5

CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies underlying the
framework of the study. It includes the conceptual model and operational definition
model.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Poultry
Poultry is a term for domestic fowl raised for: Meat (For example: chickens,
turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pigeons, ostrich, emu, partridge, pheasant, etc.)
Eggs (For example: chickens, ducks, ostrich, emu). Feathers (For example: chickens,
Ostrich). Work (For example: Homing and racing pigeons, guard animals).

Development of chicken breeds

All the different breeds of chickens today can trace their origins back to the Red
Jungle Fowl of East Asia. Through generations of genetic selection, specialized breeds
have been developed for meat (broilers) and eggs (layer). There are also dual-purpose
breeds that are reasonably good in both meat and egg production, but not as good as
the specialized breeds. There are also breeds develop strictly for exhibition.

Types of Poultry

Chickens
Many different breeds of chickens have been developed for different purposes.
For simplicity, you can place them into three general categories: Laying, meat-producing
and dual-purpose breeds.
 6

Laying Breeds
These breeds are known for their egg-laying capacity. Popular laying breeds
include the White Leghorn, Red Sex Link and Black Sex Link breeds. A healthy hen will
lay eggs for several years. Hens begin to lay at approximately 1620 weeks of age and
will lay between 2023 dozen eggs the first year. At 14 months, laying hens usually
begin to molt, the process by which they drop their old feathers and grow new ones. No
eggs are laid during this period. After molting, hens will lay larger but fewer eggs per
year (about 1618 dozen).

Meat Breeds
Meat-producing breeds are very efficient at converting feed to meat, producing
approximately one pound of bodyweight for every two pounds of feed they eat. A popular
meat-producing breed is the Cornish breed. The Cornish game hen is a cross between
the Cornish and the New Hampshire or Plymouth Rock breeds. Meat-producing
chickens are broad breasted and larger than the laying breeds. They grow and feather
rapidly and will weigh five pounds or more at eight weeks. Broilers and fryers are
butchered at 31/2 to 5 pounds, while a roaster is butchered at 6 to 8 pounds.

Dual Purpose Breeds

The dual-purpose breed is the classic backyard chicken. These breeds are hardy,
self-reliant and fairly large bodied. Most lay large brown-shelled eggs. Examples include
Rhode Island Red and New Hampshire breeds. Some laying and dual-purpose hens
tend to get broody, which means they will want to sit on and hatch eggs. Because
broody hens dont lay eggs, egg production will be affected. Consult with your local
extension agent or other poultry expert to help you choose the right breeds.

Turkeys, Game Bird and Other Poultry

Turkeys, geese, ducks and pheasants are often raised as pets or for their egg
and meat-producing qualities. They also can make terrific projects for children to learn
responsibility and animal husbandry skills. Your local Nutrena dealer and extension
 7

agent are excellent resources for information on breeds and species that are appropriate
for your goals and geographic region.
Kinds of Broiler Houses

Conventional Broiler Housing

Traditionally, broiler sheds in Australia have been naturally ventilated, with the
sides of the shed open to fresh air. The amount of air circulating through the shed is
changed by raising/lowering curtains running along the side of the shed, or by a vent
opening at the top of the shed. Fans encourage air flow, and water misting systems cool
birds by evaporative cooling in very hot conditions.

Tunnel Ventilated Building

With tunnel ventilation mortality can be decreased and performance increased
during the warmest times of the year.
Tunnel - Ventilated poultry house exhaust fans are located in one end of the
building and two large openings are installed in the opposite end. Air is drawn through
these openings and then down the house in wall - like fashion. The air entering the
house can be cooled by drawing it through evaporative cooling pads, or by the use of
misting nozzles located throughout the house.

Filing
Filing is the process of classifying, arranging, sorting, and storing records so they
may be easily located and retrieved when needed. The classification and control of
records involves consideration of the basic file groups, material collection procedures,
file preparation, sorting, indexing, maintenance, and cross referencing.

Computerized Filing System

In a computer, a file system (sometimes written file system) is the way in which
files are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval.
 8

1) In a computer, a file system (sometimes written file system) is the way in which files
are named and where they are placed logically for storage and retrieval. The DOS,
Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX-based operating systems all have file systems in
which files are placed somewhere in a hierarchical (tree) structure. A file is placed in a
directory (folder in Windows) or subdirectory at the desired place in the tree structure.

File systems specify conventions for naming files. These conventions include the
maximum number of characters in a name, which characters can be used, and, in some
systems, how long the file name suffix can be. A file system also includes a format for
specifying the path to a file through the structure of directories.

