Magnet dan Medan Magnet

Hendra Setiawan
 Materi
Bahan magnetik
Gaya magnet
Garis gaya magnet
Gaya magnet
Hukum Ampere
Flux magnetik
Hukum Faraday
Hukum Lenz
Energi Magnet
Induktansi
What do we
already
know?
There are many legends that tell us
about the discovery of magnets.

One of the most common, is that of

an elderly shepherd named
Magnets, who was herding his sheep
in an area of Northern Greece
called Magnesia, about 4,000 years
ago.

It is said that both the nails in his

shoes and the metal tip of his staff
became firmly stuck to the large,
black rock on which he was
standing. This type of rock was later
named magnetite, after either
Magnesia or Magnets himself.
 bar magnet

doughnut magnet

horseshoe magnet
Material in a Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field H
M is Magnetization

M
Magnetic Susceptibility
H
1 p1 m M Magnetic Moment (m) per unit volume
H M
40 r 2 V

Type of Magnetism Susceptibility ()

Diamagnetism 105
Superconductor
1
(Perfect diamagnet)
Paramagnetism +103
Ferromagnetism + 102 105
 Magnetic Poles
The strength of a magnet is
Iron filings
concentrated at the ends,
called north and south poles
N
of the magnet.
S

W
A suspended magnet: N
S N
N-seeking end and S-
seeking end are N and S S N E
poles. Bar magnet Compass
Magnetic Attraction-Repulsion

N S
S N S N
S N
N S

Magnetic Forces:
Like Poles Repel Unlike Poles Attract
 Magnetic Field Lines
We can describe
magnetic field lines by
imagining a tiny
compass placed at N S
nearby points.

The direction of the

magnetic field B at any
point is the same as the Field B is strong where lines
direction indicated by are dense and weak where
this compass. lines are sparse.
Field Lines Between Magnets
Unlike poles Attraction

N S

Leave N and
enter S

Repulsion
N N
Like poles
 The Density of Field Lines
Electric field
DN Magnetic field flux lines f
D Df
DA B DA
DA
S N

DN
Line density E Line density
DA

Magnetic Field B is sometimes called the flux

density in Webers per square meter (Wb/m2).
 Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic flux lines
Df
B DA
are continuous and A
closed.
Direction is that of
the B vector at any Magnetic Flux
density:
point.

When area A is
B ; = BA
perpendicular to flux: A

The unit of flux density is the Weber per square

meter.
 Calculating Flux Density When
Area is Not Perpendicular
The flux penetrating the
area A when the normal n
vector n makes an angle of A q
q with the B-field is:
a

BA cosq B

The angle q is the complement of the angle a that

the plane of the area makes with the B field. (Cos q
= Sin a)
 Origin of Magnetic Fields
Recall that the strength of an electric field E was
defined as the electric force per unit charge.

Since no isolated magnetic pole has ever been found,

we cant define the magnetic field B in terms of the
magnetic force per unit north pole.

We will see instead that magnetic E

fields result from charges in +
motionnot from stationary
charge or poles. This fact will be + B^ v
covered later. v
Magnetic Force on Moving Charge
Imagine a tube that F
projects charge +q with B
velocity v into v
perpendicular B field.
N S
Experiment shows:
Upward magnetic force F on
F qvB charge moving in B field.

Each of the following results in a greater magnetic force

F: an increase in velocity v, an increase in charge q, and
a larger magnetic field B.
 Direction of Magnetic Force
The right hand rule: F F
B B
With a flat right hand,
point thumb in direction of v v
velocity v, fingers in
direction of B field. The flat
hand pushes in the N S
direction of force F.

The force is greatest when the velocity v is

perpendicular to the B field. The deflection
decreases to zero for parallel motion.
 Definition of B-field
Experimental observations show the following:
F
F qv sin q or constant
qv sin q
By choosing appropriate units for the constant of
proportionality, we can now define the B-field as:
Magnetic Field F
B or F qvB sin q
Intensity B: qv sin q

A magnetic field intensity of one tesla (T) exists in a

region of space where a charge of one coulomb (C)
moving at 1 m/s perpendicular to the B-field will
experience a force of one newton (N).
Example 1. A 2-nC charge is projected with velocity 5 x 104
m/s at an angle of 300 with a 3 mT magnetic field as shown.
What are the magnitude and direction of the resulting force?

Draw a rough sketch.

