0

(Evaluationofphytotoxicityofessentialoil
constitutes)

2011

1 2
1.1 2
1.2 4
1.3 4
1.4 4
1.5 5
1.6 5
1.6.1 6
1.7 6
1.8 9
1.9 12
2 13
2.1 13
2.1.1 14
2.2 19
2.3 29
3 30
32

1.

1.1.


4000.
, .
,
, .
,,
.
,
.
, .

13 .

.,,
,
,
.
, ,


(,2004;,1998).
,
,
.
..
,,,.
.
,
 3

.,
1%
(, 2004;
,1998).

.,
,.
,:),
) ,
(,2004).
(1998),

:
(, )
,
().
.

.

,
.

,.

.
.
.
,
.
 4

,.

1.2.

,
.
, ,
.
. 0,75 1,182 g/ml,
..
.
(),
.,
.
, ,
.
(,2002).

1.3.


. ,
,
.
.

,
(,1998).

1.4.
 5

, : , ,
,.

,
.
,
(,2002).

1.5.

,.
.,
,,,
.
,
(,
1998).

1.6.


.
(,1998):







 6

1.6.1.

.
,
.

.,

,.

.

.
1. , 2. 3.
.

.

. ,
.
. ,


.

1.7.

19
,
,:

 7

1. Anethole: ,
(Illicium verum),
(Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. dulce).
.

2.Thymol:
(Thymus vulgaris).

.
.

3.trans2Decenal:ElettariopsiscurtisiiBaker,

(Coriandrum sativum), .
,
.

4. Thujone:
: ()Thujone (+)Thujone.
(ArtemisiaabsinthiumL.)
.

5. 4Allylanisole:
,.

6.Decanal:octanal,
.

7. Methyl cinnamate:
.
,
 8

.
..

8. Eucalyptol:
, ,
Eucalyptus globulus Eucalyptus polybractea,
Melaleuca alternifolia
.

9. Myrcene:
.
ylangylang,.

10.Pinene:,
,,.
.
.

11. Limonene: ,
,
, .
.

12. Fenchone:
.

13.Carvacrol:
.
,
.

14. Carvone:
, , .
.

15. Pinene: .
, .
(Rosmarinusofficinalis).

16. Ocimen:
.
.

17. pCymene:
.

18. Eugenol:
(),,,.
.
, Eugenia aromaticum Eugenia
caryophyllata.

19. Linalool: H
. ,
.

1.8.


.
(
)
 10

,
(,2008).
Dudai .. (1999)
(Triticum aestivum L.)
(Amaranthus palmeri)
, (Ocimum citriodorum
L.), (Origanum vulgare L.) (Origanum majorana
L.). ,
.(Thymus
vulgarisL.),(Syzygiumaromaticum)(Cinnamomum
zeylanicum Blume) ,
(TaraxacumofficinaleL.).
Vasilakoglou .. (2007)
(Ocimumbasilicum)
(Origanum spp.), [Echinocloa
crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv.] (Chenopodium album L.),
.
()
() ,
,

. Dhima ..(2010)

(,,,,,,
) , ,
.
, .
, (94
100%),(030%)
.
,,
, .
 11

911%
,
.

, ,
.
Ismaiel Pierson (1990)
Clostridium botulinum ,
DNA,RNA.

. , Baum .. (1998)
Romagni .. (2000)
, .,
.
,...
(Gravanis..,2005)

.

,
. ,
(Gravanis..,2004),

(eloidogyne sp.) . ,
,
.
, ,
. Daferera .. (2003)
, ,

Botrytiscinerea,Fusariumsp.Clavibactermichiganensis.

 12

.,
.
, Lamiaceae
()
(Thrips tabaci) (Koschier, ..,
2003). 1%
,
0,1 1%
. Vokou .. (1993),
Erwinia
carotovora . ,
, , , ,
.
,
,

(Isman,
2000).

1.9.

.
,
,
.
,
19.
(Loliumrigidum).


 13

2.


2.1.


...
2011 2011.
:
(Petridish)8cm50cm3.
()
,8mm

(Loliumrigidum)


19(,
)o1.

(19 x 8) 19
8:0,25,
0,5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 32 l/50 cm3 ( 5, 10 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 640 nl/cm3,
).
( x
), .
% ,
.