2) Sometimes the term refers to the part of an operating system or an added-on program
that supports a file system as defined in (1). Examples of such add-on file systems
include the Network File System (NFS) and the Andrew file system (AFS).

3) In the specialized lingo of storage professionals, a file system is the hardware used
for nonvolatile storage, the software application that controls the hardware, and the
architecture of both the hardware and software.

Traditional File Based System

It is almost tradition that comprehensive database books introduce the database
system with a review of its predecessor, the file-based system. We will not depart from
this tradition. Although the file-based approach is largely obsolete, there are good
reasons for studying it:
Understanding the problems inherit in file-based systems may prevent us from
repeating these problems in database systems. In other words, we should learn from our
earlier mistakes. Actually, using the word mistakes is derogatory and does not give any
cognizance to the work that served a useful purpose for many years. However, we have
learned from this work that there are better ways to handle data.
If you wish to convert a file-based system to a database system, understanding
how the file system works will extremely useful, if not essential.
 9

Operating System
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is an essential component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system
and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass
storage, printing, and other resources.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer
hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware
and will frequently make a system call to an OS function or be interrupted by it.
Operating systems can be found on almost any device that contains a computerfrom
cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.
Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS,
Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these
examples, except Windows, Windows Phone and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.
Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows
File Manager, Program Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic
interface. Microsoft also developed specialized Windows packages, including the
networkable Windows for Workgroups and the high-powered Windows NT, aimed at
businesses. The 1995 consumer release Windows 95 fully integrated Windows and DOS
and offered built-in Internet support, including the World Wide Web browser Internet
Explorer.
With the 2001 release of Windows XP, Microsoft united its various Windows
packages under a single banner, offering multiple editions for consumers, businesses,
multimedia developers, and others. Windows XP abandoned the long-used Windows 95
kernel (core software code) for a more powerful code base and offered a more practical
interface and improved application and memory management. The highly successful XP
standard was succeeded in late 2006 by Windows Vista, which experienced a troubled
rollout and met with considerable marketplace resistance, quickly acquiring a reputation
for being a large, slow, and resource-consuming system. Responding to Vistas
disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft developed Windows 7, an OS whose interface
 10

was similar to that of Vista but was met with enthusiasm for its noticeable speed
improvement and its modest system requirements.

Linux
Linux is a Unix-like and mostly POSIX-compliant computer operating system
assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and
distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system
kernel first released on 5 October 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The Free Software
Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led
to some controversy.
Linux was originally developed as a free operating system for Intel x86based
personal computers, but has since been ported to more computer hardware platforms
than any other operating system. It is the leading operating system on servers and other
big iron systems such as mainframe computers and supercomputers, but is used on only
around 1% of desktop computers. Linux also runs on embedded systems, which are
devices whose operating system is typically built into the firm ware and is highly tailored
to the system; this includes mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, facility
automation controls, televisions and video game consoles. Android, the most widely
used operating system for tablets and smart phones, is built on top of the Linux kernel.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and
open-source software collaboration. The underlying source code may be used, modified,
and distributedcommercially or non-commerciallyby anyone under licenses such as
the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a
Linux distribution, for both desktop and server use. Some popular mainstream Linux
distributions include Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora, open SUSE, Arch Linux, and
the commercial Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Linux
distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries and usually a large
amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
A distribution oriented toward desktop use will typically include X11, Wayland or
Mir as the windowing system, and an accompanying desktop environment such as
GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation. Some such distributions may include a less
resource intensive desktop such as LXDE or Xfce, for use on older or less powerful
computers. A distribution intended to run as a server may omit all graphical
 11

environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and
operate absolution such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may
create a distribution for any intended use.

Mac OS
Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems
developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems.
The original operating system was first introduced in 1984 as being integral to the
original Macintosh, and referred to as the "System". Referred to by its major revision
starting with "System 6 and "System 7", Apple rebranded version 7.6 as "Mac OS" as
part of their Macintosh clone program in 1996. The Macintosh, specifically its system
software, is credited with having popularized the early graphical user interface concept.
Macintosh operating systems have been released in two major series. Up to
major revision 9, from 1984 to 2000, it is historically known as Classic Mac OS. Major
revision 10, from 2001 to present, is branded OS X (originally referred to as Mac OS X).
Major revisions to the Macintosh OS are now issued as point revisions, such that, for
example, 10.2 is substantially different from 10.5. Both series share a general interface
design, and there has been some overlap with shared application frameworks and virtual
machine technology for compatibility; but the two series also have deeply different
architectures.

