UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS B.Sc.

DEGREE COURSE IN Zoology

SEMESTER SYSTEM WITH CREDITS (Effective from the Academic Year 2003-2004)

SYLLABUS

BSc Zoology - I Year - Semester I

Paper I - Invertebrata I

Allied Zoology I

BSc Zoology - I Year - Semester II

Paper II - Invertebrata II

Practical I - Invertebrata

Allied Zoology II

Allied Zoology - Practicals

BSc Zoology - II Year - Semester III

Paper III - Chordata I

BSc Zoology - II Year - Semester IV

Paper IV - Chordata II

Practical II - Chordata

BSc Zoology - III Year - Semester V

Paper V - Cell Biology

Paper VI - Genetics

Paper VII - Biostatistics & Computations in Life Sciences

Paper VIII - Animal Physiology

Application Oriented Subject I - Medical Laboratory Techniques and Bioinstrumentation I

Application Oriented Subject I - Pisciculture & Aquarium Fish Keeping I

Application Oriented Subject I - Sericulture & Apiculture I

Application Oriented Subject I - Economic Entomology & Pest Management I

BSc Zoology - III Year - Semester VI

Paper IX - Environmental Biology

Paper X - Developmental Biology

Paper XI - Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology

Paper XII - Evolution

Practical III - Cell Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Microbiology and Animal Physiology

Practical IV - Environmental Biology, Developmental Biology and Application Oriented

Subject

Application Oriented Subject II - Medical Laboratory Techniques and Bioinstrumentation II

Application Oriented Subject II - Pisciculture & Aquarium Fish Keeping II

Application Oriented Subject II - Sericulture and Apiculture II

Application Oriented Subject II - Economic Entomology & Pest Management II

Semester I - Paper I - Invertebrata I

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Principles of Taxonomy - Binomial nomenclature - Classification of Animal Kingdom

Protozoa:

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Paramecium and Plasmodium -
Parasitic protozoans (Entamoeba, Trypanasoma & Leishmania) - Economic importance

Unit II

Porifera

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Ascon & Sycon - Canal system in
sponges - Economic importance

Unit III

Coelenterata

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Obelia & Aurelia - Corals and coral
reefs - Polymorphism - Economic importance - Mesenteries in Anthozoa

Unit IV

PatyheIminthes

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Liver fluke & Tapeworm - Parasitic
adaptations

Unit V

Aschelminthes

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Ascaris - Nematode Parasites and
diseases - Wuchereria bancrofti, Enterobius vermicularis, Ancylostome duodenale.

Semester I - Allied Zoology I

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 75
Credits: 3

Unit I

Introduction - Invertebrates: Study types including Life histories

Protozoa - Entamoeba, plasmodium and Paramecium

Porifera - Sycon

Coelenterata - Obelia geniculata

Platyhelminthes - Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium

Unit II

Annelida - Leech

Arthropoda - Prawn

Mollusca - Unio

Echinodermata - Sea star

Unit III

Chordata - study of types - Prochordates - Amphioxus - Structure and affinities - Vertebrates: Shark, Frog, Calotes,
Pigion and Rat.

Unit IV

Frog and Calotes

Unit V

Pigion and Rabbit.

Semester II - Paper II - Invertebrata II

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Annelida

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Nereis & Leech - Metamerism -
Trochophore larva and its significance - Vermiculture - Economic importance.

Unit II

Arthropoda

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study - Prawn & Scorpion - Peripatus and its
affinities

Unit III

Crustacean larvae and their significance - Mouth parts of insects - Economic importance of insects - Social life in
insects

Unit IV

Mollusca

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study: Pila & Fresh water mussel, Foot in
Mollusca, Economic importance.

Unit V

Echinodermata

General characters and classification up to classes with examples - Type study: Star fish - Echinoderm larvae and its
significance - Water vascular system in echinoderm

REFERENCE:

1. Ayyar, E.K. and T.N. Ananthakrishnan, 1992. Manual of Zoology Vol. I(Invertebrata), Parts I & II. S. Viswanathan
(Printers and Publishers) Pvt Ltd., Madras, 991p.

2. Jordan, E.K. and P.S. Verma, 1993. Invertebrate Zoology, 12th Edition, S. Chand & Co Ltd., Ram Nagar, New
Delhi, 1050 pp.

3. Kotpal, R.L., 1988-1992. (All Series) Protozoa, Porifera, Coelenterata, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca,
Echinodermata, Aves - Rastogi Publications, Meerut - 250 002.

4. Parker and Haswell, 1964. Text Book of Zoology, Vol I (Invertebrata), A.Z.T, B.S. Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi - 110 051, 874 pp
5. Ismail, S.A., 1997. Vermicology: The Biology of Earthworm, Orient Longrnan, India, 92 pp.

6. Hickman, C.P. Jr., F.M.Hickman and L.S. Roberts, 1984. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 7th Edition, Times
Merror/Mosby College Publication. St. Louis. l065pp.

7. Hyman volume I to VI

8. L. A. Borradile and F.A. Potts - The Invertebrate - Cambridge University Press.

9. Adam Sedgewick - A students text books of Zoology - Vol I and III - Central Book Depot, Alahabad.

10. T.C. Majupuria - Invertebrate Zoology

11. P.S. Dhami and J.K. Dhami - Invertebrate Zoology - R.Chand and Co.

Semester II - Practical I - Invertebrata

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

I. Dissection

A. Earthworm

1) External characters

2) Dorsal view & Ventral view

3) Digestive system

4) Nervous system

5) Circulatory system

B Cockroach:

6) External characters

7) Digestive system

8) Nervous system

9) Male Reproductive system

10) Female Reproductive system

C. Prawn:
11) External characters

12) Digestive system

13) Nervous system

D. Fresh water mussel:

14) External characters

15) Digestive system

E. Pila:

16) External characters

17) Digestive system

18) Nervous system

II. Mounting

Earthworm: 19) Body setae, 20) Penial setae

Mouth parts of 22) Cockroach, 23) Honey bee, 24) House fly, 25) Mosquito
Prawn appendages: 26) Cephalic, 27) Thoracic, 28) Abdominal
Fresh water mussel: 29) Pedal ganglion
Pila: 30) Radula

III. Spotters

a. Classify giving reasons;

31. Paramecium

32. Sycon sponge

33. Aurelia

34. Liver fluke

35. Ascaris

36. Nereis

37. Prawn

38. Fresh water mussel

39. Starfish

B. Draw labeled sketches

40 Transverse section of Liver fluke

41. Transverse section of Earth worm

42. Transverse section of Nereis

43. Transverse section of Leech

44. Physalia

45. Paramecium

46. Obelia medusa

47. Ephyra larva

48. Redia larva

49. Cercaria larva

50. Protozoea larva

51. Mysis larva

52. Alima larva

III. Biological significance

53. Paramecium - Conjugation

54. Velella

55. Porpita

56. Heteronereis

57. Trochophore larva

58. Chaetopterus

59. Peripatus

60. Limulus

61. Chiton

62. Bipinnaria larva

63. Entamoeba

64. Plasmodium
65. Obelia colony

66. Millipora

67. Madrepora

68. Tubipora

69. Fungia

70. Gorgonium

71. Liver fluke - miracidium

72. Taenia - Mature proglottid

73. Ascaris

74. Millipede

75. Centipede

76. Sepia

77. Loligo

78. Octopus

79. Dentalium

80. Sea cucumber

81. Sea urchin

82. Sea lily

83. Brittle star

84. Leech

85. Nauplius larva

86. Zoea larva

87. Sacculina on crab

88. Praying mantis

89. Sea anemone on Hermite crab

90. Glochidium larva

91. Dragon fly

IV. Relate structure and function

92. Sponge - Spicules

93. Sponge - Gemmule

94. Taenia-Scolex

95. Nereis - Paraposium

96. Prawn - Petasma

97. Honey bee - Sting apparatus

98. Scorpion - Book-lung

99. Starfish - Pedicellariae

100. Starfish - Tube foot

Semester II - Allied Zoology II

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 75
Credits: 3

Unit I

Cell Biology - Structure of animal cell: Mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus and Golgi bodies. Genetics: Molecular
structure of Genes - Gene concept- Gene function - Inborn errors of metabolism - Genetic Engineering and its
applications - X and Y - linked inheritance.