 14

1.
.
/

1 transAnethole(98%) AlfaAesar

2 Thymol(98%) AlfaAesar

3 Linalool(97%) AlfaAesar

4 Carvacrol(98%) Aldrichchemistry

5 (+)Carvone Flukaanalytical

6 (+)Fenchone(98%) AlfaAesar

7 4Allylanisole(Estragole) Flukaanalytical

8 Thujone Flukaanalytical

9 Eugenol(99%) AlfaAesar

10 trans2Decenal(97%) AlfaAesar

11 Decanal AlfaAesar

12 Methylcinnamate,predominantly AlfaAesar
trans(99%)

13 Eucalyptol Flukaanalytical

14 Myrcene Flukaanalytical

15 (+/)Limonene AlfaAesar

16 (+)alphapinene(98%) AlfaAesar

17 (1S)()pinene(99%) AlfaAesar

18 pcymene(97%) AlfaAesar

 15

19 Ocimen(90+%) SAFC

2.1.1.

20
8cm,
5g.
(12).10ml
.
, ,
0( ),0,2,0,5,1,2,4,8,
1632l/.,
( 3 4).

,
()(56).

1.
,.

,
21C.
 16

, ,
. ,

% (
).

2.
.

3.,
0, 0,25, 0,5, 1, 2, 4,
8,1632l,.

 17

4.
.









5.
.

6. ,
.

 18

Wholerange assessment (An .., 2005).

(I) #1,
Liu..(2007).,
0 Dn, Dc
, R(0)
0 nl/cm3 () to f(D)
.

I=DcDn[R(0)f(D)]dD/0DnR(0)dD[1]

 19

2.2.

(ANOVA)

(P < 0,001),
(P < 0,001) (P < 0,001)
().
x
x ,
x(119,2).
, nethole, Thymol, Linalool, Carvacrol, Carvone,
Fenchone, 4Allylanisole (Estragole), Thujone Eugenol

( 19). ,
5640nl/cm3.,Myrcene,Limonene,
pinene, pinene, pcymene Ocimen
(14
19)..
(Is)
Wholerange assessment, Carvone ( 2),
80
nl/cm3(5).
.
CarvacrolThymol,
Linalool
Anethole .

160nl/cm3(14).,

,,
.
 20

140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Anethole ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
1.
.
140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Thymol ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
2.
.
140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Linalool ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
3.
.

 21

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
Carvacrol ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
4.
.
140
Lolium rigidum (% )

Carvone ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
5.
.

140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Fenchone ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
6.
.

 22

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
Estragole ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
7.
.

140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Thujone ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
8.
.
140
Lolium rigidum (% )

Eugenol ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
9.
.
 23

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
Decenal ...0,05

105

70

35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
10.
decenal.

140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Decanal ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
11.
decanal.
140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Methyl cinnamate ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
12.
methylcinnamate.

 24

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
Eucalyptol ...0,05

105

70

35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
13.
.
140
Lolium rigidum (% )

Myrcene

105
...0,05

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3)
14.
.

140

Lolium rigidum (% )

Limonene ...0,05

105

70

35

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
15.
.
 25

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
-pinene

105

70 ...0,05


35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
16.
.

140
Lolium rigidum (% )

-pinene ...0,05

105

70

35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
17.
.
140
Lolium rigidum (% )

p-cymene

105

70
...0,05

35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
18.
p.

 26

140

Lolium rigidum (% )
Ocimen ...0,05

105

70

35

0

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520 560 600 640

(nl/cm 3 )
19.
Ocimen.

,
,
(I) Wholerange assessment, :
Carvone Carvacrol = Thymol Linalool = Anethole Fenchone = Estragole
Eugenol=Thujone=Decenal>Eucalyptol=Methylcinnamate>Decanal=Limonene
= Ocimen = pinene = Myrcene = pinene = pcymene.
: Carvone Thymol =
Carvacrol = Linalool > Anethole = Estragole = Fenchone > Eugenol Thujone
Decenal>EucalyptolMethylcinnamate=Ocimen=Myrcene>Decanal=Limonene
=pinene>pcymene=pinene.

,
.

5 nl/cm3 640 nl/cm3. ,
.
Dudai .. (1999), Toworkoski (2002),
Vasilakoglou .. (2007) Dhima .. (2010),
,,
,
 27

.

,
,
.
,

,.

2. (I)

.
/

(%)

1 transAnethole(98%) 83,7 82,4

2 Thymol(98%) 86,0 89,6

3 Linalool(97%) 84,0 88,7

4 Carvacrol(98%) 88,9 89,1

5 (+)Carvone 91,3 91,2

6 (+)Fenchone(98%) 77,3 81,1

7 4Allylanisole(Estragole) 71,5 81,8

8 Thujone 56,3 70,2

9 Eugenol(99%) 62,3 74,2

10 trans2Decenal(97%) 51,7 67,5

11 Decanal 4,4 15,8

 28

12 Methylcinnamate,predominantly 17,4 30,2

trans(99%)

13 Eucalyptol 19,4 33,4

14 Myrcene 0,0 27,1

15 (+/)Limonene 2,3 15,4

16 (+)alphapinene(98%) 0,0 0,3

17 (1S)()pinene(99%) 0,1 14,6

18 pcymene(97%) 0,0 6,8

19 Ocimen(90+%) 1,2 29,6

 29

2.3.