Windows
Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft
Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface
(GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market.
Approximately 90 percent of PCs run some version of Windows.
The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an
extension of Microsofts existing disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part on
licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used for its Macintosh System Software, Windows
for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a virtual desktop, opening
graphical windows displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with the click
of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt.
 12

Windows XP
Windows XP is an operating system introduced in 2001 from Microsoft's
Windows family of operating systems, the previous version of Windows being Windows
Me. The "XP" in Windows XP stands for eXPerience.
Microsoft called the XP release its most important product since Windows 95.
Along with a redesigned look and feel to the user interface, the new operating system
was built on the Windows 2000 kernel, giving users a more stable and reliable
environment than previous versions of Windows.

Windows XP Versions
Windows XP was made available in two versions, Windows XP Home and
Windows XP Professional. The company focused on mobility, such as technology
allowed for in 2001, and included plug and play features for connecting to wireless
networks. The operating system utilizes the 802.11x wireless security standard.
The initial Windows XP release was followed by the release of Windows XP 64-
Bit Edition (v2002), Windows XP Media Center Edition and Windows XP 64-Bit Edition
(v2003).

Windows 7
Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is
a part of Windows NT family of operating systems. Development of Windows 7 started
as early as 2006 under the codename "Blackcomb." Windows 7 was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009,
less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's
server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.
Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an incremental upgrade to the operating
system, intending to address Windows Vista 's critical reception (such as performance
improvements), whilst maintaining hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7
continued improvements on Windows Aero (the user interface introduced in Windows
Vista]]) with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be "pinned"
to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the
 13

operating system, including libraries, the new file sharing system Home Group, and
support for multi touch input. A new "Action Center" interface was also added to provide
an overview of system security and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to
the User Account Control system to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with
updated versions of several stock applications, including Internet Explorer, Windows
Media Player, and Windows Media Center.
In contrast to Vista, Windows 7 was generally praised by critics, who considered
the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor due to its
increased performance, its more intuitive interface (with particular praise devoted to the
new taskbar), fewer User Account Control pop ups, and other improvements made
across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even prior to its
official release, pre-order sales for 7 on the online retailerAmazon.com had surpassed
the record set by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. In just six months, over 100
million copies had been sold worldwide, increasing to over 630 million licenses by July
2012, and a market share of 50.06% as of May 2014 according to Net Applications,
making it the most widely used version of Windows.

Windows 8
Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as
part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Development of Windows 8 started
before the release of its predecessor, Windows 7, in 2009. It was announced at CES
2011, and followed by the release of three pre-release versions from September 2011 to
May 2012. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1, 2012, and
was released for general availability on October 26, 2012.
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and
user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now
competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these
changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design
language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content
on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touch screen
input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings
between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing
new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives,
 14

near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were
introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft Smart Screen
phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with
UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.
Windows 8 was released to a mixed reception. Although reaction towards its
performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touch
screen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely
criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with
a keyboard and mouse instead of a touch screen). Despite these shortcomings, 60
million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which
included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.
On October 17, 2013, Microsoft released Windows 8.1. It addresses some
aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters and
incorporates additional improvements to various aspects of the operating system.

Windows 10
Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different
classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface that were
introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1,
shares some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart.

The Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows
Platform (UWP). These universal apps are made to run across multiple platforms and
device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles, and other
compatible Windows 10 devices. Windows apps share code across platforms, have
responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs, can
synchronize data between Windows 10 devices (including notifications, credentials, and
allowing cross-platform multiplayer for games), and are distributed through a unified
Windows Store. Developers can allow "cross-buys", where purchased licenses for an
app apply to all of the user's compatible devices, rather than only the one they
purchased on (i.e. a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the
smartphone version at no extra cost).
 15

On Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove
music (formerly Xbox Music), and Movies & TV (formerly Xbox Video). Windows 10 also
allows web apps and desktop software (using either Win32 or .NET Framework) to be
packaged for distribution on the Windows Store. Desktop software distributed through
Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing.

Scripting Language
A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and
communicating with other programming languages. Some of the most widely used
scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, ASP and Tcl.
Since a scripting language is normally used in conjunction with another programming
language, they are often found alongside HTML, Java or C++.
One common distinction between a scripting language and a language used for
writing entire applications is that, while a programming language is typically compiled
first before being allowed to run, scripting languages are interpreted from source code or
byte code one command at a time.
Although scripts are widely employed in the programming world, they have
recently become more associated with the World Wide Web, where they have been used
extensively to create dynamic Web pages. While technically there are many client-side
scripting languages that can be used on the Web, in practice it means using JavaScript.

