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Abstract
Questions from designers periodically arise regarding The allowable tension capacity is calculated in accor-
application of provisions in the National Design Specifica- dance with provisions of 2001 NDS sections 3.1.2 and 3.8:
tion (NDS) for Wood Construction for multiple fastener
connections. This article looks at specific provisions in the Z NT = Ft A net [E.2-1]
NDS that have been clarified in the 2001 NDS to address de- where:
sign of multiple fastener joints. A new NDS appendix, Ap-
ZNT = allowable tension capacity of net section area
pendix E: Local Stresses in Fastener Groups, provides one de-
Ft = allowable tension design value parallel to
sign approach.
the grain
Introduction Anet = net section area per NDS 2001 3.1.2
In a fastener group composed of closely-spaced fasteners Row Tear-Out Capacity
loaded parallel to grain, the capacity of the fastener group Row tear-out describes tear-out of fastener rows through
may be limited by wood failure at the net section or tear-out the end of the member (Fig. 3). This may occur when fas-
around the fasteners caused by local stresses. More impor- teners are placed close to the end of the member and fasten-
tantly, wood failures can occur at relatively low capacities ers in the row are closely spaced.
when compared to the fastener strength. By increasing the
spacing between the fasteners as shown in Figure 1, higher
capacity can be achieved, even with fewer fasteners.
The newly released 2001 Edition of the National Design
Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction contains clarified
provisions for checking stresses in members at connections.
One method for determining these stresses is provided in
NDS Appendix E. All referenced sections and design values
used in sample solutions of the Appendix and this paper are
based on information in the 2001 NDS. However, concepts
outlined in 2001 NDS Appendix E are also applicable when
designing connections in accordance with prior editions of
the NDS.
NDS Appendix E provides detailed examples of allowable
stress checks for three failure modes:
net section tension capacity,
row tear-out capacity, and
group tear-out capacity.
nrow
Z RT = Z RT i
i= 1 [E.3-3]
where:
ZRT = allowable row tear out capacity of
multiple rows
nrow = number of rows
Winter 2002 9
Timber Rivets and
Small Diameter Fastener Connections
Tabulated nominal design values for timber rivet connec-
tions in NDS Chapter 13 account for local stress effects in
wood and do not require further modification by proce-
dures outlined in Appendix E. Further, limited evaluation of
connections with groups of smaller diameter fasteners,
such as typical nailed connections in wood-frame construc-
tion suggest that these connections may not be limited by
wood capacity.
Detailing Tips
Figure 5.Assumed induced shear distribution between bolts Modification of fastener placement within a fastener
in a row. group can be used to increase row tear-out and group
tear-out capacity limited by local stresses around the fas-
tener group. Increased spacing between fasteners in a row
provides good agreement with results from tests of bolted is one way to increase row tear-out and group tear-out ca-
connections. pacity. Increased spacing between rows of fasteners is one
way to increase group tear-out capacity.
Minimum Shear Area In a related issue, footnote 2 to 2001 NDS Table 11.5.1D
For calculation of row tear-out capacity and group tear- limits spacing between outer rows of fasteners paralleling
out capacity, use of the minimum shear area of any fastener the member on a single splice plate to 5 inches. This require-
in a row is based on the assumption that the smallest shear ment is imposed to limit local stresses resulting from shrink-
area between fasteners in a row will limit the capacity of the age of wood members. When special detailing is used to ad-
row of fasteners. Limited verification of this approach is dress shrinkage, such as the use of slotted holes, the 5-inch
provided from tests of bolted connections. limit can be adjusted.
1
t = 3 /8
Hole diameter, Dh = 1.0625
or 2.5
Figure E1.Staggered bolt example.
or 2.5
d = 12
srow = 2.5
1
d = 3 /2
Winter 2002 11
1
t = 1 /2
1
d = 3 /2
Scrit = 5.5
5.5 P = 2,730 lb. (See 2001 NDS Table 12.2A. For this trial de-
9
Hole diameter = /16 sign, the group action factor, Cg, is taken as 1.0)
Connection Capacity Limit States
Allowable Connection Capacity, nP:
2.92 Groove width = 0.18 nP = (2 split rings)(2,730 lb.) = 5,460 lb.
Allowable Net Section Area Tension Capacity, ZNT:
ZNT = FtAnet
ZNT = Ft(A2x4 Ahole Agroove)
2
1 2.92"
Aloaded end = (5.5")(2.92")+ = 19.41 ZNT = (825 psi)[5.25 in.2 1.5 in. (0.5625 in.) 1.1
2 2 in.2] = 2,728 lb.
Winter 2002 13