DC & Synchronous Machines Lab Manual

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
VI SEMESTER (NEW SCHEME)
10EEL67
DC AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB
LABORATORY MANUAL
NAM E OF THE STUDENT :
BRANCH :
UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :
SEMESTER & SECTION :
BATCH :
1
Vision of the Department
To emerge as one of the finest Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Departments facilitating the development of competent professionals,
contributing to the betterment of society.
Mission of the Department
Create a motivating environment for learning Electrical Sciences through

teaching, research, effective use of state of the art facilities and outreach
activities.
Graduates of the program will,

Have successful professional careers in Electrical Sciences, and IT enabled areas
PEO1
and be able to pursue higher education.
Demonstrate ability to work in multidisciplinary teams and engage in lifelong
PEO2
learning.
PEO3 Exhibit concern for environment and sustainable development.
After the successful completion of the course, the graduate will be able to,
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering principles to the
PO1
solution of engineering problems in electrical and IT enabled areas.
Identify and solve complex engineering problems using first principles of
PO2
mathematics and engineering sciences.
Design system components and solve complex engineering problems that meet
PO3
specific societal and environmental needs.
PO4 Conduct experiments, analyse, and interpret data to provide valid conclusion
Apply appropriate modern engineering tools to complex engineering activities
PO5
with an understanding of the limitations.
Demonstrate understanding of societal health, safety, legal and consequent
PO6
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a societal context and
PO7
demonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
Understand social issues and ethical principles of electrical engineering
PO8
practice.
Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse
PO9
teams to accomplish a common goal.
Communicate effectively with diverse audiences and be able to prepare
PO10
effective reports and design documentation.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of engineering and management
PO11 principles and apply these as a member and leader in a team to manage projects
in multi-disciplinary environments.
Recognize the need to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the
PO12
context of technological change.
2
SI. PAGE
EXPERIMENTS NO.
Load characteristics of a D.C. shunt and compound generator.

Compound generator
1. i) Short shunt-Cumulative and Differential 6
(ii) Long shunt-Cumulative and Differential.
Load test on a DC motor- determination of speed-torque and HP-

2. efficiency characteristics. 15
3.
Swinburnes Test. 18
4.
Hopkinsons Test. 20
5.
Load test on series motors. 24
6.
Retardation test- electrical braking method. 26
Speed control of DC motor by armature voltage control and flux 29

7.
control.
8.
Ward Leonard method of speed control of D.C. motor. 32
Voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF and MMF method.

9. 34 & 38
10.
Voltage regulation of an alternator by ZPF method. 41
11.
Slip test and determination of regulation 47
Performance of synchronous generator connected to infinite bus, under 51

12.
constant power and variable excitation & vice - versa.
13.
V and Inverted V curves of a synchronous motor. 54
Measurement of X1, X2 and Xo of a synchronous generator and 57

14.
calculation of currents for an LG, LL or LLG fault.
* Viva Questions
CONTENTS
Overview of Electrical machines
3
The world abounds in umpteen forms of energies. From time immemorial human beings have been
striving hard in harnessing these energies for improving their living standards. Energy thus serves
as the life blood for the perpetual growth and progress of human civilization. In the energy
hierarchy electrical energy holds the top rank. It is because electrical energy is easily adaptable for
all human needs and interests in an economic and efficient manner. At the same time, electrical
energy can be easily controlled and is pollution free at the consumer premises. It is truly said that
per capita energy consumption in any country is an index of the living standard of the people in that
country. The increase use of electrical energy in different fields of daily life has been primarily due
to the availability of a vast variety of electrical machinery for the purpose of generation and
utilization.
Electrical machinery can be mainly classified as dc machines and ac machines. DC machines can
operate as generators and motors same is true for ac machines
Introduction to DC MACHINES
DC machine is actually an alternating current machine, but furnished with a special device,
called the commutator, which under certain conditions converts ac into dc and vice-versa. Inspite of
the fact that the commutator has made the operating conditions of a dc machine complicated; it is a
highly versatile energy converting device. By means of various combinations of shunt, series and
separately excited field windings they can be designed to give a wide variety of voltage-current or
speed-torque characteristics for both dynamic and steady state operation. Because of the ease with
which they can be controlled, dc motors are often used in applications requiring a wide range of
motor speeds or precise control of motor output- rolling mills, overhead cranes and traction; drives
for process industry, battery driven vehicles etc. small dc motors are widely used in control
application. Small dc generators are used for power supply in ships, air crafts, automobiles and
other vehicles isolated from inland ac network system.
Both induced emfs and mechanical forces are developed in a machine whether it is a generator or
motor. As such a dc generator and motor have identical construction. The term generator denotes
that it generates electrical energy but actually it does not. It simply converts mechanical energy
supplied to it into electrical energy. The curves or graphs giving the relationship between various
quantities such as excitation (or field current), generated emf, terminal voltage and the load current
etc are known as generator characteristics. The performance and therefore suitability of a dc motor
is determined from its characteristics known as performance characteristics.
Introduction to SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
A synchronous machine is an ac machine in which the rotor moves at a speed which bears a
constant relationship to the frequency of currents in the armature winding,. A synchronous machine
is one of the important types of electrical machines. Large ac networks operating at constant
frequency of 50 Hz rely almost on exclusively on synchronous generators also called the alternators
for the supply pf electrical energy and may have synchronous compensators at key points for
control of reactive power. Private, stand-by and peak load plants with diesel or gas turbine prime
movers also have synchronous generators. Synchronous motors provide constant speed industrial
drives with the possibility of power factor correction.
Synchronous machines are generally constructed in larger sizes. Small size alternators are not
economical. The modern trend is to build alternator of very large sizes capable of generating 500
4
MVA or even more. The synchronous motor is rarely built in small sizes owing to superior
performance characteristics and economic construction of induction motors.
Synchronous machines according to their applications may be synchronous generators, synchronous
motors or synchronous compensators. A synchronous generator is synchronous machine which
receives mechanical energy from prime mover to which it is mechanically coupled and delivers
electrical energy. A synchronous motor receives electrical energy from ac supply main and drives
mechanical load. Synchronous compensator is a synchronous machine designed operate on no load
with its shaft connected neither to a prime mover nor to a mechanical load and is used to control
reactive power in power supply networks.
Experiment No. 1 Date:
5
Load characteristics of a D.C. shunt generator.
Aim: - To draw the external and internal characteristics of the given D.C.Shunt Generator
Apparatus Required: -
Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity
01 voltmeter 0-300v MC 01
0-10v MC 01
02 Ammeter 0-1/2A MC 01
03 Rheostats 0-38 ---- 01
0-750 ----- 02
04 tachometer - ---- 01
05 Loading Rheostat ----- 01
06 connecting wires
Theory:
Generators work on a principle of dynamically induced e.m.f. this principle is nothing but the
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction. It states that whenever the flux linking with a
conductor or a coil changes an emf is set up in that conductor. So a voltage gets generated in a
conductor as long as there exists a relative motion between conductor and the flux.
So a generating action requires following basic components to exist i) the conductor or a coil ii) the
flux iii) the relative motion between conductor and flux.
In a practical generator the conductors are rotated to cut the magnetic flux keeping flux stationary.
To have a large voltage as the out put, the no of conductors are connected together in a specific
manner, to form a winding. This winding is called armature winding of a DC machine the part on
which this winding is kept is called armature of a DC machine. The necessary magnetic flux is
Produced by current carrying winding which is called field winding.
DC Generators basically divided into two categories depending on way of deriving the field current
or exciting current as i)separately excited generator ii)separately excited generator.
When the field winding supply from the armature of the generator itself then it is said to be
self excited generator. Based on how field windings are connected to the armature to derive its
excitation this type is further divided into the following three types i)Shunt generator ii)Series
generator iii)Compound generator.
When the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature, and the combination across the
load then the generator is called shunt generator.
The load characteristics of a DC shunt generator are further divided into two types.
i) External characteristics which is the graph of the terminal voltage against load current.
ii) Internal characteristics which is the graph of generated induced emf against the armature current.
While plotting both the characteristics, the speed of the generator is maintained constant.
Procedure:
6
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the motor field circuit in cut-out position and R2 in the generator
field circuit, in cut-in Position and the SPST switch in open position, DC motor is started with the
help of a 3 point starter.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by cutting out R1 if necessary.
4. The terminal voltage across the armature of the generator is noted
5. The generator voltage is built up to its rated value by gradually cutting out the rheostat R2
the load switch is closed and the generator is loaded in steps at each step the corresponding values
of the terminal voltage (VL) , the load current(IL)and field current are noted.
6. To stop the motor, the load on the generator is gradually removed, load switch is opened, all the
rheostats are brought back to their respective initial positions and the supply switch is closed.
7. A graph of VL v/s IL is drawn which represents the external characteristics curve
Determination of armature resistance Ra and shunt field resistance Rsh by ammeter-
voltmeter
2. Keeping the rheostat in cut-in position, the supply switch is closed and the readings of ammeter
and voltmeter are noted down.
3. The supply switch is opened.
Circuit diagram
Figure 1
Internal characteristics:
1. Graphical method:
Shunt field resistance line op and armature resistance line OQ are drawn as shown in the
external characteristics curve.
A point F is selected on the external characteristic curve.
7
Conclusion and remarks:
8
Load characteristics of a D.C. compound generator.
Aim: - To draw the external and internal characteristics of the given D.C.Compound Generator
I LONG SHUNT CUMULATIVE COMPOUND GENERATOR
0-10v MC 01
03 Rheostats 0-38 ---- 01
0-750 ---- 02
05 Loading Rheostat --- 01
06 connecting wires
Theory:
In compound generator, part of the field winding is connected in parallel with armature and
part in series with the armature. Both series and shunt field windings are mounted on the same
poles. Depending upon the connection of shunt &series winding compound generator is further
classified as i) Long shunt compound generator ii) Short shunt compound generator. In long shunt
cumulative compound generator, shunt field winding is connected across the series combination
armature & series field winding. The two fluxes produced by shunt &series field help each other.
As load current increases armature current increases and hence series current also increases
producing more flux. Thus the induced emf increases and terminal voltage also increases but due to
Armature reaction, there is a drop in the terminal voltage.
Procedure:

circuit, in cut-in Position and the SPST switch in open position, DC motor is started with the help of
a 4 point starter.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by cutting in R1 if necessary. The terminal voltage across
the armature of the generator is noted. The generator voltage is built up to its rated value by
gradually cutting out the rheostat R2.
4. The load switch is closed and the generator is loaded in steps at each step the corresponding
values of the terminal voltage (VL) the load current(IL)and field current are noted. To stop the motor,
the load on the generator is gradually removed, load switch is opened, all the rheostats are brought
back to their respective initial positions and the supply switch is open.
9
voltmeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
II) LONG SHUNT DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND GENERATOR
0-10v MC 01
03 Rheostats 0-38 ---- 01
0-750 ---- 02
04 tachometer --- ---- 01
05 Loading Rheostat - -- 01
06 connecting wires
Theory:
In compound generator, part of the field winding is connected in parallel with armature and part
in series with the armature. Both series and shunt field windings are mounted on the same poles.
Depending upon the connection of shunt &series winding compound generator is further classified
10
as i) Long shunt compound generator ii) Short shunt compound generator. In long shunt
cumulative compound generator, shunt field winding is connected across the series combination
armature & series field winding. The two fluxes produced by shunt &series field oppose each
other. The net flux is difference between the two. As load current increases shunt flux almost
constant but series flux increases rapidly. Hence the resultant flux reduces. Thus the induced emf
and terminal voltage also decreases drastically. There is drop due to armature resistance, series
field resistance armature reaction due to which terminal voltage drops further.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of

armature) and repeat the procedure.
III) SHORT SHUNT CUMULATIVE COMPOUND GENERATOR
Aim: - To draw the external and internal characteristics of the given Short Shunt Cumulative
Compound Generator
0-10v MC 01
03 Rheostats 0-38 ---- 01
0-750 ----- 02
06 connecting wires
Procedure:

a 4point starter.

voltmeter
11
Circuit Diagram: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of armature) and

repeat the procedure.
VI) SHORT SHUNT DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND GENERATOR
0-10v MC 01
03 Rheostats 0-38 ---- 01
0-750 ----- 02
06 connecting wires
Procedure:

4 point starter.
12

voltmeter
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of armature) and

repeat the procedure.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Cumulatively Compounded Differentially Compounded
S
L Long Shunt Short Shunt Long Shunt Short Shunt
N V IL IL IL
IL
o. V (Volts) Volts (Amps) V (Volts) (Amps V Volts (Amps)
(Amps)
)
13
14
LOAD TEST AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR
Aim: To plot the performance characteristics of a D.C. shunt

motor after conducting load test.
Apparatus required:.
S.l No Apparatus Range Quantity
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostats
4 Tachometer
Theory:
In a shunt motor we have
E = ZNP and Ish
60A
Therefore Eb N
Also Eb = V - IaRa
As the motor is loaded Ia increases and Eb decreases. Hence
speed also decreases. The torque is directly proportional to Ia and
therefore varies linearly. At low loads, copper loss is less but iron
loss is more. At higher loads copper loss increases. At a particular
load (around 80%) the two losses are equal and the efficiency
becomes maximum. Beyond this region, the copper losses exceed
the iron losses thus increasing the net losses. Hence the efficiency
droops.
Circuit diagram:
15
Procedure:
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram.

2. Keeping Motor Field circuit resistance at minimum position close the supply switch S1.
3. Gradually increase the motor field circuit resistance such that the motor runs at rated speed.
4. Note down all the meter readings including the speed.
5. Apply load using brake drum arrangement and increase the load in steps and note down the
corresponding readings of all the meters including the speed.
6. This is repeated till the full load (rated current) is reached.
7. Reduce the load, bring motor field circuit resistance to minimum position and open supply
switch S1.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Force Motor %=Output *100 Torque

V Speed Kgs Motor
I Amps output input T
Volts rpm F1 F2 output BHP
Watts Kgm
Calculations:
Radius R =
Torque T = (F1 F2 ) x R x 9.81 Nm
Input Power Pi = VI Watts
16
% =
BHP =
GRAPH:
Conclusions and remarks:
SWINBURNES TEST
Aim: To determine the constant losses and hence to find efficiency of a given D.C.Machine at any
desired load.
Apparatus:
Sl.No particular Range Type Quantity
01 Voltmeter 0-300v M.C. 01

02 Ammeter 0-10/20A M.C 01
03 Rheostat 0-38 --- 01
04 Tachometer --- 01
05 Connecting wires
Procedure:
17

2. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the field circuit of the motor in cut-out position,the supply switch
is closed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by cutting in the rheostat R1 if necessary.
4. Readings of all the meters and speed are noted down.
5. To stop the motor the rheostat is brought back to their respective initial position and the
supply switch is opened
6. Determination Of Armature Resistance Ra by Ammeter-Voltmeter method
i) Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
ii) Keeping the rheostat in cut-in position, the supply switch is closed and the readings of
ammeter and voltmeter are noted down.
iii) The supply switch is opened.
Calculation:
IL= No load motor current, Amp