Unit II

Developmental Biology: Embryologenesis - Cleavage and gastrulation of chick and pig. Human physiology:
Excretion, osmo-iono regulation, kidney failure and transplantation,

Unit III

Diseases of Circulatory system - Blood pressure. Heart diseases - Ischemia, Myocardial infarction, Rheumatic heart
disease, Stroke. Endocrine glands - Hormones - properties - feed back mechanism of action - Pituitary, thyroid,
adrenal, sex organs, Gastrointestinal hormones and enzymes.

Unit IV
Environmental Biology: Natural Resources - Physico-Chemical factors - Pollution - Environmental Degradation
treatment methods on sewage, effluents, solid wastes an recycling process - Green house effect - Global Warming -
Acid rain. Evolution: Factors responsible for speciation.

Unit V

Evolution Theories - Factors responsible for speciation.

REFERENCE:

1. Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M and Ananthakrishnan, T.N. 1993, Outlines of Zoology, Vol. I & II, Viswanathan & Co.
Madras

2. P.S. Dhami and J.K. Dhami - Invertebrate Zoology - SChand and Co. New Delhi.

3. Jordan, E.K. and P.S. Verma, 1993. Chordate Zoology, 12th edition, S. Chand & Co Ltd., Ram Nagar. New Delhi.

4. Sambasiviah, I, Kamalakara Rao, A.P. Augustine Chellapa, S (1983). Text book of Animal physiology, S.Chand &
Co, New Delhi.

5. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. (1983). Animal Ecology, S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.

6. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. and Tyagi, B.S. (1991). Chordate Embryology, S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.

7. Rastogi, V.B. and Jayaraj, M.S. (2000). Text book of Genetics, Kedarnath Ramnath publishers, Meerut.

Semester II - Allied Zoology - Practicals

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 75
Credits: 3

Dissection

Cockroach: Digestive and Nervous system

Frog: Digestive and Urinogenital system

Mounting

1. Body setae of earthworm

2. Mouth parts of cockroach

3. Mouth parts of Honey bee / Mosquito

4. Prawn appendages

5. Frog brain
Spotters:

Entamoeba, Plasmodium, Paramecium, Paramecium-conjugation, Sycon, Obelia geniculata, Fasciola hepatica (Entire
& Transverse section), Taenia solium (Entire & Transverse section), Leech (Entire & Transverse section), Prawn
appendages (Maxilla, Maxillipeds and Uropod), Fresh water mussel, Sea star (Pedicellaria), Amphioxus, Shark
(Placoid scale), Pigeon (feathers) and Rabbit.

Semester III - Paper III - Chordata I

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Functional morphology of the types included with special emphasis on the adaptations to their mode of life and
environment - General characters and classification of Phylum Chordata up to orders - Origin of Chordata

Unit II

Prochordates:

General characters and classification - Type study: Amphioxus, Balanoglossus, Ascidian - Affinities and systematic
position of Cephalochordata, Hemichordata and Urochordata

Unit III

Agnatha:

General characters and affinities - Type study - Petromyzon

Unit IV

Pisces:

General characters and classification - Origin of fishes - Type study: Scoliodon sorrakowah, Mugil oeur, Epiceratodus
- Affinities of Dipnoi - Types of scales and fins - Accessory respiratory organs - Air bladder - Parental care -
Migration - Economic importance.

Unit V

Amphibia:

General characters and classification - Origin of amphibia - Type study - Rana hexadacryla - Adaptive features of
Anura, Urodela and Apoda - Neoteny in Urodela - Parental care in amphibia.
Semester IV - Paper IV - Chordata II
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Reptilia: General characters and classification - Type study - Calotes versicolor (endoskeleton of Varanus instead of
Calotes) - Origin of reptiles and effects of terrestrialisation - Extinct reptiles

Unit II

Snakes of India - Poison apparatus and biting mechanism of poisonous snakes - Skull in reptiles as basis of
classification

Unit III

Ayes: General characters and classification - Type study - Columba livia - Origin of birds - Ratitae - Flight adaptations
- Migration.

Unit IV

Mammalia: General characters and classification - Type study - RABBIT - Adaptive radiation in mammals - Egg
laying mammals

Unit V

Marsupials - Flying mammals - Aquatic mammals - Dentition in mammals.

REFERENCE:

1. Hickman, C.P. Jr., F.M.Hickman and L.S. Roberts, 1984. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 7th Edition, Times
Merror/Mosby College Publication. St. Louis. 1065 pp.

2. Ayyar, E.K. and T.N. Ananthakrishnan, 1992. Manual of Zoology Vol. II (Chordata), S. Viswanathan (Printers and
Publishers) Pvt Ltd., Madras, 891p.

3. Jordan, E.K. and P.S. Verma, 1995. Chordate Zoology and Elements of Animal Physiology, 10th edition, S. Chand &
Co Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi, 1151 pp.

4. Nigam, H.C., 1983. Zoology of Chordates, Vishal Publications, jalandhar - 144 008, 942.

5. Newman, H.H., 1981. The Phylum Chordata, Satish Book Enterprise, Agra - 282 003, 477 pp.

6. Parker and Haswell, 1964. Text Book of Zoology, Vol II (Chordata), A.Z.T,B.S. Publishers and Distributors, New
Delhi - 110 051, 952 pp

7. Waterman, Allyn J. et al., 1971. Chordate Structure and Function, Mac Millan & Co., New York, 587 pp.
Semester IV - Practical II - Chordata
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

DISSECTIONS

Frog / Fish:

1. Externals

2. Digestive system

3. Arterial system

4. Venous system

5. V Cranial nerve

6. IX and X cranial nerves

7. Male urinogenital system

8. Female urinogenital system

Mounting:

9. Fish: Placoid and Ctenoid scales.

10. Frog: Hyoid apparatus and Brain.

Demonstration / Model dissection

Pigeon:

11. Externals

12. Flight muscles

13. Arterial system

Rat:

14. Externals

15. Digestive system

16. Arterial system

17. Male urinogenital system

18. Female urinogenital system

OSTEOLOGY

Frog:

1. Skull and lower jaw

2. Vertebral column

3. Pectoral girdle

4. Pelvic girdle

5. Forelimb

6. Hindlimb

Varanus:

7. Pectoral girdle

8. Pelvic girdle

9. Forelimb

10. Hind limb

11 .Chelonia- Anapsid skull

12. Crocodile - Diapsid skull

13. Pigeon - skull and lower jaw.

14. Pigeon - synsacrum

Rabbit:

