
In 1995, AWC (previously Figure 4. In 2001, horizontal joints to occur over framing members,
the American Forest & Paper AWC published the there was no specific guidance for certain common
Association) published the national version of circumstances, such as joints occurring at mid-story
first version of the Wood the Wood Frame over blocking between studs. Section 4.4.1.7 of
Frame Construction Manual Construction Manual SDPWS requires that where horizontal joints occur
(WFCM-SBC), a comprehen- (WFCM) for One- over blocking between studs (as opposed to other
sive, engineered, and pre- and Two-Family horizontal framing members such as a floor band
scriptive standard for wood Dwellings, based on joist), nailing at the studs above and below the joint
frame construction based on all gravity, snow, must be designed to transfer uplift across the joint.
high wind loads specified in seismic, and wind Alternatively, use of sheathing tension splices in con-
the 1994 Standard Building loads specified by junction with blocking is permitted with certain con-
Code (SBC). In 2001, AWC the first edition of ditions. See Figures 5a, b, and c on pages 5 and 6.
published the national version the IBC (2000).
Whereas SSTD-10 and ICC 600 assume ASD de- Overview of combined shear and uplift
sign methods, the uplift capacity table in SDPWS provisions in the SDPWS
(Table 1, page 7) shows nominal values that must be
modified by the ASD reduction factor or the LRFD Requirements for wood structural panels designed
resistance factor. Footnote adjustments to table val- to resist combined shear and uplift from wind include
ues accounting for wood species are indicated by the following (see Section 4.4.1 of the SDPWS for
ranges of specific gravities in the SDPWS, whereas complete details):
species group designations, defined in accordance x wood structural panels must have a minimum
with the NDS, were used in SSTD-10 and retained in thickness of 7/16-inch
ICC 600. x all horizontal joints must occur over framing
members or blocking
Testing x sheathing is attached at top plate and bottom
or sill plates of walls
Consideration of panel nailing for resisting com- x anchor bolts must have a maximum spacing of
bined uplift and shear had been used by engineering 16 inches and be designed to resist combined
analysis and appeared in early editions of SSTD-10 wind shear and uplift; washers are a mini-
prior to any formal testing. Testing was encouraged mum size of 0.229 x 3 x 3 inches, extending
by IBHS in order to substantiate retention of the pro- to within -inch of the bottom plate edge on
visions during an update of the standard prior to the sheathed side
2005. One wood structural panel manufacturer, Nor- x sheathing splices must occur at designed hori-
bord, had conducted initial testing at the National zontal members or blocking designed for
Association of Homebuilders Research Center, and in shear transfer, or a tension splice of the same
2006, with APA-The Engineered Wood Association, thickness and grade as the sheathing must be
entered jointly into an additional testing program at provided
Clemson University. Testing substantiated the con- x in general, 3-inch single row spacing or 6-inch
cept and design methodology, but some adjustments double row spacing of fasteners at panel edges
were necessary in regard to specifications for anchor is required, with minimum clearances to panel
bolt installation, in order to provide for resistance of edges
cross-grain bending of bottom plates, as mentioned x uplift forces on framing around window and
above. door openings must be addressed by the use
Summer 2010 5
Figure 5B. AWCs Special Design Provision for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS), 2008 Figure 4I.
Figure 5C. AWCs Special Design Provision for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS), 2008 Figure 4J.
Table 2. AWCs Special Design Provision for Wind and Seismic (SDPWS), 2008 Table 4.4.2.
of conventional uplift anchors at the sides of try. Once the uplift force is known, the designer can
openings. enter Table 4.4.1 of the SDPWS to find a wall with
the needed uplift capacity, verifying that the wall
Typically, the designer would choose a shear wall chosen has nailing that exceeds what is required for
design by conventional calculations or table methods shear design alone.
for the determined shear, and then determine uplift Uplift capacities in Table 4.4.1 must be modified
forces on the wall by calculation or using prescriptive by either the ASD reduction factor of 2.0, or the
methods from the WFCM, based on building geome-
Summer 2010 7
LRFD resistance factor of 0.65, depending on the de- Conclusion
sign method chosen.
This method also provides for the use of wood AWCs SDPWS now contains provisions for
structural panel walls designed to resist uplift alone wood structural panel shear walls designed to re-
(Section 4.4.2 of the SDPWS). A separate table sist shear and uplift simultaneously, and wind up-
(Table 2, page 7) gives uplift capacities when mini- lift alone. These provisions are based primarily on
mum 3/8-inch thick sheathing or siding is used. increased perimeter nailing of standard thickness
APA-The Engineered Wood Association has pub- wood structural panels to top and bottom plates,
lished design examples in APA System Report SR- and specific requirements for panel splices. Simi-
101B Design for Combined Shear and Uplift from Wind lar provisions appeared in the SSTD-10 and the
and Technical Note E510A Using Wood Structural ICC-600 standards for residential construction.
Panels for Combined Uplift and Shear Resistance. Deri- SDPWS provisions contain all necessary design
vation of values in SDPWS Table 4.4.1 can be found criteria to apply this methodology to any wood
in the commentary material at the back of the structure regulated by the ICC codes and designed
SDPWS standard. in accordance with provisions of the NDS. Design
examples are readily available on industry web-
Broadened Application sites.