IFL= Full load motor current, Amp
If= Field Current, Amp
VL=No load Motor terminal voltage,volt(as per the name plate details)
i)No load input power = VL X IL watts.
ii)Armature copper loss=(IL-If)2X Ra
iii) Constant losses, Wc= No load input power- Armature copper loss watt
= (VL X IL)_- (IL-If)2 X Ra watt
I) Efficiency when Working as motor at full load:
a)I a = (IFL- If) Amp

b) Armature copper loss= Ia2 X Ra Watt =( IFL-If )2 x Ra Watt
c) Total losses = Wc + armature copper loss Watt = Wc + [ (IFL-If)2 x Ra] watt
d) Input to the motor = VL X IFL watt
e) Output of motor = Input Total losses Watt= (VL x IL)- [WC+ (IFL-If)2 x Ra] Watt
f) %m =
II) Efficiency when Working as motor at full load:

a) Iag =( IFL+ If) Amp
b) Armature copper loss = Iag2 x Ra Watt
c) Total losses = Wc+ Armature copper loss Watt = Wc+ (IFL-If)2 x Ra] Watt
d) Out put of generator = VL x IFL Watt
e) Input to generator = output + Total losses Watt= (VL x IL)+ [WC+ (IFL-If)2 x Ra] Watt
Circuit Diagram:
18
Conclusion and Remarks:
Experiment No. 4
Date:
HOPKINSONS TEST
Aim: - To conduct Hopkinsons test on (regenerative or back to back test) a given similar pair of
DC shunt machines and to determine their efficiencies (or heat run test).
19
Sl Apparat Range Quanti

No us ty
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
ts
4 Tachom
eter
PRECATUIONS:
1.The field rheostat of the motor should be in the minimum position at the time of starting and stopping the
machine.
2.The field rheostat of the generator should be in the maximum position at the time of starting and stopping
the machine.
3.SPST switch should be kept open at the time of starting and stopping the machine.
Theory:
In this test a D.C motor is mechanically coupled to D.C Generator in turn the generator is
electrically coupled to the motor. The power taken by the supply is mainly used to supply the losses
in the two machines. The combination is loaded by weakening the flux of the motor or
strengthening the flux of the generator. By this method, full load test can be carried out on two
similar shunt machines with out wasting their outputs.
Circuit for Measurement of Ra:
20
Circuit Diagram:
Procedure:
For Hopkinsons Test:

1. Make the connections as shown in the figure (a).
2. Keep the field circuit resistance of the motor kept at minimum position (Cut-in)and the field
circuit resistance of the generator at the maximum position(Cut-out). Keep the SPST switch
S1 open.
3. Close the supply switch, gradually increase the motor field circuit resistance such that the
motor runs at rated speed.
4. Build up the generator voltage to supply voltage by decreasing its field circuit resistance.
Check the voltmeter connected across the switch S1, it should read zero if not change the
polarity of the voltmeter. Repeat the above steps.
5. The combination is loaded by either decreasing the generator field circuit resistance(over
excitation) or increasing motor field circuit resistance(under excitation) in steps So that the
required load current is adjusted, (like 50%, 75% of full load etc).
21
6. Each time note down the readings of all the meters.
7. Reduce the motor field circuit resistance and increase the generator field circuit resistance to
original positions of Rheostats by observing the voltmeter, open the supply switch.
Measurement of Ra :
1. Make the connection as in fig (b).

2. Close the supply switch and note the readings of all meters by switching lamps one by one.
Take three readings within 2 A.
Tabular Column:-
For Hopkinsons Test.
V1 volts I1amps I2 amps I3 amps I4 amps
For measurement of Ra
I amps V volts Ra= 1.5*V/I Volts
Calculations:-
Let Ra be the armature resistance of each machine.

(As both machines are identical, same Ra for each machine).
Supply voltage = V1 volts.
Generator output current = I2 amps.
Generator output = V1 I2 watts.
Motor input current = (I1 + I2 ) amps .
Motor input = V1 *(I1+ I2) watts.
Generator armature current = (I2+ I4) amps.
Motor armature current = (I1+ I2 I3) amps.
Field current of generator = I4amps.
Field current of motor = I3 amps.
22
Armature copper loss in generator = (I2 + I4)2 * Rag .. watts.
Armature copper loss in motor = (I1 + I2 I3)2 * Ramwatts.
Generator field copper loss = V1 I4 watts.
Motor field copper loss = V1 I3 ..watts.
Power drawn from supply = V1 I1 watts = Total losses in both the machines together.
Total stray losses for the set = V1 I1 [(I2 + I4)2 Rag + (I1+ I2 I3)2 Ra m+ V1 I3 + V1I4] = Ws.
Stray losses for each machine = Ws / 2 watts.
% g for generator :-
Total losses = (I2+ I4)2 Rag + V1 I4 + Ws / 2 = Wg watts.

Percentage efficiency = %g =
% m for motor :-
Total losses in motor = Wm=(I1 + I2 I3)2 Ra + V1 I3 + Ws / 2 watts.
Motor input = V1 (I1+I2) watts.
Percentage efficiency of motor = % m =
The efficiencies for motor and generator are calculated for different generator currents or load
currents.
Graph:- Output Vs % efficiency curve is drawn for both motor and generator.
CONCLUSION & REMARKS:

23
FIELD TEST ON DC SERIES MACHINE
Aim: To find the efficiency of both machines by conducting field test.
Apparatus required:-
Sl Apparat Range Quanti

No us ty
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
ts
4 Tachom
eter
Theory:
This test is applicable to two similar series motor. The two machines are coupled mechanically
one machine runs normally as motor and drive the other as generator whose output is wasted in a
variable load. Iron and friction losses of the two machines are made equal by joining the series field
of the generator in the motor armature circuit so that both machines are equally excited. The load
resistance is varied till the motor current reaches its full load value.
Circuit Diagram:
24
Procedure:-
1. Make circuit connections as per the circuit diagram with few lamp switches of the load kept on.
2. Close the Supply switch and apply load in steps till rated current and note down all the meter
readings.
3. Reduce the load by keeping few load switches on so that the load is not made zero.
4. Open the supply switch.
Tabular Column:
V V1 I1 V2 I2
Calculations:
V = Supply voltage
V2 = Voltage across motor
I2= Motor current
V1= Generator voltage
I 1 = Generator current
Power input to whole set= V I2
Power output of generator = V1I1
Total losses = W= VI2 - V1I1
Total Ohmic loss = Wc= I2 2 (ram+rshm+rshg)+I12rag
No load rotational loss of both the machines Wo = W-Wc
No load rotational losses of each machine = Wo/2
Motor power input = V2I2
a. Motor m = (V2I2- (Wo/2+I 1 2(ram+rshm)) / (V2I2)
25
b. Gen g= V1I1- (Wo/2+ I12 rshg + I12rag) / V1I1
Conclusion & Remarks:
RETARDATION TEST
Aim:
1. To determine the stray losses
2. To predetermine the efficiency of the D.C. motor at a given load
Apparatus Required:
Sl Appara Range Quanti

No tus ty
1 Ammete 0- 2
r 10A,0-
2A
2 Voltmete 0-300 2
r V
3 Rheostat 0- 2
s 200
26
4 Stop
watch
5 Tachom
eter
Theory:
This method is applicable to shunt motors and generators and is used for finding stray losses.
Then, knowing the armature and shunt copper losses at a given load current, the efficiency can be
calculated. The machine under test is speeded up slightly beyond its normal speed and then supply
is cut off from the armature, keeping the field excited. Consequently the armature slows down and
its kinetic energy is used to meet the rotational losses (friction, windage and iron losses).In addition
a retarding torque by way of no inductive resistance is applied to the armature .The power drawn by
this resistance acts as a retarding torque on the armature, there by , making it slow down
comparatively quickly.
Circuit Diagram:
Fig (a)
Measurement of field resistance:
Measurement of Ra: fig.c
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram of fig (a).