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also
used as a general-purpose programming language. As of January 2013, PHP was
installed on more than 240 million websites (39% of those sampled) and 2.1 million web
servers. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the reference implementation of
PHP (powered by the Zend Engine) is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP
originally stood for Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor, which is a recursive acronym.
PHP code can be simply mixed with HTML code, or it can be used in combination
with various templating engines and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by
 16

a PHP interpreter, which is usually implemented as a web server's native module or a

Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. After the PHP code is interpreted and
executed, the web server sends resulting output to its client, usually in form of a part of
the generated web page; for example, PHP code can generate a web page's HTML
code, an image, or some other data. PHP has also evolved to include a command-line
interface (CLI) capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.
The canonical PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software
released under the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on
most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.
Despite its popularity, no written specification or standard existed for the PHP
language until 2014, leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since
2014, there is ongoing work on creating a formal PHP specification.

JavaScript
JavaScript is a dynamic computer programming language. It is most commonly
used as part of web browsers, whose implementations allow client-side scripts to interact
with the user, control the browser, communicate asynchronously, and alter the document
content that is displayed. It is also used in server-side network programming with
runtime environments such as Node.js, game development and the creation of desktop
and mobile applications. With the rise of the single-page web app and JavaScript-heavy
sites, it is increasingly being used as a compile target for source-to-source compilers
from both dynamic languages and static languages. In particular, Emscripten and highly-
optimized JIT compilers, in tandem with asm.js which is friendly to AOT compilers like
OdinMonkey, have enabled C and C++ programs to be compiled into JavaScript and
execute at near-native speeds, making JavaScript be considered the "assembly
language of the web, according to its creator and others.
JavaScript is classified as a prototype-based scripting language with dynamic
typing and first-class functions. This mix of features makes it a multi-paradigm language,
supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles.
Despite some naming, syntactic, and standard library similarities, JavaScript and
Java are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics. The syntax of
JavaScript is actually derived from C, while the semantics and design are influenced by
the Self and Scheme programming languages.
 17

JavaScript is also used in environments that aren't web-based, such as PDF

documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript
virtual machines (VMs) and platforms built upon them have also increased the popularity
of JavaScript for server-side web applications. On the client side, JavaScript has been
traditionally implemented as an interpreted language, but more recent browsers perform
just-in-time compilation.
JavaScript has been standardized in the ECMAScript language specification.

Visual Basic Script

VBScript (Visual Basic Scripting Edition) is an Active Scripting language
developed by Microsoft that is modeled on Visual Basic. It is designed as a "lightweight"
language with a fast interpreter for use in a wide variety of Microsoft environments.
VBScript uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment
within which it is running; for example, the File System Object (FSO) is used to create,
read, update and delete files.
VBScript has been installed by default in every desktop release of Microsoft
Windows since Windows 98; in Windows Server since Windows NT 4.0 Option Pack;
and optionally with Windows CE (depending on the device it is installed on).
A VBScript script must be executed within a host environment, of which there are
several provided with Microsoft Windows, including: Windows Script Host (WSH),
Internet Explorer (IE), and Internet Information Services (IIS). Additionally, the VBScript
hosting environment is embeddable in other programs, through technologies such as the
Microsoft Script Control (msscript.ocx).

Web Development Platform (WAF)

In the computer world, a "platform" typically refers to a computer's operating
system. For example, a Dell computer running Windows XP would be considered to be
running on a Windows platform. An iMac, on the other hand, runs on the Macintosh
platform. It is a more generic way of referring to a computer's operating system than
having to specify, for example, Windows XP Professional SP 2, or Mac OS X 10.3.5. The
 18

term platform is often used when referring to what kind of computer systems a certain
software program will run on.

Wamp Server
WampServer is a local server package for Windows, allowing you to install and
host web applications that use Apache, PHP and MySQL. This article will walk you
through the steps to install WampServer on your computer.
A WAMP server is a computer running these applications: Windows OS, Apache,
MySQL Database, PHP.

Xampp Sever
XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack
package, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, MySQL database, and
interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming languages.
XAMPP requires only one zip, tar, 7z, or exe file to be downloaded and run, and
little or no configuration of the various components that make up the web server is
required. XAMPP is regularly updated to incorporate the latest releases of Apache,
MySQL, PHP and Perl. It also comes with a number of other modules including
OpenSSL and phpMyAdmin. Self-contained, multiple instances of XAMPP can exist on a
single computer, and any given instance can be copied from one computer to another. It
is offered in both a full, standard version and a smaller version.