15. Skull and lower jaw

16. Atlas, axis and typical vertebra

17. Pectoral girdle

18. Pelvic girdle

19. Forelimb
20. Hind limb

21. Rabbit - dentition

22. Dog - dentition

23. Pigeon - palate.

24. Crow - palate.

25. Duck - palate.

SPECIMENS AND SLIDES

26. Amphioxus

27. Amphioxus - T.S. through pharynx.

28. Balanoglossus

29. Tornaria larva

30. Ascidian

31. Ascidian larva

32. Doliolum

33. Salpa

34. Petrornyzon

35. Ammocoetus larva

36. Scoliodon sorrakowah

37. Mugil oeur

38. Zygaena

39. Trygon

40. Narcine

41. Rhinobatus

42. Protopterus

43. Catla

44. Clarias
45. Anus

46. Saccobranchus

47. Muraena

48. Anabas

49. Cypsilurus

50. Hippocampus

51. Tetradon

52. Cynoglossus

53. Pterois

54. Echeneis

55. Bufo melanostictus

56. Hyla

57. Rhacophorus

58. Cacopus

59. Amblystoma

60. Axolotl larva

61. Necturus

62. Amphiuma

63. Proteus

64. Ichthyophis

65. Hemidactylus

66. Chamaeleon

67. Draco

68. Mabuya

69. Varanus.

70. Cobra
71. Krait

72. Russell's viper

73. Echis carinatus

74. Typhiops

75. Eryx

76. Dryophis

77. Hydrophis

78. Geoemyda

79. Testudo elegans

80. Carapace

81. Plastron

82. King fisher

83. Parrot

84. Owl

85. Hornbill

86. Wood pecker

87. Hoopoe

88. Loris

89. Manis

90. Armadillo

91. Suncus

92. Bat.

Semester V - Paper V - Cell Biology

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

History of Cell Biology - Tools and Techniques of Cell Biology Cell Fractionraction, Homogenization Centrifugation,
Isolation of sub cellular Components. Biochemical Techniques - Chromatography - Electrophoresis and their
Application, Tissue Culture and Cell Culture Techniques. Histological Techniques - Staining - Vital Stains -
Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Stains Micro Technique - Methods, Microscopes - Types - Light, Phase contrast, SEM,
TEM - Units of measurement.

Unit II

Cell - Cell theory - Viruses -Types and Structure - Bacteria - Bacterial membrane - Ultra structure of Plant & Animal
cell - Cytoplasm - Structure and Composition, Function - Extra Cytoplasmic Structure - Cilia Flagella - Cytoplasmic
Inclusions.

Unit III

Cell components - Plasma Membrane Ultra Structure - Different Models - Functions - Ultrastructure, Composition
and Function of Endoplasmic reticulam, Ribosomes, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, Centrioles, Plastids, Chloroplasts,
Microtubules & Microfilaments, Mitochondria, and Microsomes.

Unit IV

Nucleus - Ultrastructure, Composition and Functions - Nuclear Membrane - Nucleoplasm - Chromosomes -

Heterochromatin and Euchromatin - Nucleolus - Nucleolus Cycle - DNA and RNAs - Protein Synthesis & regulation.

Unit V

Cell Divisions and Cell Cycle - Amitosis, Mitosis and Meiosis and their Significance - Cancer, Ageing of Cells and
Stem cell studies.

REFERENCE:

1. Ambrose, E.J. and Dorothy, M. Easty, 1970. Cell Biology, Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd., 500 pp.

2. Burke, Jack. D., 1970. Cell Biology, Scientific Book Agency, Calcutta.

3. Cohn, N. S., 1979, Elements of Cytology, Freeman Book Co., New Delhi - 110 007, 495 pp

4. DeRobertis, E.D.P. and E.M.F. DeRobertis, 1988. Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th Edition, International Edition,
Infomed, HonKong, 734pp.

5. Giese, A.C., 1979. Cell Physiology, Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto, 609 pp.

6. Power, C.B., 1989. Essential of Cytology, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay - 400 004, 368 pp.

7. Dowben, R., 1971. Cell Biology, Harper International Edition. Harper and Row Publisher, New York, 565 pp.
8. VeerBala Rastogi, Introductory cytology. Kedar Nath Ram Nath. Meerut 250 001.

9. Verma, P.S. and V. K.Agarwal, 1995. Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th Edition, S.Chand & co., New Delhi - 110 055,
567 pp.

10. Loewy, A.G. and P.Sickevitz, 1969. Cell Structure and Function, Amerind Publishing Co., NewDeihi - 110 020,
516 pp.

11. Swansen, C.P. and P.L.Webster, 1989. The Cell, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110 001, 373 pp.

12. Simplified course - Cell Biology - S.Chand & Company - 2000

Semester V - Paper VI - Genetics

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Introduction to Genetics - Basis of Mendelian Inheritance and Mendelian Laws. Simple Problems Relating to
Inheritance. Structure of Gene - Interaction of Gene - Commentary Factors, Supplementary Factors, Inhibitory and
Lethal Factors - Atavism.

Unit II

Blood Groups and their Inheritance in Human - Linkage and Crossing Over:- Drosophila - Morgans' Experiments -
Complete and Incomplete Linkage, Linkage Groups, Crossing Over types, Mechanisms - Cytological Evidence for
Crossing Over, Mapping of Chromosomes - Interference and Coincidence.

Unit III

Sex Linkage in Drosopohila and Man, Sex Influenced and Sex Limited Genes - Non-Disjunction and
Gynandromorphs - Cytoplasmic Inheritance - Maternal Effect On Limnaea (Shell Coiling), Male Sterility (Rode's
Experiment). CO2 sensitivity In Drosophila, Kappa particles in Paramecium, Milk Factor in Mice.

Unit IV

Nature and Function of Genetic Material - Fine Structure of the Gene - Cistron, Recon, Muton - Gene Regulation -
Operon Concept - Lac Operon - Positive and Negative Regulation. Mutation - Molecular Basis of Mutation, Types of
Mutation, Mutagens, Mutable and Mutator Genes. Chromosomal Aberrations - Numerical and Structural Examples
from Human.

Unit V

Applied Genetics - Animal Breeding - Heterosis, Inbreeding, Out Breeding, Out Crossing, Hybrid Vigour. Population
Genetics, Hardy Weinberg Law - Gene Frequency, Factors Affecting Gene Frequency, Eugenics, Euphenics and
Euthenics, Bioethics.

REFERENCE:
1. Verma, P.S. and V. K.Agarwal, 1995. Genetics, 8th edition, S.Chand & co., New Delhi - 110 055, 580 pp.

2. Gunther, S. Stent, 1986. Molecular Genetics. Macmillan Publishing Co Inc.

773 pp.

3. Goodenough,V., 1978. Genetics, 2nded., NewYork Holt, Rinchart and Winston. 894 pp

4. Hartl, D.L. and D. Freifelder, 1988. Basic Genetics, John & Barlett Publishers, 505 pp

5. Gardner, 1972. Principles of Genetics, Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd. 590 pp.

6. Watson. J.D. and W.A. Benjamin, 1976. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 3rd, Benjamin Co. Inc., New York, 739 pp

7. Winchester, 1967. Genetics, Oxford IBH Publications. 504 pp.

8. Stickberger, 1968. Genetics, Macmillan Publications, New York, 914 pp.

9. Pai, A.C, 1974. Foundations of Genetics, McGraw Hill Publications, New York, pp

10. Weaver Robert and Brown, William C, 1996. Genetics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd., New Delhi, 656 pp

11. BUL corge, W. (New edition) - The Science of Genetics.

12. Concept of Genetics, Human genetics & Eugenics - P.S. Verma & V.K.Agarwal - S.Chand & Company - 1999

Semester V - Paper VII - Biostatistics & Computations in Life Sciences

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Biostatistics - Definition and Scope - Collection of Data - Census and sampling methods - Variable: Discrete and
continuous. Presentation of Data: Classification and tabulation. Diagrams and graphs: Bar, pie, Histogram, line graph
- Concept of statistical population and sample characteristics of frequenc distribution.