2. Keep the armature resistance at maximum and motor field circuit resistance at minimum
position.
27
3. Close the supply switch and DPDT on the armature side (position I). Gradually adjust
armature circuit resistance to minimum. Then increase the motor field circuit resistance so that the
motor runs slightly beyond rated speed (say by 50 rpm). The field current is noted.
4. With the motor running, open the DPDT and note the time taken for a certain amount of
fall in speed corresponding to the fall in voltage of 100 v is observed (v2-v1). Let it be t1 sec. Repeat
steps 2, 3, 4 for different fall in voltage like 80 v, 60 v.
5. Repeat steps 2,3 and now open the DPDT switch and close immediately on the load side
(position II). Note the time taken for the same fall in voltage (v3 - v4). Let it be t2 sec.
6. While recording the time t2 , note the ammeter reading while starting as well as at stopping
of the stop clock (let that be Ia1 and Ia2 respectively ).
Measurement of Ra :
1. Make the connection as in fig (b).
2. Close the supply switch and note the readings of all meters by switching lamps one by
one. Take three readings within 2 A.
Measurement of Field Resistance:
1 Make the connection as in fig(C).
2 Close the supply switch and note the readings of all meters by switching lamps one by
one. Take three readings within 2 A.
Tabular Column:
If V1 Time t1 V3 Time t2
V2Volts V4 Volts Ia1 amps Ia2 amps
amps Volts sec Volts sec
Measurement of Ra :
Ra =1.5 xV /Ia
Ia Amps V volts
Ohms
Measurement of Rf :
Rf =V /If
If Amps V volts
Ohms
Calculation:
Power taken up by braking load = W = (Ia1 + Ia2 ). (V3 + V4)

2 2
=Iav . Vav
28
Stray losses = Ws = W ( t2 ) watts
( t1-t2 )
To find the efficiency of D.C. motor at a given load:
Let IL be the full load current (From name plate)
Input = V (.IL) watts
Armature current = [IL) - If ] = Ia
Armature copper loss = Ia 2 Ra
Field copper loss = If 2 Rf
Total loss = stray loss + Armature copper loss + Shunt field copper loss
Output = Input Total Loss
%Efficiency = ( Output x100)/Input
SPEED CONTROL OF D.C.SHUNT MOTOR
AIM: To control the speed of D.C.Shunt motor by

1) Armature control method
2) Flux control method
Apparatus:

02 Ammeter 0-10/20A M.C 01
03 Rheostat 0-38 --- 01
05 connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
29
Theory:
In a D.C shunt motor, the speed is governed by the following relations

Eb = ZNP / 60A
Therefore N Eb / ---------- (1)
Also Eb = V - IaRa
Therefore N (V IaRa) / --------------- (2)
Ish-------------------------- (3)
Ish = V / Rsh------------------------ (4)
The above may be combined as
V - Ia (Ra+R)
N ---------------------- --------------- (5)
V / (Rsh+R)
Speed is controlled by two methods

a.) Flux control keeping armature voltage constant.
b ) Armature control keeping flux constant.
In the flux control method we keep the numerator of eq(5) constant and vary R in denominator of
(5).We start with minimum value of R and gradually increase it to increase the speed.
In the armature control method we keep the denominator of (5) constant and vary R in the
numerator of (5). We start with maximum value of R and gradually reduce it to increase speed. In
this experiment we conduct speed control by armature method first followed by flux method.
Procedure:
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

30

2. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the field circuit of the motor in cut-out position, the rheostat R2
In the armature circuit of the motor in cut-in position, the supply switch is closed.
3. Field current is adjusted to a constant value by adjusting the rheostat R1 and the rheostat R2
is gradually cut-out in steps and each step the readings of voltmeter and speed are noted down.
4. The above procedure is repeated for another value of field current
FLUX CONTROL METHOD
1. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the field circuit of the motor in cut-out position, the rheostat R2 in
the Armature circuit of the motor in cut-in position, the supply switch is closed.
2. The rheostat r2 is adjusted to get the required voltage across the armature.
3. the rheostat r1 is gradually cut-in steps and at each step the readings of ammeter and speed are
noted down( Note: The rheostat r1 is cut-in till the speed is little above the rated speed of
motor)
4. The experiment is repeated for another value of armature voltage.
5. To stop the motor, all the rheostats are brought back to their respective initial position and
supply switch is closed.
Tabular Column:
If = ----------------Amp V = ----------------Volts
Sl.No. Armature Speed

Voltage(volts) (rpm)
Sl.No. Field Current Amps Speed

(rpm)
31
N
N rpm
rpm
Armature voltage, volt If Amp
32
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR BY WARD LEONARD METHOD
Aim: To control the speed of DC Shunt motor by Ward Leonard method.
Apparatus:

02 Ammeter 0-10/20A M.C 01
03 Rheostat 0-38 --- 01
05 Connecting wires
06 DPDT switch 01
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Procedure:

2. Keeping the rheostat R1 in the field circuit of the motor in cut-out position, potential divider
R2 in cut in position, keeping switch S2 in open position, switches S1& S3are closed.
3. The motor M1 is brought to its rated speed with the help of 3-point starter & cutting out the
rheostat R2 if necessary.
33
4. Switch S2 is closed & by using potential divider, voltage across the field circuit of the
generator is gradually increased in steps up to the rated speed of the motor M2.At each step
the readings of voltmeter M2 are noted down.
5. Potential divider is brought to its original position & switch S2 is open.
6. Know keeping the potential divider in minimum position the direction of rotation of motor
M2 is changed by reversing the polarities of the generator by throwing DPDT switch on to the
other side.
7. Step no 4 is repeated.
8. To stop the motor, the potential divider, all the rheostats are brought back to their respective
initial position, switches S2,S3,& S1 are opened .
9. Graph of speed of motor M2 v/s voltage is plotted.
Tabular Column:
Forward rotation
Sl No Voltage, Speed
volts of M2
rpm
Reverse rotation
Sl No Voltage, Speed of M2
volts rpm
34
Experiment No. 9(i)

Date:
PRE-DETERMINATION OF PERCENT REGULATION OF A 3 ALTERNATOR BY EMF
METHOD.
Aim:
To find the percent voltage regulation of 3 alternator by EMF method
Apparatus required:
Sl Appara Range Quant

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
ts
4 Tachom
eter
Theory:
In this method the synchronous impedance is obtained from the SC and O C tests. This
method is applicable to cylindrical rotor alternator. In this method the magnitude of regulation
obtained is very large. Hence it is usually called the pessimistic method. The vector diagram is as
shown below:
IaXs
V

Ia
IaRa
35
The vector diagram is drawn for lagging p.f. From the vector diagram, we have
E = V 0 + Ia * Zs
Where is the p.f angle, is the load angle, is the impedance angle
= tan-1(Xs / Ra)
Use + for leading p.f and for lagging p.f for the angle
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
(a) For O.C. test: -

1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep TPST switch open and motor field
resistance in minimum position and alternator field resistance in maximum position, S1 open.
2. Close the D.C. supply switch. Bring Motor speed to its rated value by increasing its field
resistance.
3. Note down the Voltmeter reading.
4. Now close S1.Gradually decrease the alternator field resistance in steps and at each step, note
down voltmeter reading and ammeter reading (If) till 125% of rated voltage is reached. Tabulate
under OC test.
36
5. Plot a graph of OC voltage per phase Vs field current. This gives OCC.
6. Increase the alternator field resistance to maximum position, open S1.
(b) For S.C. test:-
1. With machine running at rated speed, close TPST switch. and S1.
2. Decrease the Alternator field resistance gradually in steps, and at each step note down both the
ammeter readings .Tabulate under SC test.
3. Increase the alternator field resistance to maximum, open TPST and S1, reduce the motor field
resistance to minimum position
4. Plot a graph of Isc, vs, If .This gives SCC.
(c) For Measuring Armature Resistance:-
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Close the D.C. supply switch. .
a) Switch on the lamps one by one and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter till the
ammeter reads 2 A .
b) Tabulate the readings under armature resistance.
Tabular column: O.C. Test:
Field current If
in amps
OC voltage V0
volts
OC voltage
per phase
V0ph=V0 / 3
Tabular Column for S.C.Test:-
Field
current
If amps
SC current
Isc amps
For measurement of Ra
I amps V volts Ra = (1.5) x V
/phase.
37
2I
Calculations:
EMF METHOD OR SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD OR PESSIMISTIC METHOD