Mamp Server
MAMP is a solution stack composed of free and open-source and proprietary
commercial software used together to run dynamic web sites on Apple Macintosh
computers. MAMP is an acronym of Mac OS X, the operating system; Apache, the Web
server; MySQL, the database management system; and P for PHP, Perl, or Python, all
programming languages used for web development.
Any open source Web platform made up of these software programs and built
upon Mac OS X is a MAMP. MAMP is based on a similar software bundle for Linux
called LAMP. Various "AMP" packages exist for many different operating systems.
 19

Though originally only Apache was integrated into Mac OS X, MAMP has
become popular because it is free and because of the ubiquity of its components, and
Mac OS X 10.5 and above ships with PHP and is MySQL-ready. When used in
combination it supports application servers. MAMP may also be used with popular CMS
programs like Drupal for setting up a local development environment.

Easy PHP
EasyPHP was the first package WAMP to emerge (1999). This is a development
platform Web, allowing to operate locally (without connecting to an external server)
scripts PHP. EasyPHP is not in itself a software, but an environment with two servers
(web server Apache and a database server MySQL), a script interpreter (PHP) and an
SQL administration phpMyAdmin. It has an administration interface for managing alias
(virtual folders available under Apache), and start / stop the servers. It allows to install
once all the necessary local development of PHP. By default, the Apache server creates
a virtual domain name (local) 127.0.0.1 or localhost. Thus, when selecting "local Web" in
the EasyPHP menu, the browser opens and displays the URL index.php page on this
site that actually corresponds to the contents of the folder www EasyPHP. EasyPHP can
be used as a portable application, that is to say, launched a USB key.

Apache HTTP Server

The Apache HTTP Server, colloquially called Apache is the world's most widely
used web server software. Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of
Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled. Apache played a key
role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web, quickly overtaking NCSA HTTPd as the
dominant HTTP server, and has remained the most popular HTTP server since April
1996. In 2009, it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million
websites.
Apache is developed and maintained by an open community of developers under
the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. Most commonly used on a Unix-like
system (usually Linux), the software is available for a wide variety of operating systems,
including Unix, FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, Novell NetWare, OS X, Microsoft Windows,
 20

OS/2, TPF, OpenVMS and eComStation. Released under the Apache License, Apache
is free and open-source software.
As of June 2013, Apache was estimated to serve 54.2% of all active Web sites
and 53.3% of the top servers across all domains.

Database
A Database is a model of how the users view their business world. This means
the users are the final judges as to what data as database should contain and how the
records in that database should be related to one another.
Database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities,
the attributes of those entities and the relationship between the entities.
A database is a structure that contains information about many different
categories of information and about the relationships between those categories. The
Premiere Products database, for example, will contain information about sales reps,
customers, orders, and parts. It will also provide facts that relate sales reps to the
customers they represent and customers to the orders they currently have placed.
With the use of a database, employees can enter the number of a particular
order and find out which customer placed the order, as well as which parts the customer
ordered. Alternately, employees can start with a customer and find all orders the
customer placed, together with which parts the customer ordered and the amount of the
commission earned by the customers sales rep. Using a database, Premiere Products
can not only maintain its data better, but it can use the data in the database to produce a
variety of reports and to answer a variety of questions.

MySQL
MySQL, the most popular Open Source SQL database management system, is
developed, distributed, and supported by Oracle Corporation

.
MySQL is a database management system
A database is a structured collection of data. It may be anything from a simple
shopping list to a picture gallery or the vast amounts of information in a corporate
network. To add, access, and process data stored in a computer database, you need a
 21

database management system such as MySQL Server. Since computers are very good
at handling large amounts of data, database management systems play a central role in
computing, as standalone utilities, or as parts of other applications.

MySQL software is Open Source

Open Source means that it is possible for anyone to use and modify the
software. Anybody can download the MySQL software from the Internet and use it
without paying anything. If you wish, you may study the source code and change it to
suit your needs. The MySQL software uses the GPL (GNU General Public License),
http://www.fsf.org/licenses/, to define what you may and may not do with the software in
different situations. If you feel uncomfortable with the GPL or need to embed MySQL
code into a commercial application, you can buy a commercially licensed version from
us.

MS Access
Microsoft Access, also known as Microsoft Office Access, is a database
management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database
Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of
the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions
or sold separately.
Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database
Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and
databases.
Software developers and data architects can use Microsoft Access to develop
application software, and "power users" can use it to build software applications. Like
other Office applications, Access is supported by Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), an
object-oriented programming language that can reference a variety of objects including
DAO (Data Access Objects), ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX
components. Visual objects used in forms and reports expose their methods and
properties in the VBA programming environment, and VBA code modules may declare
and call Windows operating-system functions.
 22

Oracle
Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle)
is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle
Corporation.
Larry Ellison and two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates,
started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL
developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the
code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by
Ampex.