Unit II

Measures of Central tendency: Mean, Median, Mode & Weighted Arithmetic Mean - Measures of Dispersion: Range,
Quartile deviation, Mean deviation & Standard deviation - Correlation and Regression.

UNIT III
Samping & Test of significance student L lest, F lest X2 - test for independency - Continsenty table.

UNIT IV

The Computer system - Hardware -Software - BASIC: Character sets in BASIC language - Constants and Variables -
Library functions - Expressions - System commands - Assignment and input / output statements, Transfer & control
statements, Jumping, Branching, Multiple Branching and Looping statements - Subscripted variables - String data
manipulation - File Management.

Unit V

MS:WORD: File Operations: New, Open, Save & Print - Editing: Cut, Copy, Paste, Find & Replace - Insert: Page
numbers & Pictures - Format: Font, Bullet & Numbering, Paragraph & Background - Tools: Spelling & Grammar -
Data: Sort - MS;EXCEL: Presentation of Biostatistical data using Excel: Autosum, Paste function, Chart wizard, Sort
function & Drawing - Use of Internet, Messenger and e-mail - Basic knowledge of Medical transcription and Bio-
informatics.

REFERENCE:

1) Balagurusamy, E. Programming in BASIC (3rd Ed) Tata McGraw Hill puplishing Co. Ltd

2) Narasimhan, M. Learning with BASIC (Book I,II,III) Tata McGraw Hill publishing Co Ltd New Delhi 1996

3) Practical Statistics - S.P. Gupta

4) Jerold H. Zar Bio statiscal analysis (2nd Edition ) Printice Hail of International edition, 1984 (Relevent portions)

5) Rangaswamy R.A text book of Agriculture Statistics, New Age International Publishers, 1995

6) Goutham Roy. Introdution to Computing and Computing lab and Cad (2002) Books and allied (pvt) Ltd. Kolkata

7) Introduction of Computing Science and Programming in BASIC - Dr. S.K.Nag - Books and Allied (p) Ltd.

8) MS: OFFICE for Win 95 - Microsoft office Press.

9) Developing Application with MS:OFFICE - Christine Solomon - Microsoft Office Press.

Semester V - Paper VIII - Animal Physiology

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Introduction - Scope and fields of Physiology - Food requirements - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Minerals, water
and vitamins. Enzymes - properties and classification - mechanism of enzyme action - Digestion - Intracellular and
Extracellular - Digestive enzymes and their role in digestion - Absorption. Metabolism - Metabolic pathways with
reference to Carbohydrates, Proteins and Lipids - Glycogenesis - Glycogenolysis - Gluconeogenesis Glycolysis -
Kreb's cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport System - Deamination - Fate of Keto acids - Nitrogen
metabolism - Beta oxidation of fatty acids - Basal metabolism.

Unit II

Respiration - External and Internal (Tissue) respiration - Respiratory pigments - disibution, composition, properties
and functions - Adaptations to high altitude and diving. Transport of oxygen and carbondioxide - Anaerobiosis
Circulation - Types - Composition, Properties and functions of blood - Types of Heart. Human - Cardiac cycle -
Cardiac rhythm - origin of heart beat - regulation of heart beat - ECG - Blood pressure - Importance of Yoga and
TMM - Elements of Aviation and space physiology.

Unit III

Excretion - Organs in animals - Kinds of excretory products - ornithine cycle - mechanisms of urine formation in
mammals - hormonal regulation of excretion. Homeostasis - regulatory mechanisms - osmoconformers
osmoregulators - organs concerned with osrno-ionic regulation (skin, gills and kidneys) - osmo - ionic regulation in
aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Thermoregulation - acclimation and acclimatization - heat death - cold death -
poikilotherms - heterotherms - homeotherms - temperature regulation in poikilotherms and homeotherms - physiology
of hibernation - aestivation Biorhythms - definition, types and examples and adaptive significance

Unit IV

Nervous tissue - Neuron - structure, types of neurons and their distribution - giant nerve fibres - myelinated nerve
fibres. Nerve Impulse - definition - conduction of impulse - saltatory conduction - synapse - synaptic transmission of
impulses - Neurotransmitte, Autonomic nervous systern. Muscle proteins - mechanism of contraction - Con cycle -
Theories of muscle contraction - Muscle twitch - Tetanus - Muscle Fatigue - Isotonic and isomoetric contraction -
Aerobic and Isometric exercises. Bioluminescence - Definition, types, chemistry and adaptive significance -
chromatophores

Unit V

Endocrine glands - structure, secretions and functions of endocrine glands in vertebrates - Pituitary, Hypothalamus,
Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Thymus, islets of Langerhans, Sex organs - Gastrointestinal hormones - Hormones of
Insects and Crustaceans. Receptors - Classification - chemoreceptors - touch receptors - equilibrium receptors-
Photoreceptor - vertebrate mammalian eye - Structure of retina - Visual pigments - Physiology of vision - Binocular
vision - adaptation to darkness - Compound eyes and Mosaic vision. Phonoreceptors - Mammalian ear - organ of corti
- working mechanism - Phono reception in Birds.

REFERENCES:

1. Sambasivaiah, Kamalakara Rao and Augustine Chellappa, 1990. A textbook of Animal Physiology and Ecology,
S.Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi - 110 055, 480 pp.

2. Parameswaran, Anantakrishnan and Ananta Subramanian, 1975. Outlines of Aniimal Physiology, S. Viswanathan
(Printers & Publishers) Pvt. Ltd., 329 pp.

3. William S.Hoar, 1976. General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi - 110 001,
848 pp.
4. Wood, D.W., 1983. Principles of Animal Physiology, 3rd Ed.,

5. Prosser C.L., 1985. Comparative Animal Physiology, Satish Book Enterprise, Agra - 282 003, 966 pp.

Semester V - Application Oriented Subject I - Medical Laboratory Techniques and

Bioinstrumentation I
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Laboratory administration, Management and safety. Safe disposal of hospital wastes. Cleaning, care and sterilization
of laboratory items such as glasswares. Sterilization (flame. steam, chemical and pressure). Preparation of reagents.
Preparation of culture media - vaccination and inoculation.

Unit II

Microtechniques - Tissue preparation, fixing, embedding. sectioning, staining and nountmg - vital staining.

Unit III

Clinical physiology: Composition of Blood, Clotting mechanism, Use of blood pressure apparatus, ECG and
Respirometer- Blood sugar regulation - Estimation of Blood glucose - Diabetes melitus - Haemoglobin estimation -
Anaemia.

Unit IV

Haeniatology - collection of blood samples, analysis of blood and basic haematological techniques. Haematocrit,
packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Estimation of Serum Cholesterol, Urea, Uric acid, protein and
creatinine.

Unit V

Blood and cell morphology, RBC, WBC total counts and differential counts in health and disease. Platelet count,
reticulocytocrit, RBC fragility test haemorrhagic disorders, clotting time, bleeding time, prothrombin time, test for
deficiency in blood clotting factors.

REFERENCE:

1. Sood Ramnik, 1985. Medical Laboratory Technology, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 384 p
2. King, Maurice, 1976, A Medical Laboratory for Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, ELBS Edition,
Madras

3. Gadd, P., 1973. Human and Social Biology for Tropics, Macmillan Education, London, 250 pp

4. Bomford, Mason and Swash, 1975. Hutchinson's Clinical methods, Beillers Tindal, ELBS edition, 362 pp

5. Palki, Bhalchanda and Jeevaji, 1989. An Introduction to Microtechnique, S. Chand & Co., Madras, 167 pp

6. Samuel, K.M., - Notes on Clinical Laboratory Techniques, M.K.G. Iyer & Sons, Madras.

7. Swaroop, Pathak and Arora, 1981. Laboratory Techniques in Modern Biology, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

8 Mathur and Garg, 1975. Laboratory Manual for General Practitioners and Health Centres, Pragati Prakashan.
Meerut, 256 pp.