O.C.C and S.C.C are drawn as shown below.
Graph:
Draw a horizontal line corresponding to rated voltage/ ph of the alternator. Let it cut the O.C.C. at
A. Drop the perpendicular from A. Let it cut the S.C.C.at B and X-axis at C. Then synchronous
impedance Zs in ohms/ph is given by
Zs = AC in Volts ohms/ph = O.C voltage per phase (both for the same If )
BC in Amps S.C. current
Xs = Z
At some assumed power factor cos, and for full load induced voltage/ph is given by
+Sign for lagging p.f. and u.p.f. - veSign for leading p.f.
Vt is the rated terminal voltage per phase
IA is the full load current (rated) current of alternator. cos is the p.f. at which regulation is
required. R a is the armature resistance per phase X s is the synchronous reactance per
phase
% regulation = E0 Vt x 100 %
VT
pf =cos % regulation
0.8 lag
upf
0.8 lead
38
Experiment No. 9(ii)

Date:
PRE-DETERMINATION OF PERCENT REGULATION OF A 3 ALTERNATOR BY
MMF METHOD OR AMP TURN METHOD.
Aim:
To find the percent voltage regulation of 3 alternator by MMF method
Apparatus required:

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
t
4 Tachom
eter
Theory:
This method is based on the ampere-turns. In the alternator on load, ampere-turns are required to
generate the induced emf, to account for the armature reaction effect and to account for the
armature drop in the machine. From the SC and OC tests, we obtain the ampere-turns to account for
the armature drop and the ampere turns to generate the induced emf. These are vectorially added to
obtain the total ampere-turns corresponding to the given load and p f (assumed). Corresponding to
the total ampere turns us then obtains the induced emf from the OCC. This method gives %
regulation whose value is numerically less .Hence this method is called optimistic method. The
vector diagram is given as below.
F1: MMF required to generate induced emf on open circuit.
39
F2: MMF required to generate rated current on short circuit.
F3: Total MMF
F3 = F1 + F2 ( vectorial addition )
Calculations:
MMF Method or Amp turn method or optimistic method O.C.C & S.C.C are drawn as below.
Graph:
(a) MMF method or amp turn method or optimistic method.
OCC and SCC are as shown below:

For a given pf cos, at full load calculate
E = Vt + Ia Ra cos where Vt is the rated terminal voltage per phase in volts,
Ia rated armature current in amps,
Ra armature resistance in ohms/phase,
cos is the pf at which regulation is required.
From the OCC, for a voltage of E volts note the field current required. This is If1 amps.
If2 is the field current required to circulate rated current on short circuit. Read this from SCC.
Find If3, as follows either graphically or analytically, If3 is the excitation required for the given
load conditions.
To find If3 graphically:- choose a scale 1cm=amps.
Plot to some convenient scale, If1 and If2 for given pf at full load, obtain If3.
Or find If3 analytically:-
If3 = If12 + If22 2If1If2 Cos(90)
If3 =amp = excitation required.

From the OCC for a field current of If3 amps, read the voltage.
This is E0 volts/phase = no load emf/phase.
% regulation = (E0 Vt )*100

Vt
pf =cos % regulation
40
0.8 lag
upf
0.8 lead
41
Experiment 10
Date:
PRE-DETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF A 3 PHASE ALTERNATOR BY POTIER
REACTANCE MRTHOD OR ZERO POWER FACTOR (ZPF) METHOD
Aim:-
1. To conduct OC test.
2. To conduct SC test.
3. To obtain ZPF lagging saturation curve at full load.
4. To determine the armature resistance for the given 3 synchronous machine and hence
predetermine the regulation for full load at any desired power factor.
Apparatus Required:-

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
t
4 Tachom
eter
Theory:
In this method in addition to the OC and SC test we perform a load test on the alternator with a purely
inductive variable load. This method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance drop and the
armature reaction effects. Hence it gives more accurate results. The ZPF characteristic is the curve of terminal
volts against excitation when armature is delivering full load current at zero pf. The reduction in voltage due to
armature reaction is found from the above and the voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance X L(Also
called potier reactance XP) is found from OCC , SCC and ZPFC . By combining these two the induced emf can
be calculated. The vector diagram is shown below.
42
Procedure:-
(a) For O.C. test: -

1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep TPST switch open and motor field resistance in
minimum position and Alternator field resistance in maximum position, S1 open.
2. Close the D.C. supply switch. Bring Motor speed to its rated value by increasing its field resistance.
3. Note down the Voltmeter reading.
4. Now close S1.Gradually decrease the alternator field resistance in steps and at each step, note down
voltmeter reading and ammeter reading (If) till 125% of rated voltage is reached. Tabulate under OC test.
5. Plot a graph of OC voltage per phase Vs field current. This gives OCC.
6. Increase the alternator field resistance to maximum position, open S1.
(b) For S.C. test:-
1. With machine running at rated speed, bring alternator field resistance to maximum position and close
the TPDT switch to position I.
2. Gradually reduce Alternator field resistance in steps and at each step note down both ammeter readings.
Tabulate under SC test.
3. Bring alternator field resistance to maximum position, open TPDT, open S1, motor field resistance to
minimum position, motor armature resistance to maximum position and open the DC supply switch.
4. Plot a graph of Isc, VS, If . This gives SCC.
43
For ZPF characteristics:-
1. With machine running at rated speed, bring alternator field resistance to maximum position and close the
TPDT switch to position II.
2. Gradually reduce alternator field resistance in steps and simultaneously increase the load in steps such
that rated current flows in the alternator and note down corresponding voltmeter and ammeter reading (If)
obtain a number of readings keeping alternator load current at rated value. Tabulate under ZPF test.
3. Increase alternator field resistance to maximum position, reduce the load completely, open TPDT switch,
open S1 , reduce motor field resistance to minimum position , motor armature resistance to maximum
position and open the DC supply switch.
4. Plot a graph of VLPH Vs If .
For Measurement Of Armature Resistance :-

1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Close the D.C. supply switch. .
3. Switch on the lamps one by one and note down the reading of voltmeter and ammeter till the ammeter
reads 2 A.
4. Tabulate the readings under armature resistance.
Tabular column:
For OC Test.
If amps 0
Vo volts 125%rated
voltage
Vo/3
volts
For SC Test.
Sl. No. IF amps ISC amps
For ZPF Test.
Sl. No. If amps Ia amps VL volts
44
For measurement of armature resistance.
Sl. No. V volts I amps Ra=1.5V/2I ohms
Ra = Armature resistance per phase in ohms.
Calculations:-
1. OCC and SCC are drawn as shown below.

OA = field current required to circulate full load current in AC test.
Point B corresponds to values from ZPF test (If, VL/3).
Make PQ =OA. Draw QR parallel to air gap line, MP horizontal line corresponding to rated phase voltage
= Vt. Measure SR in volt scale.
2. SR in volts = Ia XL
XL = SR in volts = ohms/phase.
Ia in amps
XL =potier reactance in ohms/phase.
3. Calculate Eg from
Eg = (Vt Cos + IaRa)2 + (Vt Sin IaXL)2
Cos is the pf at which % regulation is to be determined.