Browser
A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact
with all the information on the World Wide Web.
A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact
with all the information on the World Wide Web. The word "browser" seems to have
originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse
(navigate through and read) text files online.
Technically, a Web browser is a client program that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) to make requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of
the browser user. Most browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) but
a Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client
programs are more popular.
The first Web browser, called WorldWideWeb, was created in 1990. That
browser's name was changed to Nexus to avoid confusion with the developing
information space known as the World Wide Web. The first Web browser with a
graphical user interface was Mosaic, which appeared in 1993. Many of the user interface
features in Mosaic went into Netscape Navigator. Microsoft followed with its Internet
Explorer (IE).
As of September 2006, Internet Explorer is the most commonly used browser,
having won the so-called browser wars between IE and Netscape. Other browsers
include:
 23

- Firefox, which was developed from Mozilla (the open source version of
Netscape).
- Flock, an open source browser based on Firefox and optimized for Web 2.0
features such as blogging and social bookmarking.
- Safari, a browser for Apple computers (at this writing, the third most popular
browser).
- Lynx, a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users.
- Opera, a fast and stable browser that's compatible with most relatively operating
systems.

Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet
Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers
developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating
systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for
Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service
packs, and included in the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) service releases of
Windows 95 and later versions of Windows.
Internet Explorer is one of the most widely used web browsers, attaining a peak
of about 95% usage share during 2002 and 2003. Its usage share has since declined
with the launch of Firefox (2004) and Google Chrome (2008), and with the growing
popularity of operating systems such as OS X, Linux, iOS and Android that do not run
Internet Explorer. Estimates for Internet Explorer's overall market share range from
27.4% to 54.13%, as of October 2012 (browser market share is notoriously difficult to
calculate). Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late
1990s, with over 1000 people working on it by 1999.
Since its first release, Microsoft has added features and technologies such as
basic table display (in version 1.5); XMLHttp Request (in version 5), which aids creation
of dynamic web pages; and Internationalized Domain Names (in version 7), which allow
Web sites to have native-language addresses with non-Latin characters. The browser
has also received scrutiny throughout its development for use of third-party technology
(such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early versions) and
security and privacy vulnerabilities, and both the United States and the European Union
 24

have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the
detriment of other browsers.
The latest stable release is Internet Explorer 11, with an interface allowing for use
as both a desktop application, and as a Windows 8 application.
Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been
produced, including an Xbox 360 version called Internet Explorer for Xbox and an
embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet
Explorer Mobile, which is based on Internet Explorer 9 and made for Windows Phone,
Windows CE, and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile. It
remains in development alongside the desktop versions. Internet Explorer for Mac and
Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX) have been discontinued.
From January 12, 2016, only the most recent version of Internet Explorer on
each operating system will be supported, depending on operating system it will be IE 11
or could be down to IE 9 for older desktop/server Windows versions or down to IE 7 for
older embedded Windows versions.
On January 21 2015, Microsoft officially announced an Internet Explorer
successor called Spartan.

Firefox (Mozilla Firefox)

Mozilla Firefox (known simply as Firefox) is a free and open-source web browser
developed for Windows, OS X, and Linux, with a mobile version for Android, by the
Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox uses the Gecko
layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web
standards.
As of February 2014, Firefox has between 12% and 22% of worldwide usage,
making it, per different sources, the third most popular web browser. According to
Mozilla, as of December 2014 Firefox counts half a billion users around the world. The
browser has had particular success in Indonesia, Iran, Germany, and Poland, where it is
the most popular browser with 55%, 46%, 43%, and 41% of the market share,
respectively.
The Firefox project went through many versions before the version 1.0 was
released on November 9, 2004.
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Chrome (Google Chrome)

Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It used the
WebKit layout engine until version 27 and, with the exception of its iOS releases, from
version 28 and beyond uses the WebKit fork Blink. It was first released as a beta version
for Microsoft Windows on September 2, 2008, and as a stable public release on
December 11, 2008.
As of January 2015, StatCounter estimates that Google Chrome has a 51%
worldwide usage share of web browsers, indicating that it is the most widely used web
browser in the world.
Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as an open-source project
Chromium. A notable component that is not open source is the built-in Adobe Flash
Player.

Safari
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. included with the OS X and iOS
operating systems. First released as a public beta on January 7, 2003, on the company's
OS X operating system, it became Apple's default browser beginning with Mac OS X
v10.3 "Panther". The native browser of iOS is also called Safari, but has a different
graphical user interface (GUI) and uses a different WebKit version and application
programming interface (API).
A version of Safari for the Microsoft Windows operating system was first released
on June 11, 2007, and supported Windows XP Service Pack 2, or later, but it has been
discontinued. Safari 5.1.7, released on May 9, 2012, is the last version available for
Windows.