Semester V - Application Oriented Subject I - Pisciculture & Aquarium Fish

Keeping I
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Scope of fishery, Morphology of a teleost fish, Morphology, general Anatomy, Digestive system, Immune organs,
endocrine glands.

Unit II

Reproductive system, Breeding and Spawning, Maturity stages (Morphological and Histological), Development,
Collection of fish seeds.

Unit III

Binomics of Indian Major Carps. Bionomics of Live fishes, Bionomics of Exotic carps.

Unit IV

Taxonomy & Classification of Major Carps, Live fishes & Exotic fishes. Types cultivable organisms under
Aquaculture.

Unit V

Age determination, Schooling in fish, Spawning migration, Mass mortality in fishes and control measures, Common
fish diseases and control, Fish parasites, Fresh water fish food organisms.

REFERENCE:

1. Jhingran, V.G., 1985. Fish and Fisheries of India, Hindustan Publishing Corporation, Delhi, 666 pp.
2. Trivedi, K.K. (Ed), 1986. Fisheries Development, 2000 AD. Association of India Fisheris Industries, Oxford and
LB.H., New Delhi, 268 pp

3. Bal, D.V. and K.V. Rao, 1984. Marine Fisheries, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 470 pp

4. Bardah, Ryther and MoLarrey, 1972. Aquaculture, John Wiley, New York, 868 pp

5. Shapherd and Bromage, 1988. Intensive,Ship Farming, BSP Professional Books, London, 404 pp

6. David Cushing, 1979. Fisheries Resources of the Sea and their Managements, OUP & ELBS Edition, London,87
pp.

7. Mills, Dick, 1993. Aquarium Fish, DK Publishing Inc., New York - 100 016.

8. Spotte, S., 1991. Captive Seawater fishes, Argent chemical Laboratories Reference Library, Seattle WA, USA.

Semester V - Application Oriented Subject I - Sericulture & Apiculture I

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Bee keeping down the ages - Present status of Apiculture in India - Species of honey bees. Embryology and life
history - Anatomy and Physiology of honeybee.

Unit II

Bee colony, Castes. Natural colonies and their yield. Types of beehives - structure - location, care and management -
Genetic studies - breeding of stocks - winterbroods.

Unit III

Bee foraging: Pollen and nectar yielding plants. Honey extraction, seasonal maintenance, swarming and supersedure -
pheromone.

Unit IV

Natural enemies and diseases of honey bees and control methods. Bee poisoning and utility of bees in toxicity studies.
Economics of Apiculture and Management.

Unit V

Hotiey yield in national and international market. Prospects of apiculture as self employment venture. Preparing
proposals (Layout and budget) for financial assistance and funding agencies. Uses of honey and beeswax in Indian
medicine.

Students must be exposed to Apiculture units and submit a report along with other practical records.
REFERENCE:

1. Sardar Singh. Bee keeping in India

2. Cherian and Ramanathan, S. Bee keeping in South India

3. Sharma P.L. and Singh, S.H. and Book of Bee keeping

4. Honey - A comprehensive survey - International Bee Research Association for House - CNRC (England)

5. Roger, A. Morse, 1990. The ABC and XYZ of Bee culture, 40th edition, A.I.Root & Co., Medina, Ohio 44256. 516
pp.

Semester V - Application Oriented Subject I - Economic Entomology & Pest

Management I
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Brief account of morphology, classification (Major orders) and development (Metamorphosis) of insects.

Unit II

Beneficial and harmful insects. Economic importance of honeybees, silk worm and lac insect - parasitic and predatory
insects. Damages to plants, animals and man by insects. Brief account of any three pests of 1. Rice, Cholam and
Pulses 2. Sugar cane 3. Cotton 4. Goundnut, Gingely and Coconut 5. Brinjal, Tomato and Lady's finger 6. Cardomam,
Chillies, Tea and Coffee 7. Mango and Citrus.

Unit III

Insect pests of stored grains - Insect vectors of plants, animals and man - Other insects affecting the health of man and
domestic animals.

Unit IV

Insect pest control methods (Physical, mechanical, biological and chemical) - Classification of pesticides and their
modes of action.

Unit V

Plant protection appliances used - basic principles of insecticide formulations and their application in pest control.
Pesticides and environmental pollution - precautions in handling pesticides.

REFERENCES:
1. David, B.V. and T. Kumarasamy, 1984. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Depot, Madras, 536 pp.

2. Nayar, K.K. T.N. Ananthakrishan and B.V. David. 1992. General and Applied Entomology. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co Ltd., New Delhi - 110 051.

3. David, B.V. - 1992. Pest Management and Pesticides Indian Scenario, Namratha Publications, Madras.

4. Metcalf, C.L. and W.P. Flint, 1973. Destructive and Useful Insects. 4th ed., Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co Ltd.
New Delhi - 110 051, 1087 pp.

5. Roya D.N. and A.W.A. Brown (eds), 1981. Entomology Medical and Veterinary (3rd ed.), The Bangalore Printing
and Publishing Company, Bangalore - 8.

6. Ramkrishna Iyer, T.V., - Economic Entomology, Government Publications Madras.

Semester VI - Paper IX - Environmental Biology

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Introduction

Scope - concept - Branthes in Ecology: Autoecology,synecology, integrated ecology, Micro and macro environment.
Types of media and subsatum and their influence on animals. Biosphere - Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Stratosphere.
Bicoenosis (community and Biogeocoenosis (ecosystem).

Abiotic factors

Water, Properties: Forms of water, soft & hard water. Air: Composition - properties Substratum: Soil: Varieties - soil
formation, soil texture, soil groups of India, sod profile, soil water, soil chemistry. Temperature: Distribution of
temperature, changes in time, horizontal, vertical. Thermal stratification. Temperature as a limiting factor
Homeotherms, poikilotherms, thermal adaptations - meeting extremes of temperature Dormancy, hibernation,
aestivation, torpidity, diapause. Light:- composition - light on land and water. Biological effects of light on aquatic
and terrestrial organisms. Light as a limiting factor. Reproduction, Metamorphosis, pigmentation, vision, photokinesis
phototropism, photoperiodism, migration. Ecological effects on photosynthesis, Pressure, Gravity. Moisture and
humidity. Atmospheric gases: Oxygen, Carbondioxide.

Limiting factors - Leibig's law of Minimum - Shelfords law of Tolerance. Biogeochemical cycles - Gaseous cycle:
Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen cycles. Sedimentary cycle: Sulphur, phosphorus.

Biotic factors: Intra specific and interspecific associations. Aggregation colony formation, socal organization,
competition. Predation, parasitism, autibiosrs commensalisms, mutualism, neutralism. Interspecific competition:
Competative principle or Gause's principle.
Unit II

Ecosystem

Structure and function of ecosystem. - Concepts, components, structure, relationship between habitat and ecological
niche - Autotrophic and heterotrophic producer, consumer - trophic level - energy flow in an ecosystem - food chain -
food web - pyramids - ecological efficiencies - primary productivity - methods of measurements. Stages of
decomposition and benefits. Ecotypes. Homeostasis of ecosystem. Terrestrial habitat: Biomes - characters tundra,
grass land, forest (coniferous, tropical, temperate, deciduous). Deserts - fauna, adaptations of animals inhabiting
deserts and caves. 'Types of forests in India. Fresh water habitat. Physico-chemical nature of fresh water - biotic
communities - lentic-lakes (Oligotrophic and Eutrophic) - ponds - biotic communities of ponds, swamps, lotic - river,
streams. Marine ecology Characteristics salinity temperature - pressure, zonation and stratification - chemical
properties - biotic communities of pelagic and benthic zone, intertidal zone (rocky shore, sandy shore and muddy
shore) sublittoral zone, coral reefs as a specialized oceanic ecosystem Estuarine ecology: Characteristics, types, fauna
and their adaptations. Mangroove ecosystem: Ecological conditions - flora and fauna, mangroves of India.