Vt is the rated phase voltage.
Ia is the full load current of alternator.
Ra is the armature resistance per phase.
XL is the potier reactance in ohms/phase.
+ ve sign for lagging pf and upf.
-ve sign for leading pf.
Eg is the induced voltage per phase.
Sin = (1- Cos2)
4. Corresponding to a phase voltage Eg , from the OCC, find the field current. Let it be If1.
5. Find the resultant field current If3 from the following vector diagrams:-
45
Graph:
6. If2 = SP in amps.
7. Corresponding to a field current of If3 amps, from the OCC read the no load phase voltage (Eo). This
is the no load emf.
8. Percentage regulation is given by:
% regulation = (Eo Vt) *100%
Vt
Note:-calculate %regulation for 0.8 lag, 0.8 lead, and upf.
conclusion and remarks:
%Regulation = for 0.8 lagging pf.
%Regulation = for 0.8 leading pf.
%Regulation = for upf.
Experiment No.: 11 Date:
SLIP TEST FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DIRECT AXIS AND QUADRATURE AXIS SYNCHRONOUS
REACTANCES OF A SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
46
Aim:
1. To conduct slip test on the given three phase synchronous machine so as to calculate
direct axis (Xd ) and quadrature axis (Xq) reactances.
2 To measure stator resistance Ra
3. To predetermine the regulation using Xd and Xq for full load and required power factor
Apparatus Required:

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
ts
4 Tachom
eter
Associated Theory:
This method is applicable to salient pole alternator. Here we measure the direct axis and quadrature axis
reactance on a per phase basis. The direct axis reactance is usually more than the quadrature axis
reactance because more flux is established along the direct axis . In the vector diagram shown below the
induced emf is found to be established along the quadrature axis.
47
Circuit Diagram:
Measurement of Ra:
Procedure:
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Keep the field circuit of the alternator
open.
2. Keep the motor field resistance at minimum positions.
3. Start the DC motor bring it to rated speed by increasing the field resistance.
4. Apply reduced 3 phase AC voltage to the alternator armature through the three phase auto
transformer (say 30 v)
5. Slightly adjust the motor field resistance to obtain maximum oscillation in ammeter and
voltmeter. Note down the maximum and minimum readings of oscillation in both the meters.
Tabulate the readings.
6. Repeat the steps for different applied voltages of 50V and 70V
(Note: Even after adjusting the speed, if there is no oscillation in the meters, then any two of
three supply AC terminal to Auto transformer should be interchanged).
Tabular Column:
Sl. Imax Imin Vmax Vmin Xd=Vmax / (3 Xd=Vmin / (3

No. amp amp Volt Volt Imin) Imax)
48
Calculations:
Vmax
Xd =----------- Ohm/ph
3 Imin
Vmin
Xq = quadrature axis synchronous reactance= ----------- Ohm/ph
3 Imax
To find no load emf Eo per phase: assume the pf

Graphically:
Choose a convenient scale for voltage
1cm= ..Volts
Vt = rated terminal voltage/phase
1. Draw OA=Vt = rated voltage/ph along the horizontal
2. Draw OIa line at the given p.f angle w.r t O.A
OIa lags OA for lagging pf by angle o
OIa is in phase with OA for unity pf =0o
OIa leads OA for leading pf by angle o
OIa is not to scale
3. Draw AB=IaRa volts and parallel to OIa
4. Draw BC= IaXd volts and perpendicular to OIa
5. Mark point M along BC, such that, BM=IaXq volts
6. Join OM and extend this line
7. From point C drop a perpendicular to line OM extended let OK be the perpendicular
8. Measure OK to scale. OK gives the no load emf per phase =Eo
9. % Regulation = (Eo-Vt)/(Vt) x 100 = .
Diagram for finding Eo:
(A) For lagging p.f (B) For unity p.f
(C) For leading p.f
Result:
Power factor Eo per ph Vt per ph % Regulation =

49
cos (Eo-Vt)/(Vt) x 100
0.8 lagging
0.9 lagging
0.7 leading
unity (=1)
Find the regulation for these four cases and tabulate.
Experiment No. 12
Date:
PERFORMANCE OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR UNDER CONSTANT POWER
AND
VARIABLE EXCITATION AND VICE VERSA
Aim:-
1. To synchronize that is, to connect the given 3 alternator in parallel with the infinite
bus bars.
2. To study the effect of varying the excitation on load sharing.
3. To study the effect of varying the prime mover input (or speed or frequency of
alternator) upon load sharing.
Apparatus required:-

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
50
er
3 Wattmet
er
4 Rheosta
ts
5 Tachom
eter
Theory:
To synchronize an alternator with bus bar the following conditions have to be satisfied
1. The voltage of the incoming alternator should be same as the bus bar voltage
2. The frequency of the incoming alternator should be same as the bus bar frequency
3. The phase sequence of the incoming alternator should be same as the bus bar phase
sequence
The first condition is satisfied by adjusting the alternator field resistance. The second
condition is satisfied by
Adjusting the motor field resistance, which alters the speed of the alternator? The third
condition is satisfied by checking the condition of the synchronizing lamps i.e., lamp should
flicker simultaneously.
Procedure:-
For synchronizing.
1. Make connections as shown in circuit diagram. Keep Motor armature resistance at
maximum, motor field resistance at minimum. Alternator field resistance at maximum,
Load fully switched off. and Synchronizing switch S1 open.
2. Close DC supply switch .Reduce the motor armature resistance completely to start the
motor. Bring it to rated speed by slowly increasing its field resistance.
3 Gradually reduce Alternator field resistance till rated voltage is built up.
4. Close three-phase ac supply switch and increase the output of autotransformer gradually so
that it is equal to that of the alternator.
5. Observe the flickering of the lamps..
51
6. If all the lamps are becoming bright simultaneously and going dark simultaneously, then the
phase sequence of the alternator is the same as that of the bus bars. On the other hand if
the lamps become bright in a cyclic order then the phase sequence is opposite and in this
case, any two of the supply terminals to the 3- autotransformer are interchanged. Make
the lamps to flicker very slowly by adjusting the speed of the dc motor. Make the dark
period comparatively more.
7. When all the lamps are dark, close the synchronizing switch S1, so as to put the alternator in
parallel with the bus bars. Now alternator is synchronized with the bus bars. Note down the
circulating current if any.
Effect of varying the excitation or field current.

1. Switch on the lamp load on and keep the load constant at some value.
2. Gradually vary the alternator field resistance in steps, and at each step, note down all the
meters readings and tabulate the same.
Effect Of Varying Prime Mover Input.

1. Switch on the lamps on and keep the load constant at the same value.
2. Now gradually vary the dc motor field resistance in steps and at each step note down the
readings of all the meters and tabulate the same.
3. Switch off the lamps in the lamp load open the synchronizing switch S1 reduce the
autotransformer output, increase the alternator field resistance to maximum position, motor
field resistance to minimum position, motor armature resistance to maximum position and
open the DC and AC supply switch
Fig 12.1:Connection diagram for synchronizing the alternator with 3-lamp

method
Tabulation:
52
(a) Effect of varying excitation or field current ( if ):-
Speed = rpm.
Sl.No. If amps Ia amps W1 watts W2 watts VL volts Cos=pf
(b) For varying speed:- if =.amps.
Sl.No. Ia amps W1 watts W2 watts VL volts Cos=pf
4
Conclusion & Results:
Experiment No. 13
Date:
V- CURVES AND INVERTED V- CURVES OF A THREE

PHASE
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Aim: - To synchronize the given three phase synchronous machine with infinite bus bar and to
obtain the V-curve.
53
Apparatus Required:-

No tus ity
1 Ammet
er
2 Voltmet
er
3 Rheosta
ts
4 Tachom
eter
5 Wattmet
er
Theory:-
The synchronous motor can be operated over a wide range of pf by varying the field excitation.
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to the applied voltage is known as 100%
excitation (fig a). When the excitation is less than 100% (fig b) the armature current increases
and pf decreases such that the power component of I i.e. Icos remains constant .When
excitation is more than 100% (fig c) the pf decreases and the armature current increases. Hence
as excitation is increased I will increase the pf will decrease. When the machine is under excited
it runs with lagging pf and when over excited it runs with leading pf It should be noted that
minimum armature current and maximum pf correspond to each other . The following vector
diagrams illustrate this.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
54
Procedure: -
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure.
2. Stator is connected to three phase supply through wattmeters (to measure power using
two wattmeter method) and ammeter to read line current which is same as armature
current.
3. Voltmeter is connected to read the line voltage.
4. A rheostat in a potential divider arrangement is used in the field circuit.By controlling the
voltage by rheostat, the field current can be changed.
5. The motor is subjected to variable excitation condition to note down the readings.
6. Plot a graph of
a) Armature current (Ia) versus field current (If) -----------Vcurve
b) The power factor (cos) Vs field current (If)---------Inverted V curve
Calculation:-
= tan- 3(W1-W2) or cos = W