Opera
Opera Mini is a web browser designed primarily for mobile phones, smartphones
and personal digital assistants. Until version 4 it used the Java ME platform, requiring
the mobile device to run Java ME applications. From version 5 it is also available as a
native application for Android, bada, iOS, Symbian OS, and Windows Mobile. Opera Mini
is offered free of charge, supported mainly through deals with mobile operators to have
 26

Opera Mini pre-installed in phones, and other sources of revenue such as search
advertising deals, licensing and paid bookmarks and Speed Dial placement.
Opera Mini was derived from the Opera web browser for personal computers,
which has been publicly available since 1996. Opera Mini began as a pilot project in
2004. After limited releases in Europe, it was officially launched worldwide on January
24, 2007.
Opera Mini requests web pages through Opera Software's servers, which
process and compress them before sending them to the mobile phone, speeding up
transfer by two to three times and dramatically reducing the amount of data transferred,
chargeable on many mobile phone data plans. The pre-processing increases
compatibility with web pages not designed for mobile phones. However, interactive sites
which depend upon the device processing JavaScript do not work properly.
In July 2012, it was reported that Opera Mini had 168.8 million users as of March
2012. In February 2013, Opera reported 300 million unique Opera Mini active users and
150 billion page views served during that month. This represented an increase of 25
million from September 2012.

Computer
A computer is one of the greatest inventions of man and it has seen many
changes in functions, memory space, size and portability. What makes the computer an
extraordinary apparatus is its ability to store and process a massive amount of
information, which is used to perform various technical tasks or even help create other
gadgets.
As technology continues to progress by leaps and bounds, it is not surprising that
the computer has been modified into different shapes, with varied features and a wide
range of purposes.

Personal Computer or PC
A PC is a computer that is used by someone for his personal use. It is a complete
system in itself and its convenient size, price and simple functions make it easy for the
end-user to work on it without any intervention from computer operators.
 27

Desktop
Any PC that is designed to be placed on a desk and not for portability is called a
desktop. Such computers are kept in a somewhat permanent location and can be a little
bulky. They usually have more power and storage compared to their movable
counterparts.

Laptop or Notebook
A PC that can be moved around is called a laptop. It gets its name from the fact
that you can keep it on your lap and use it. It is also called a notebook because you can
carry the battery-operated device to classes or meetings conveniently and store any
notes or information in it. It integrates the monitor, keyboard, pointing device, CPU,
memory and hard drive in one system.

Netbook
This is similar to a laptop, the only difference being that it is smaller in size, which
makes it even more portable. It is also less expensive and performs the basic functions,
but its internal parts are not as powerful as a desktop or laptop.

Work Station
This computer is a desktop which is larger, consists of a more powerful
processor, greater memory space and extra ability to do specific kind of work. Such a
computer is used by programmers, game developers, video or sound editors and
graphic designers.

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

A Personal Digital Assistant is a small, highly integrated computer usually using
flash memory for storage instead of a hard drive. It uses touchscreen technology and
doesnt have a keyboard. Those which use a digital pen for input are called handheld
 28

computers. It is light, portable, has good battery life and fits within your palm, because of
which it is also called a palmtop.

Server
The servers main purpose is to provide certain services to other computers or a
whole network of computers. It is much larger than any average computer and generally
a whole room is necessary to fit the whole server. It has powerful processors, additional
amount of memory and bigger hard drives.

Mainframe
Mainframe computers are used by large companies and organizations to perform
critical tasks that involve bulk data processing like transaction processing, census
information, statistical data and so on. They consist of extensive input and output
facilities, are very stable and dependable and handle millions of transactions every day.

Super Computer
This type of computer processes data much faster than a regular system. It is the
leader in processing capacity and costs millions of dollars. A supercomputer is used for
sensitive and calculation-intensive work such as scientific research, physical simulation,
climate studies, oil and natural gas exploration, weather forecasting, quantum physics, to
name a few.

Wearable Computer
This device is worn on the body like a watch or visor and is often used by military
professionals or doctors to track human actions if their hands are engaged in other
activities. Smart watches and fabric PCs are examples of wearable computers.

Printer
 29

A computer printer is a computer peripheral device that produces a hard copy

(permanent human-readable text and/or graphics, usually on paper) from data stored in
a computer connected to it.

Kinds of Printer

Inkjet Printer
An inkjet printer is a type of computer printer that creates a digital image by
propelling droplets of ink onto paper.
Inkjet printing is a type of computer printing that recreates a digital image by
propelling droplets of ink onto paper, plastic, or other substrates.