Unit III

Population Ecology

Population: definition - Characteristics - Density: measurements of density, natality, mortality, survivorship curve, age
distribution age pyramids - population growth forms, concept of carrying capacity. Population fluctuations: Seasonal
and annual population equilibrium - biotic potential - population dispersal - regulation of population density: density
dependent factors, reproduction, predation, emigration, disease, social behaviours, ecotone and edge effect -
ecological succession and community evolution, classification of community.

Unit IV

Applied Ecology

Pollution: Origin - pollution as the limiting factor for man - pollutants - Degradable & Non-degradable air, water,
land, noise, thermal radiation, radioactive radiation), green house effect, global warming, acid rain. Air pollution:
Source - methods of detection and measurements of air pollution.

Water pollution: kinds and sources of water pollution - ecology of water pollution - sewage - industrial - thermal - silt-
pollution - estuarine - economic - leather tannery - strategy for waste water management and control. Land pollution:
Land degradation, radiation, soil erosion, desertification - causes, hazards and control Solid waste - Garbage
Management.

Conservation - Wild life management: preservation - laws enforced - sanctuaries, national parks. Natural resources
management: renewable - forest, fishes and crops, nonrenewable - fossil fuels, metals and minerals.

Unit V

Environmental Issues

Environmental degradation - deforestation - urbanization - population explosion and other environmental hazards -
depleting natural resources and relationship between poverty and environmental degradation and vice versa -
competition, man's thoughtless exploitation of natural resources - Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Bhopal tragedy - Gulf
war - oil pollution. Pnnciples of Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Monitoring and Auditing.
Environmental ethics and laws - Earth summits - Role of Governmental & Non-Governmental agencies for
environmental monitoring.

REFERENCE:

1. Kotpal, R.L. and N.P. Bali, 1986. Concepts of Ecology, Vishal Publications, Delhi - 7, 264 pp.

2. Rastogi V.B. and M.S. Jayaraj, 1988-89. Animal Ecology and distribution of animals, Kedar Nath Ram Nath,
Meerut - 250 001, 429 pp.

3. Clarke, G.L., 1954. Elements of Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, London, 534 pp

4. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. and S.Viswanathan, Principles of Animal Ecology.

5. Eugene P. Odum, 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Saunders Internatioanal Student Edition, W.B.Saunders
Company, Philadelphia, London, Toronto, 574 pp.

6. Verma, P.S. and V.K.Agarwal, 1986. Environmental Biology, S.Chand & Co. Ltd., 591 pp.

7. Richard Manual of Wild life Conservation

8. Our Environment Pollution control & future strategies - M.P.Mishra - S.Chand & Company - 2000

9. Fundamentals of Environmental Pollution - Krishnan Kannan - S.Chand & Company - 1997.

Semester VI - Paper X - Developmental Biology

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

The Germ Cell

Outlines of origin - spermatogenesis and oogenesis in frog, bird and mammal - Comparative study of vertebrate and
invertebrate sperms and eggs - viability of gamete cells - influence of yolk - polarity - symmetry - Egg membranes.

Unit II

Fertilisation

Mechanics - Physiology - Theories of fertilization - Parthenogenesis: Natural - Artificial - Experiments on artificial

parthenogenesis and its findings

Unit III

Early Embryonic Development

Cleavage and Gastrulation: General Principles - Outlines of their physiology - Comparative study in Amphioxus, frog,
chick and mammals. Experimental works of Speeman and Mangold - Factors influencing cleavage - Fate map.

Unit IV

Organogeny

Development of brain, eye and ear in frog - Embryonic Adaptations: Embryonic membranes and their functions -
Placentation in mammals. Regeneration: regeneration in invertebrates and vertebrates.

Unit V

Human Reproduction

Puberty - Menstrual cycle - Menopause - Pregnancy and related problems - Parturition - Lactation - Development and
differentiation - Contraception - its merits and family welfare. Reproductive Technology: Monitoring of estrus cycle -
Artificial insemination - Cryopreservation - IVF - Embryo transfer - Test tube babies.

REFERENCE:

1. Balinsky, B.I., 1981. Introduction to Embryology, Saunders, Philadelphia.

2. Nelson, O.E., 1953. Comparative Embryology of the vertebrates, Mc-Graw Hill Book company, Inc., New York.

3. Raven, P., 1959. Dvelopmental Physiology, Pergamon Press, New York.

4. Verma , P.S., V.K. Agarwal and Tyagi, 1995. Chordate embryology, S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

5. Majumdar,. N.N 1990. Text book of vertebrate embryology. Tata Mc-Graw-HiII Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi.

6. McEwen, R.S., 1969. Vertebrate Embryology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi.

7. Rugh, R., 1951. The Frog. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.

8. Arora, M. P., 1985. Chordate Embryology. ATMA RAM sons New Delhi.

9. Jam, P.C., 1998. Elements of Developmental Biology. Vishal Publication, Delhi.

10. Majumdar, N.N., 1990 Text Book of Vertebrate Embryology. Tata-McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New
Delhi.
Semester VI - Paper XI - Microbiology, Immunology and Biotechnology
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

History of microbiology - Biogenesis - contributions of Louis Pasteur - Leuwanhoeck, Lazaro, Spallanzani, John
Tyndall, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch. Anatomy of Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes - Microbial identification - morphological,
physiological, and biochemical properties. Microscopy-simple & compound light microscopy-Dark field-phase
contrast- fluorescence and electron microscopy-Sterilization methods.

Unit II

Culture techniques - Media preparation-Preservation of cultures-Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria-Growth of bacteria-

Microbial morphology-wet mounting drop-Staining method - dyes-simple-differential and special staining techniques-
acid fast-spore-capsule stains- Microbial classification - Basic concepts of microbial metabolism - Microbiology of
drinking water, waterborne diseases.

Unit III

Immunology

History of Immunology - Immunohaematology - Blood transfusion-Rh-compatibilities. Innate immunity - Acquired

immunity. Structure, composition and functions of cells and organs involved in immune system - Microbial
infections, virulence and host resistance related to imm<unity.< p=""> </unity.<>

Unit IV

Antigens, types, properties, Haptens, Adjuvants - vaccines - types - Toxoids Antitoxins. Immunoglobulins, structure,
types and properties. Theories of antibody production. Complement structure properties-function and pathway.
Antigen-Antibody reaction-invitro methods. Agglutination-precipitation-complement fixation-immuno-
fluorescenceELISA, RIA

Unit V

Biotechnology

Definition and history-scope and significance-principles and applications of genetic recombinant technology in
medicine, agriculture, veterinary and food industry - Production of biotechnological Products-food SCP
[algae,yeast,mushroom]-Biofertiliser-Biofuel-Biopesticides-Biogas production-waste and sewage management-
Effective microorganisms-Enzyme biotechnology-sources and production of commercially important enzymes
cellulase, amylase, pectinases, proteinases. Immobilization of enzymes and its applications-Genomic Library.