(W1+W2) 3 V Ia
TABULAR COLUMN:
Load current, IL=amp
Sl. If Ia W1 W2 V Pf=
No. Amps Amps Watts Watts Volts cos
55
Graph:
Conclusion & Result:
56
Experiment No. 14
Date:
Measurement of X1, X2 and Xo of a synchronous generator and calculation of
currents for an LG, LL or LLG fault.
OBJECTIVE: - To determine positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence

reactances of an alternator.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. Ammeter: 0 - 15A; 0 - 2.5A.
2. Voltmeter: 0 40V; 0 250V.
3. Wattmeter: 0 -1400 W.
Theory:
The sequence impedances of an alternator have differing values. This is because of the difference in the
effect of the armature m.m.f on the DC field m.m.f for different sequences. They may be defined as:
Positive Sequence Impedance

It is the ratio of the fundamental component of armature voltage, due to the fundamental positive
sequence component of armature current, to this component of armature current at rated frequency. This is
the usual impedance (either synchronous or transient or sub transient) of alternator.
Negative Sequence Impedance

It is the ratio of fundamental component of armature voltage, due to the fundamental negative sequence
component of armature current, to this component of armature current at rated frequency.
Zero Sequence Impedance

57
It is the ratio of fundamental component of armature voltage, due to the fundamental zero sequence
component of armature current, to this component of armature current at rated frequency.
Connection Diagram
. Fig 14.1 Connection Diagram for open

circuit
5
.
Fig 14.2 Connection Diagram for short

circuit
Fig 14.3 Connection Diagram for Determination of X
2
Fig 14.4 Connection Diagram for Determination of X

0
DETERMINATION OF X1 (Positive Sequence reactance):

It is a reactance of a synchronous machine under steady state condition in the direct axis. The
positive sequence impedance can also be defined as the impedance offered by the machine to
the flow of positive sequence currents in the armature windings create a magnetic field that
rotates in the normal direction in the air gap.
58
X =Z sinQ
1. Open Circuit Test 2 2
.
Table 1 - Open Circuit Test
S.No Voltage Field Current Speed
1. . . .
2. . . .
3. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
n . . .
a. Run the machine at rated speed.

b. Connect a voltmeter and ammeter according to the circuit
diagram.
c. Note the reading at different exciting current.
2. Short Circuit Test

S.No. Armature Current Field Current Speed
1. . . .
2. . . .
3. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
n . . .
a. Run the machine at rated speed.

b. Apply low voltage to the field circuit so that exciting current is small. Alternately
connect a high resistance rheostat in the field circuit with full field voltage applied
connect an armature in the field circuit.
c. Apply three-phase short circuit at the synchronous machine terminal with an
ammeter connected in any phase.
d. Measure the short circuit current corresponding to the field current given by the
ammeter reading.
DETERMINATION OF X2 (Negative Sequence Reactance):
S.No. Voltage Current Power Z X
2 2
1. . . . . .
2. . . . . .
59
3. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
n . . . . .
The negative sequence reactance X can be determined by driving the machine at rated speed
2
with low excitation. Short circuit ant two phases and open circuit one phase. Measure the
short circuited current Isc and voltage of open circuited phase Vos. The current coil of
voltmeter is excited by Isc and voltage coil by Vos. The negative sequence impedance can be
calculated.
Z =Vos / 3.Isc
2
X2=Z2sinQ , where Q = cos-1(P / Vsc.Vsc)
a. Run the machine at rated speed
b. Short circuit two phases of the alternator through an ammeter and the current coil of
the wattmeter.
c. Connect the voltage coil of the wattmeter and the voltmeter between the open phase
and any short circuited phase.
d. Gradually increase the excitation such that the short circuit current does not exceed
its full load value.
e. Take reading of voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter.
Determination of X0 (Zero Sequence Reactance):-
S.No. Voltage Current Speed X
0
1. . . . .
2. . . . .
3. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
n . . . .
onnected in parallel.
hown in Fig14.1.
it diagram.
current taken by the
60
DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS
D.C and Synchronous Machines:
1. What is the principle of generator?

2. What is a slip ring?
3. What is a split ring?
4. What is commutation?
5. What are the methods of improving commutation?
6. Name and explain the main parts of a practical generator.
7. Explain the types of generators.
8. Derive the E.M.F. equation of a generator.
9. Write a note on interpoles.
10. Explain the losses in D.C generator.
11. What is a compensating winding? What is its function?
12. What are the effects of armature reaction in d.c. Generators?
13. An 8-pole generator has an output of 200A at 500V; the lap-connected armature has 1280
conductors, 160 commutator segments. If the brushes are advanced 4 segments from the no-
load neutral axis estimate the armature demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing ATs per pole.
14. A 4-pole generator supplies a current of 143A. It has 492 armature conductors (a)lap-wound
(b) wave-wound. When delivering full-load, he brushes are given an actual lead of 100.
Calculate the demagnetizing ATs per pole. This field winding is shunt connected and takes 10
A. Find the number of extra shunt field turns necessary to neutralize demagnetization.
15. Derive the e.m.f equation of a D.C generator.
16. What is the principle of d.c. Motor?
17. What is the significance of back emf?
18. What do you mean by torque?
19. Explain and derive expression for the Armature Torque and Shaft Torque of a motor.
20. Explain the speed-torque characteristics of:
a. D.C. shunt motor
b. D.C. series motor
c. D.C. compound motor
21. A 220 V d.c. shunt motor runs at 500 rpm when the armature current is 50 A. Calculate the
speed if the torque is doubled. Given that Ra = 0.2 .
22. A 460 V d.c. series motor runs at 500 rpm taking a current of 40 A. Calculate the speed and
percentage change in torque if the load is reduced so that the motor is taking 30 A. The total
resistance of armature and field circuits is 0.8 . Assume flux is proportional to field current.
23. What are the factors for controlling the speed of d.c. motor?
24. Explain the Flux Control Method of speed control of a d.c. shunt motor.
25. Explain the Armature Resistance Method of speed control of a d.c. shunt motor.
26. Explain the Ward-Leonard System of speed control of a d.c. shunt motor.
27. Explain the Flux Control Method of speed control of a d.c. series motor.
28. Explain the Armature diverter Method of speed control of a d.c. series motor.
29. Explain the series-parallel control method of speed control of two d.c. series motors.
30. Explain the effect of armature reaction and commutation on performance of D.C. motor.
61
DC & SYNCHRONOUS Machines Lab
31. Write a brief note on permanent magnet motors