(Anethole, Thymol, Linalool, Carvacrol, Carvone)


.

,
,
.

 30

3.

An, M., J.E., Pratley, T.Haig, and D.L. Liu. 2005. Wholerange assessment: asimple
method for analysing allelopathic doseresponse data. Nonlinearity in
Biology,ToxicologyandMedicine3:245260.
Baum, S.F., L. Karanastasis, and T.L. Rost. 1998. Morphogenetic effects of the
herbicide Cinch on Arabidopsis thaliana root development. Journal of Plant
GrowthRegulation17:107114.
, . 2004. .
,..160.
Daferera, D.J., B.N. Ziogas, and M.G. Polissiou. 2003. The effectiveness pf plant
essentialoilsonthegrowthofBotrytiscinerea,Fusariumsp.andClavibacter
michiganensissubsp.michiganensis.CropProtection22:3944.
Dhima, K., I. Vasilakoglou, V. Garane, C. Ritzoulis, V. Lianopoulou, and E. Panou
Philotheou. 2010. Competitiveness and Essential Oil Phytotoxicity of Seven
AnnualAromaticPlants.WeedScience58:457465.
Dudai, N., A. PoljakoffMayber, A.M. Mayer, E. Putievsky, and H.R. Lerner. 1999.
Essential oils as allelochemicals and their potential use as bioherbicides. J.
ChemicalEcology25:10791089.
Gravanis, F.T., I.K. Vagelas, D. Paraschi, and V. Palamiotou. 2004. Effectiveness of
three essential oils on rootknot nematodes on tomato. BCPC Seminars
CropScienceandTechnology2004.Glasgow,Scotland,UK.
Gravanis,F.T.,N.Chouliaras,I.K.Vagelas,N.Gougoulias,P.Sabani,andE.Wogiatzi.
2005.Theeffect oforegano(Origanumvulgare)asanalternativesoilborne
pathogencontrolagent,onsoilorganicmatterbiodegradationandothersoil
chemical properties. BCPC International Congress Crop Science and
Technology2005.Glasgow,Scotland,UK.
Ismaiel,A.A.andM.D.Pierson.1990.Inhibitionofgermination,outgrowth,and
vegetativegrowthofClostridiumbotulinum67Bbyspiceoils.JournalofFood
Protection53:755758.
Isman,B.M.2000.Plantessentialoilsforpestanddiseasemanagement.Crop
Protection19:603608.
 31

Koschier,E.H.andK.A.Sedy.2003.Labiateessentialoilsaffectinghostselectionand
acceptanceofThripstabacilindeman.CropProtection22:929934.
Liu, D.L., M. An, and H. Wu. 2007. Implementation of WESIA: Wholerange
evaluation of the strength of inhibition in allelopathicbioassay. Allelopathy
Journal19:203214.
...2005.
(Amaranthus
retroflexus) (Chenopodium album). .
,.27.
. 2002. .
. , .
103.
Romagni,J.G.,S.N.Allen,andF.E.Dayan.2000.Allelopathiceffectsofvolatile
cineolesontwoplantspecies.JournalofChemicalEcology26:303313.
, . 1998. ,
.,,.256.
Tworkoski,T.2002.Herbicideeffectsofessentialoils.WeedScience50:425431.
Vasilakoglou,I.,K.Dhima,E.Wogiatzi,I.Eleftherohorinos,andA.Lithourgidis.2007.
Herbicidalpotentialofessentialoilsoforeganoormarjoram(Origanumspp.)
and basil (Ocimum basilicum) on Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. And
ChenopodiumalbumL.weeds.Allelopathyjournal20(2):297306
Vokou,D.,S.Vareltzidou,andP.Katinakis.1993.Effectsofaromaticplantsonpotato
storage: sprout suppression and antimicrobial activity. Agriculture,
EcosystemsandEnvironment47:223235.
 32

 33

3.
(Loliumrigidum)%().
.. F
() 1 23131 110 ***
() 4 201 1
() 18 44897 213 ***
x 18 1244 6 ***
() 7 85333 405 ***
x 7 2244 11 ***
x 126 2553 12 ***
xx 126 373 2
604 211
CV%=17,4


4.
(Loliumrigidum)%().
.. F
() 1 249 2
() 4 50 0,4
() 18 29441 249 ***
x 18 1326 11 ***
() 7 63318 536 ***
x 7 474 4 ***
x 126 1712 14 ***
xx 126 207 2
604 118
CV%=16,3