REFERENCE

1. Pelczar Jr.M.J.Chan E.C.S and Kreig N.R.[2001] MICROBIOLOGY-McGraw Hill Inc. New York

2. Stainer R.Y., Ingraham J.L., Wheelis M.L. and Painter P.R.[1999] GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY-Macmillan
Education Ltd. London
3. Roitt I.M. [2000] Essential Immunology. Blackwell Scientific Publishers

4. Kuby, J. [1999] Immunology W.H.Freeman and company, New york.

5. Higgins L.I, Best G.J and Jones J [1996] Biotechnology - principles and applications Blackwell Scientific
publications Oxford London

6. Gupta P.K. Elements of Biotechnology [2001] Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Semester VI - Paper XII - Evolution

Duration of Examination: 3 hrs

Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Origin of Life and Evidences for Evolution.

Origin of life: Theories - creation - cosmozoic - spontaneous generation - Chemical evolution - Bio-elements -
selection - opinion of J.B.S. Haldane and A.L. Oparin - UreyMiller Hypothesis - Origin of bio-molecules -
Coacervation - Origin of Pro - and Eukaryotic cell.
Evidences - Comparative, anatomical, vestigial organs, physiological, embryological, Biochemical, Geographical
distribution & realms.

Unit II

Theories of Evolution

Greek thinkers - ideas of evolution before Darwin - Lamarckism and Neo-lamarckism - Darwinism and Neo-
Darwinism - Germplasm theory - Mutation Theory - Modem Synthetic theory - Hardy Weinberg law and its
importance.

Unit III

Trends in Evolution

Geological eras - Fossils and fossilization - Dating of fossils - Extinctions - Living fossils. Adaptations - Variations &
Origin - adaptive trends - Polymorphism - Transeint and stable - Mimicry & Colouration - Batesian and Muilerian.
Convergent, Divergent and Parallel evolution - Co-evolution.

Unit IV

Isolation and its role in evolution

Isolating mechanisms - different types - species concepts - definition of species - Origin of species - Allopatric and
Sympatric speciation. Genetic drift - Founder's principle.
Unit V

Evolutionary Processes

Natural selection in action - DDT and mosquitoes - Industrial melanism - adaptations of Carcinus and Aonidiella
(Citrus insect) - Evolution of horses in the New World and Old World - Evolution of Man - Biological & Cultural.

REFERENCES:

1. Simpson, G.C. 1967 - The meaning of Evolution. Revised Edition - New Haven, Tale University Press.

2 Colbert, E.H. 1969 - Evolution of vertebrates, Wiley, New york.

3. Mayr, Ernst, 1973 - Animal species and Evolution. The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge.

4. Dobzansky, T. 1976 - Genetics and the origin of species. Oxford and TBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.

5. Savage, J.M. 1976 - Evolution. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

6. Elic. Minkoff, 1983 - Evolutionary Biology, Addison Wesley.

7. Leninger, A.L., Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993) - Principles of Biochemistry, CBS Publishers and Distributors,
New Delhi.

8. Life, Origin, Evolution and adaption (2002) - Sanjib Chattopadhyay. Books and Allied (p) Ltd.

Semester VI - Practical III - Cell Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Microbiology

and Animal Physiology
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

A - CELL BIOLOGY

1. Micrometry - Use of Microscopes, Cameralucida, Stage and Ocular Micrometer.

2. Blood Smear preparation - Differential Count of WBC.

3. Counting of RBC and WBC using Haemocytometer (Demonstration only)

4. Mounting buccal epithelium and observing living cells using vital siaining.

5. Mitosis in Onion root tip squash

6. Meiosis in grasshopper testis squash

7. Study of prepared slides of histology

a) Columnar Epithelium b) Ciliated Epithelium c) Glandular Epithelium

d) Areolar Connective tissue e) Cartilage T. S. f) Bone T. S.
g) Cardiac muscle h) Striated muscle I) Non striated muscle
j) Nervous tissue k) Ovary T.S. l) Testis T.S.

B - GENETICS

8. Study of the biology of Drosophila

9. Observation of Common mutants of Drosophila

10. Chironomous - Salivary gland Chromosome squash preparation

11. Human blood grouping

C - BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

12. Study of prepared slides, Models exhibits or specimen. (a) Escherichia coli (b)Bacteriophage (c)Plasmid (d)
cDNA Library

13. Preparation of media and culture of microorganisms on Agar plates. (Demonstration only)

14. Demonstration of P.C.R. technique : Southern, Western and Northern blots

15. Visit to a Biotechnology lab and report.

D - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY

16. Use of Kymograph unit, B.P. apparatus, Respirometer.

17. Survey of Digestive enzymes in cockroach

18. Study of Ciliary activity in Fresh water mussel in relation to temperature.

19. Estimation of Oxygen consumption in a fish with reference to-body weight

20. Detection of nitrogenous waste products in fish tank water, frog tank water, bird excreta and mammalian urine

Human Salivary amylase activity in relation to pH

Semester VI - Practical IV - Environmental Biology, Developmental Biology and
Application Oriented Subject
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

A - ENVIRONMNTAL BIOLOGY

1. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, free CO2, carbonates and bicarbonates, calcium in water samples.

2. Use of rain gauge , maximum & minimum thermometer, Hygrometer, Anemometer and Barometer.

3. Plankton Study - Fresh water and marine plankton.

4. Adaptations of aquatic and terrestrial animals based on a study of museum specimens. Such as rocky, sandy, muddy
shore animals, flying and burrowing animals.

5. Study of natural ecosystem and field report of the visit.

B - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Study of the following prepared slides, museum specimens and materials.

1. Sections of testis and ovary showing the maturation stages of gametes (mammalian)

2. Slides of mammalian Sperm and ovum.

3. Study of Egg types - Frog's egg , Hen's egg.

4. Slides of cleavage stages, blastula, gastrula and neurula of frog.

5. Slides of different stages of chick embryo. 18 Hours (primitive streak stage), 24 Hours, 48 Hours, 72 Hours and 96
Hours.

6. Placenta of Sheep, Pig and Man.

C. APPLICATION ORIENTED SUBJECT

1. Medical laboratory Techniques

1. Study of laboratoy equipment such as : Autoclave, hot air oven. incubator, water bath, centrifuge, refrigerator,
colorimeter, pH meter, haemoglobinometer, microtomes and balances.

2. Study of blood pressure apparatus, stethoscope and such other medical apparatus.

3. Blood tests - Estimation of haemoglobin.

4. Urine analysis
5. Determination of Bleeding Time and clotting Time.

6. Visit to a Clinical Lab.

NOTE : Care to be taken to provide sterile needles to each student.

2. Pisciculture & Aquarium Fish Keeping

1. Morphometric measurements of fish.

2. Measurement of fish age using scales.

3. Examination of stomach contents of two (carnivorous and herbivorous) types of fishes in order to understand their
feeding habits.