32. How is Swinburnes test conducted on a d.c. machine? How can the efficiency be determined
from the results of this test when the machine works as:
a. Motor
b. Generator
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Swinburnes test?
34. What is Hopkinsons Test? Explain the procedure of this test.
35. What are the advantages of Swinburnes test?
36. Explain the retardation or running down test.
37. Explain field test for series motor.
38. A d.c. series motor takes 40A at 220V and runs at 800 rpm. If the armature and field
resistances are 0.2 and 0.1 respectively and the iron and friction losses are 0.5 kW, find the
torque developed in the armature. What will be the output of the motor?
39. A 4 pole, 240 V, wave connected shunt motor gives 11.19 kW when running at 1000 rpm and
drawing armature and field currents of 50A and 1A respectively. It has 540 conductors. Its
resistance is 0.1. Assuming a drop of 1V per brush, find
a. Total torque
b. Useful torque
c. Useful flux/pole
d. Rotational losses and
e. Efficiency.
40. A 250V shunt motor has full load armature current of 40A and a speed of 1000 rpm. The
resistance of armature is 0.2. What resistance must be added in series with the armature in
order to reduce the speed by 25% for the same load torque?
41. The no-load test of a 44.76 kW,220V d.c. shunt motor gave the following figures: Input current
= 13.25A; field current = 2.55A; armature resistance at 750C = 0.032 and brush drop = 2V.
Estimate the full load current and efficiency.
42. What is an alternator?
43. What are the types of turbo alternators?
44. Discuss the main constructional features of cylindrical rotor and salient pole alternators.
45. What is breadth factor?
46. Derive the equation for breadth factor of a winding having q slots per pole per phase and slot
angle .
47. What is pitch factor?
48. Derive the equation of induced EMF in the alternator.
49. What are Harmonics?
50. What are the effects of Harmonics on pitch and distribution factors?
51. How harmonics can be minimized?
52. Explain the armature reaction in alternator.
53. What do you mean by Synchronous reactance?
54. What do you mean by voltage regulation?
55. What are the causes of voltage regulation?
56. What are the various methods of determination of voltage regulation?
57. Explain the Synchronous impedance method of determination of voltage regulation of an
alternator.
58. Explain the Ampere turns method of determination of voltage regulation of an alternator.
62
59. Explain the Zero power factor method of determination of voltage regulation of an alternator.
60. What do you mean by parallel operation of two alternators.
61. Explain the procedure for synchronizing single phase alternators by lamp dark method.
62. What is synchronous current?
63. What is synchronizing power? Derive an expression for the same.
64. Describe the procedure of slip test. How can Xd and Xq be found from this test?
65. Explain the principle of operation of synchronous motor.
66. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of a synchronous motor operating at
a. Lagging power factor.
b. Leading power factor.
67. Why synchronous motor is not self-starting?
68. Explain the construction of V and inverted V curves.
69. Derive the power angle characteristics of a synchronous motor having a cylindrical rotor.
70. What is hunting?
71. What is a synchronous condenser? What are its applications?
72. Calculate the speed and open-circuit line and phase voltages of a 4-pole, 3-phase star
connected alternator with 36 slots and 30 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 0.05 Wb
sinusoidally distributed.
73. A certain 3-phase, star connected, 100-kVA, 11000V alternator has the rated current of 52.5A.
The a.c. reactances of the winding per phase is 0.45. The test results are given below:
OC Test: field current = 12.5A; voltage between lines = 422V
SC Test: field current = 12.5A; line current = 52.5A
Determine the full load voltage regulation of the alternator at pf 0.8 lagging and pf 0.8 leading.
74. The input to 6600v, 3phase, star connected synchronous motor is 900kw, the synchronous
reactance per phase is 20 and the effective resistance is
Negligible. If the generated voltage is 8900v (line). Calculate the motor current and its power
factor.
75. A 3000KVA, 6-pole alternator runs at 1000 rpm in parallel with other machine on 3300v bus
bars. The synchronous reactance is 25% calculate the synchronizing power for one mechanical
degree of displacement and the corresponding synchronizing torque.
63
QUESTION BANK
1. Determine the efficiency and speed of given DC shunt motor when it is delivering
________________ load. [load to be specified ] by conducting necessary test.
2. Determine the Torque, speed and efficiency of given DC shunt motor when it is delivering
_______________ load [load to be specified ] by conducting necessary test.
3. Obtain the curves of efficiency Vs output and speed Vs output of d.c shunt motor after
conducting load test on it.
4. Obtain the curves of Torque Vs output and speed Vs output of d.c shunt motor after conducting
load test on it.
5. Conduct suitable experiment to control the speed of d.c machine by Ward-Leonard method.
6. Study the effect of change of field current on speed of a d.c motor after conducting a suitable
experiment.
7. Obtain the curves of speed Vs applied EMF and speed Vs field current of d.c shunt motor after
conducting a suitable experiment.
8. Conduct Hopkinsons test on the two identical d.c machines and find the efficiency of motor
and generator when generator is delivering ____________ amps of current.
9. Conduct the Back to Back test on the two identical d.c machines and obtain the graph of
efficiency Vs load of motor and/or generator.
10. Conduct regenerative test on d.c machines and find efficiency of motor and generator at
________ full load.
11. Conduct regenerative test on two identical d.c machines and obtain stray loss of each machine.
12. Conduct Swinburnes test on a d.c machine and determine its efficiency.
a.i. When working as motor at ______ full load
a.ii. When working as generator delivering ________ load current.
13. Predetermine efficiency of d.c machine by conducting Swinburnes test
a.i. When working as motor at ______ full load
a.ii. When working as generator at_______ full load.
14. Conduct No-load test on given d.c machine and predetermine its efficiency at ______FL when
it is acting as a motor and/or generator.
15. Find the constant loss of d.c machine by conducting the suitable test
16. By conducting suitable test on the given two identical d.c machines and list the losses
17. By conducting brush-lifting method separate the no-load losses into its components.
18. Conduct O.C and S.C test on a given 3-phase alternator to pre-determine the percentage
regulation at full load and _______pf (lead / lag) by
a. E.M.F Method
b. M.M.F Method
19. Pre-determine the voltage regulation of a given 3-phase alternator at F.L and at_______pf lag
and _______pf lead by MMF Method
20. Pre-determine the voltage regulation of a given 3-phase alternator at half F.L _______pf lag
and _______pf lead by EMF Method.
21. Conduct suitable experiments on given 3-phase alternator to pre-determine the percentage
regulation at full load and _______pf (lead / lag) by ZPF Method. Assume Ra / phase as
________ ohms.
64
22. Conduct suitable experiments on given 3-phase alternator to determine its direct axis and
quadrature axis reactances. Hence pre-determine the percentage regulation at full load and
_______pf (lead / lag).
23. Pre-determine the percentage regulation at full load and _______pf (lead / lag) a given salient
pole alternator by conducting suitable experiment.
24. Obtain experimentally V and inverted V curves of the given synchronous motor at constant
load.
25. Run the given synchronous machine as a synchronous motor on no-load and determine the two
values of field currents for which the armature current is _________ Amps.
26. Obtain experimentally V and inverted V curves of the given synchronous motor at no-load.
27. Synchronize the given alternator with the bus bars.
Draw the power angle characteristics of synchronous motor by conducting suitable experiment
65

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

DC AND SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES LAB

NAM E OF THE STUDENT :

UNIVERSITY SEAT NO. :

SEMESTER & SECTION :

To emerge as one of the finest Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Mission of the Department

Create a motivating environment for learning Electrical Sciences through

Graduates of the program will,

Load characteristics of a D.C. shunt and compound generator.

Load test on a DC motor- determination of speed-torque and HP-

Speed control of DC motor by armature voltage control and flux 29

Voltage regulation of an alternator by EMF and MMF method.

Performance of synchronous generator connected to infinite bus, under 51

Measurement of X1, X2 and Xo of a synchronous generator and 57

Overview of Electrical machines

Introduction to SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Experiment No. 1 Date:

Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Conclusion and remarks:

Load characteristics of a D.C. compound generator.

I LONG SHUNT CUMULATIVE COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Conclusion and remarks:

II) LONG SHUNT DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of

III) SHORT SHUNT CUMULATIVE COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Determination of armature resistance Ra and shunt field resistance Rsh by ammeter-

Circuit Diagram: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of armature) and

VI) SHORT SHUNT DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND GENERATOR

Sl.No. Particular Range Type Quantity

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

Determination of armature resistance Ra and shunt field resistance Rsh by ammeter-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Interchange the field terminals of generator(say Y to A of armature) and

Conclusion and remarks:

LOAD TEST AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To plot the performance characteristics of a D.C. shunt

1. Make connections as per circuit diagram.

Force Motor %=Output *100 Torque

Conclusions and remarks:

Experiment No. 3 Date:

Sl.No particular Range Type Quantity

01 Voltmeter 0-300v M.C. 01

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

IL= No load motor current, Amp

= (VL X IL)_- (IL-If)2 X Ra watt

I) Efficiency when Working as motor at full load:

a)I a = (IFL- If) Amp

II) Efficiency when Working as motor at full load:

Conclusion and Remarks:

Sl Apparat Range Quanti

Circuit for Measurement of Ra:

For Hopkinsons Test:

1. Make the connection as in fig (b).

For Hopkinsons Test.

V1 volts I1amps I2 amps I3 amps I4 amps