Dot Matrix Printer or Impact Matrix Printer

A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a
print head that runs back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page and prints
by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print
mechanism on a typewriter.
Dot matrix printing or impact matrix printing is a type of computer printing which
uses a print head that moves back and forth, or in an up and down motion, on the page
and prints by impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the
print mechanism on a typewriter.

Laser Printer
A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high
quality text and graphics on plain paper.
A toner cartridge, also called laser toner, is the consumable component of
a laser printer. Toner cartridges contain toner powder, a fine, dry mixture of plastic
particles, carbon, and black or other coloring agents that make the actual image on the
paper.
 30

Evaluation system

ISO/IEC 9126 Software Engineering - Product Quality is one of the most widely
used international standards for software quality evaluation. The significant purpose of
this standard is to prevent frequent human prejudices that can distress the discernment
of a software project.

The standard is divided into four parts namely quality model, external metrics,
internal metrics and quality used in metrics. Additionally, there are six criteria for
determining and evaluating software. They are functionality, reliability, usability,
efficiency, maintainability and portability.

Functionality - A set of attributes that bear on the existence of a set of functions and
their specified properties, the functions are those that satisfy stated or implied needs.

Usability - A set of attributes that bear on the effort needed for use and on the individual
assessment of such use by a stated or implied set of users.

Reliability - A set of attributes that bear on the capability of software to maintain its level
of performance under stated conditions for a stated period of time.

Efficiency - A set of attributes that bear on the relationship between the level of
performance of the software and amount of resources used, under stated Conditions.

Portability - A set of attributes that bear on the ability of software to be transferred from
on environment to another.

Maintainability - A set of attributes that bear on the effort needed to make specified
modified modifications.
 31

The Evaluation instrument uses a five point Liker scale in which the highest rating 5
and 1 is the lowest.

Numerical Rating Description

4.21 5.00 Excellent
3.41 4.20 Very Good
3.61 3.40 Good
1.81 2.60 Fair
1.00 1.80 Poor
Table 1: Numerical Rating and its Equivalent
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY

On the basis of the foregoing concepts, theories, and findings of related

literature, studies presented, and insights taken from them, a conceptual model is
developed as shown below:

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge
Requirements
Understanding:
a. Poultry
b. Filing
c. Operating System
d. Scripting Language
e. Web Development System
Platform Design
f. Database
g. Browser
h. Computer Poultry Data
i. Printer
and
System
Software Monitoring
Requirements Development
a. Windows (OS) System for
b. PHP Cecilia Farm
c. MySQL
d. Google Chrome
e. Xampp Testing &
Improvements
Hardware
Requirements
a. Laptop
b. Printer
 32

Evaluation

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

The conceptual model, as illustrated in figure 1 shows the different stages of the
processes involved in order to achieve the objectives of the study.

This input stage consists of the knowledge requirements such as understanding

about the Poultry, Filing, Operating System, Scripting Language, Web Development
Platform, Database, Internet, Browser, Computer and Printer.

The software requirements are Windows OS as the Platform or Operating

System (OS), PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor as the Server-Side Scripting Language,
Xampp Server as the Server and My Structured Query Language as the Database
(MySQL).

The hardware requirements also needed are Laptop where the system will run in
and Printer to produce the output or the reports.

The process is composed of System Design, System Development, Testing and

Procedure.
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

API - API stands for Application Programming Interface and it's simply a way to get
information and pass information to trusted partners.

DBMS- A database management system (DBMS) is a set of related software applications

that provide end users and application programmers with a systematic way to create and manage
databases.

MySQL- MySQL is a freely available open source Relational Database Management

System (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL). SQL is the most popular
language for adding, accessing and managing content in a database. It is most noted for its quick
processing, proven reliability, ease and flexibility of use.

HTML- Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text files to
achieve font, color, graphic, and hyperlink effects on World Wide Web pages.

PHP - PHP is a Server-Side Scripting Language designed for web development but also
used as a general-purpose programming language.

JavaScript- an object-oriented computer programming language commonly used to

create interactive effects within web browsers.
 34

Consortium- an association, typically of several business companies; the right of

association and companionship with one's husband or wife.

FIPS- FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standards) are a set of standards that
describe document processing, encryption algorithms and other information technology standards
for use within non-military government agencies and by government contractors and vendors who
work with the agencies.

ISO- The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard-

setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.

RDA- RDA stands for Resource Description and Access. It is the new cataloging
standard, replacing AACR2. RDA is based on the FRBR (functional requirements for bibliographic
records) and FRAD (functional requirements for authority data) concept models.
ISP- An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides you with access to the
Internet, usually for a fee. The most common ways to connect to an ISP are by using a phone line
(dial-up) or broadband connection (cable or DSL).

MORTALITY The term for the dead chicks or chicken.

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