4. Identification of marine and fresh water fishes, based on museum specimens.

5. Identification of common aquarium fishes.

6. Identification of different live feed organisms.

7. Study of different of formulated feeds.

8. Preparation of a formulated feed.

9. Study of slides of parasites and diseases.

10. Different equipment used in aquarium maintenance.

11. Setting up of aquarium.

3. Apiculture & Sericulture

1. Different stages of silkworm from egg to adult stage (egg sheet, different ages of the larva, pupa and adult)

2. Dissection of the silk worm to study the internal anatomy and mounting of silk glands.

3. Study of disease-causing pests of larva, pupa and adult

4. Equipment needed in silkworm rearing centre.

5. Mulberry leaves and utilisation.

6. Identification of members of bee colony.

7. Study of bee hive.

8. Study of different types of bees.

9. Mounting of mouth parts and sting apparatus of honey bee.

10. Identification of different types of hives and equipment used in apiculture.

4. Economic Entomology & Pest Management

1. Methods of collection and preservation of insects

2. Identification of insects in general and major pests

3. Study of life cycle of hemimetabolous, holometabolous and insects (at least one example in each)

4. Rearing of insects

5. Study of parasitic and predatory insects (one in each) in relation to their adaptations

6. Insecticide and plant protection appliances

7. Record

8. Identification of major crop pests given in theory syllabus

9. Identification of the common pest of stored products.

10. Identification of the common household pests.

11. Study of common plant protection appliances such as folair spray, sprayers and dusters.

12. Report of a visit to an agricultural institute or fields or factories.

Semester VI - Application Oriented Subject II - Medical Laboratory Techniques

and Bioinstrumentation II
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Urine: Analysis of urine samples; chemical parameters routinely required to be analysed. Pregnancy tests. Analysis of
faeces, semen, cerebrospinal fluid for chemical investigation

Unit II

Parasitology and vector biology. Examination of Parasites relevant to human health, Malarial parasite and other
protozoans, Helminths and other worms, study of vectors in the transmission of diseases.
Unit III

Pathology: Organisms causing infectious diseases. Viruses - Measles, Poliomyletis, hepatitis, HIV. Bacteria -
Tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, dilphtheria, cholera. Protozoans - Amoebic dysentery, malaria, Leishmaniasis.
Helminths - Ascariasis, filariasis, Cysticercasis.

Unit IV

Principles, use and maintenance of laboratory instruments like: Autoclave, hot air oven, incubators, water bath,
centrifuge, refrigerator, colorimeter, pH meter, haemoglobinometer, haemocytometer, microtomes, balances.

Unit V

Cell counter, pH analyzer, Flame Photometer, Photoelectnc colorimeter, Spectrometer, Muffle furnace, Laminar flow,
Chromatography (TLC), Electrophoresis, ELISA, Kipps apparatus, Micropipette and Pasteur pipette.

Semester VI - Application Oriented Subject II - Pisciculture & Aquarium Fish

Keeping II
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Definition of extensive and intensive aquaculture - Selection of site and preparation of pond - Construction - Soil
preparation - Water supply - Control of aquatic weeds, weed fishes, insects and other predators.

Unit II

Water quality management, fertilization of pond, procurement of seed, transport of seed, stocking, natural and
artificial feed, aeration, harvesting and management. Fish farm implement.

Unit III

Induced Breeding of Major Carps. Types of ponds in intensive aquaculture.

Unit IV

Varieties of aquarium fishes, Home aquarium & maintenance. Public health fishes.

Unit V

Fishery resources, fishing methods, marketing, cold storage, gears and crafts for reservoir fishery, River fishery.
Marine fishery of Mackeral and Oil sardine - Prawn culture, Pearl culture and any two marine fish culture methods.
Semester VI - Application Oriented Subject II - Sericulture and Apiculture II
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

History of Sericulture; Nature and economic importance of sericulture in India; Types of silkworm - Mulberry, tasar,
muga and eri - Embryology and Life cycle of silkworms. Races of Mulberry Silkworms, morphology and Life cycle
of silkworms. Races of Mulberry Silkworms; morphology of silkworms, adults, larvae and pupae. Genetics of
silkworm - Linkage - sex linked inheritance - Maternal inheritance - sex determination - artificial mutation.
Moriculture: Distribution of mulberry; selection of land and cultivation of mulberry by different methods; manuring,
pruning; preservation of leaves. Chemical constituents of mulberry leaves (steroid hormones).

Unit II

Silkworm rearing: Rearing house and equipments; preparation for rearing; environmental conditions fit for rearing;
hatching; brushing. Rearing techniques; Chawki rearing and late age rearing: quality of mulberry leaves for different
age; mounting and harvesting of cocoons. Silkworm pathology: Disinfection of rearing houses and the equipments;
Silkworm diseases - Pebrine, Flacheries, Muscardine and Grasserie - Other natural enemies of silkworms.

Unit III

Breeding of silkworms: Silkworm races; distinct characters of races; aims of silkworm breeding, Selection - Bed
selection and family selection. Methods of selection - Breeding of resistant varieties. Grainage techniques:
Preservation of seed cocoons - Emergence of moths - Preparation of layings - Acid treatment: Egg production
Hibernation - Cold storage - Artificial hatching - Preservation and incubation of eggs.

Unit IV

Silk reeling: Selection of raw material for reeling - Storage and preservation of raw materials. Physical and
commercial characters of cocoons Stuffing and drying - Cooking. Various systems of reeling - Charka - Cottage basin
- Filature system. Importance of water in silk reeling - Re-reeling - Raw silk examination. Cleaning, lacking, skeining
- Book making - Baling - Byproducts of reeling. Marketing and the role of Central Silk Board in the Development of
sericulture.

Unit V

Economics of Sericulture. Silk yield - national and international marketing. Preparing proposals for financial
assistance. (Layout and budget) from different funding agencies. Prospects of Sericulture as a self-employment
venture Hormonal treatment to increase silk-production and Field exposure: Students must be exposed to sericulture
unit and submit a report along with practical record.

REFERENCE:

1. Manual of Silkworm Rearing: Manual of Mulberry Cultivation by Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO),
United States.

2. Yoshimaro Tanaka. Sericology, Central Silk Board, 99-B, Meghdoot, Merine Drive, Bombay-2.
3. Yokoyama, T. Synthesised Science of Sericulture.

4. Kovaleve, P.A. Silkworm Breeding Stocks, Central Silk Board, Merine Drive, Bombay.

Semester VI - Application Oriented Subject II - Economic Entomology & Pest

Management II
Duration of Examination: 3 hrs
Maximum Marks: 100
Credits: 4

Unit I

Pests

Types of Pests - types of damage caused by pests in crops - causes for insects assuming pest status - Outbreak of
pests.

Unit II

Pests of agricultural importance, their bionomics, life cycles control measures of cereals. (Paddy, wheat and millet),
Oil seeds (Coconut, ground nut), Cash crops (Sugarcane, cotton), Vegetables (Tomato, Potato, brinjal, Ocra), Pulses
(Green gram, Black gram), Plantation crops (Coffee, Tea, Cardomom), Fruits (Banana, Mango, Grapes, Citrus).

Unit III

Pests of stored products and their control. Household pests (cockroaches, termites, silver fish, flies and mosquitoes)
and their control. Pests in relation to Public health, Non- insect pests (Nematods, mites, rodents and birds) and their
control.

Unit IV

Pest control methods: Natural control, Applied control (Prophylactic, curative), Cultural, Mechanical, Physical, Legal
methods. Biological control - Success and limitations of their programmes - Parasites predators, pathogens and
biocides. Chemosterilants - Pheromones. Chemical methods - Elementary classification of pesticides - LC5O and
LD5O values - toxicity levels - preparation of pesticides - formulations - packages - manufacture - First and
precautions - pesticide spraying appliances.

Unit V

Pesticide Industry - Production and marketing. Recent trends in pest control - Pheromones, Attractants, Repellents,
Antifeedants, Chemosterilants and chitin inhibitors. Residual toxicity of pesticides - Environmental degradation and
its prevention. Integrated Pest Management and its importance.

REFERENCE:

1. Ramakrishna Iyer, T.V., - Economic Entomology, Government Publications, Madras.

2. David, By, and T. Kumarasamy, 1984. Elements of Economic Entomology, Popular Book Depot, Madras, 536 pp.
3. Nayar, K.K. T.N. Ananthakrishan and By. David. 1992. General and Applied Entomology. Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Co Ltd., New Delhi - 110 051.