B F B
q = 2 x 10-9 C
v = 5 x 104 m/s 300
v sin f v
B = 3 x 10-3 T v
q = 300
Using right-hand rule, the force is seen to be
upward.
F qvB sin q (2 x 10-9C)(5 x 104m/s)(3 x 10-3T)sin 300
Resultant Magnetic Force: F = 1.50 x 10-7 N, upward
 Forces on Negative Charges
Forces on negative charges are opposite to those on positive
charges. The force on the negative charge requires a left-
hand rule to show downward force F.

B
Right-hand F Left-hand
rule for
B rule for v
positive q v negative q F

N S N S
 Indicating Direction of B-fields
One way of indicating the directions of fields perpen-
dicular to a plane is to use crosses X and dots :

A field directed into the paper is X X X X X X

denoted by a cross X like the X X X X X X
X X X X
tail feathers of an arrow.

A field directed out of the paper is

denoted by a dot like the front
tip end of an arrow.

 Practice With Directions:
What is the direction of the force F on the charge in each
of the examples described below?

F v
X X X X X X X X X X X X
Up
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X +X Left X X X +X
v F

F
Up
v F
- - Right

negative q

v
 Crossed E and B Fields
The motion of charged particles, such as electrons, can be
controlled by combined electric and magnetic fields.

Note: FE on electron is
+
upward and opposite E-
field. x x x x x e-
x x x v
But, FB on electron is -
down (left-hand rule).
FE B
B -
Zero deflection -- v
when FB = FE E e v FB
 The Velocity Selector
This device uses crossed fields to select only those velocities
for which FB = FE. (Verify directions for +q)

When FB = FE : Source
+
of +q
qvB qE +q
x x x x x
E x x x v
v
B -
Velocity selector

By adjusting the E and/or B-fields, a person can select

only those ions with the desired velocity.
Example 2. A lithium ion, q = +1.6 x 10-16 C, is projected
through a velocity selector where B = 20 mT. The E-field is
adjusted to select a velocity of 1.5 x 106 m/s. What is the
electric field E?
Source
of +q +
E
v x x x x x
+q
B x x x v

-
E = vB V

E = (1.5 x 106 m/s)(20 x 10-3 T); E = 3.00 x 104 V/m

 Circular Motion in B-field
The magnetic force F on a moving charge is always
perpendicular to its velocity v. Thus, a charge moving in a
B-field will experience a centripetal force.

mv 2
FC ; FB qvB; Centripetal Fc = FB
R mv 2 X X X+ X X X X
FC FB qvB R
X X X X X X X
R
X X X XFc X X X
+ +
X X X X X X X
The radius of mv
R
+
path is: X X
qB
 Mass Spectrometer
Ions passed through a
+q E velocity selector at
v known velocity emerge
xx x B
+
- x xx Photographic into a magnetic field as
xx plate shown. The radius is:
R
mv
slit
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x
R
x x x x x x x x
qB
x x x m2 The mass is found by measuring
the radius R:

m1
mv 2 qBR
qvB m
R v
Example 3. A Neon ion, q = 1.6 x 10-19 C, follows a path of
radius 7.28 cm. Upper and lower B = 0.5 T and E = 1000
V/m. What is its mass?
+q E
xx
v Photographic E 1000 V/m
- + B v
xx plate
xx B 0.5 T
R v = 2000 m/s
xx
x x x x x x x x x x
slit
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x mv qBR
x x x x
m
R m
qB v

(1.6 x 10-19C)(0.5 T)(0.0728 m)

m m = 2.91 x 10-24 kg
2000 m/s
Magnetic field due to current (direction)

Oersted (1820)
 I
B
r
Magnetic force on current
a) Orthogonal case

Force per unit length

F
IB
defines B

Direction from RHR1: B fingers, I thumb, F palm

 F N
Units: B tesla (T)
I Am

Bearth .5 gauss 5 105 T

Bfridge magnet .01T

Bsuper conducing 110 T

b) General case

Force per unit length

F
IBsin q
L
Force between parallel wires

I1 F
B ; I2 B
d
F I1I2
k

d
 FE

+ v
FB
FB
+ v

FE

Attraction or repulsion?
Does it depend on reference frame?
- - -
+ + + v

- - -
+ + + v
 F I1I2
k
d
Define Ampere as the quantity of current that
produces a force per unit length of 2 x 10-7 N/m
for separation of 1 m

(2 107 N/m)(1m)
Then k 2
7
2 10 N/A 2

(1A )

This defines C and gives

1
k 8.988 10 Nm /C
9 2 2

40
 Permeability of free space

0
0 2k 4 10 N/A 7 2
k
2

F 0 I1I2
Then
2 d
Field due to long straight wire (magnitude)

I
B
r

0 I
B
2 r