Effect of Super-Absorbent Polymer on the Undrained

Shear Behavior of Cemented Dredged Clay

with High Water Content
Xia Bian, Ph.D. 1; Yu-Peng Cao, Ph.D. 2; Zhi-Feng Wang, Ph.D. 3; Guo-Quan Ding 4; and Guo-Hui Lei 5

Abstract: A series of isotropically consolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed on cemented clay with super-absorbent polymer
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(SAP) at high water content to investigate the effect of SAP content on the undrained shear behavior of cemented clay. The test results reveal
that the compressibility and undrained shear strength of cemented clay with SAP in a preyield state are independent of the confining pressure.
When the confining pressure is higher than the yield stress, the compressibility of the cemented clay with SAP increases dramatically.
Meanwhile, the undrained shear strength of the cemented clay with SAP depends on the confining stress in the postyield state. The yield
stress measured from the isotropic compression test is consistent with the transitional stress from the bilinear relation between the peak
deviator stress and the confining pressure. For certain lime content, the role of SAP is to increase the cementation bond. Hence, the peak
deviator stress increases with the increasing SAP content, lime content, and curing time. However, the cementation is shown to have no effect
on pore pressure generation within the degree of cementation considered in this study. The linear failure envelope of the cemented clay with
SAP is observed for the range of applied stress level in this study and is bounded by the tension cut-off and the critical state line of untreated
clay. The difference between the failure line of cemented clay and the critical state line of untreated clay increase with the degree of the
cementation bond (i.e., higher SAP content, higher lime content, and longer curing time). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001849.
2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Cemented clay; Dredged clay; Super-absorbent polymer; Undrained shear; High water content.

Introduction (Xu et al. 2012, 2015a, b). A cement-mixing method is commonly

With the rapid growth of industrial and human activity in coastal
areas, demands for raw materials in the construction of coastal proj-
ects have risen dramatically, and these materials are increasingly
difficult to obtain in these regions (Tsuchida and Tang 2015).
At the same time, large amounts of dredged materials are generated
during construction projects for ports and waterways in the east
coastal region of China, and these materials need to be reused
1
Lecturer, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics
and Embankment Engineering, Hohai Univ., Nanjing 210098, P. R. China;
Postdoctoral, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing Univ.,
Nanjing 210046, P. R. China (corresponding author). E-mail: xia.bian@
hhu.edu.cn
2
Lecturer, School of Transportation, Shandong Univ. of Science and
Technology, Qingdao 266590, P. R. China. E-mail: paradise456917@
163.com
3 Therefore, to improve the strength characteristics of dredged clay
Lecturer, School of Highway, Changan Univ., Xian 710064,
P. R. China. E-mail: zhifeng.wang@chd.edu.cn
4
Ph.D. Candidate, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for
Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Hohai Univ., Nanjing
210098, P. R. China; Geotechnical Research Institute, College of Civil
and Transportation Engineering, Hohai Univ., Nanjing 210098, P. R. China.
E-mail: dingguoquan2004@126.com
5
Professor, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Geomechanics
and Embankment Engineering, Hohai Univ., Nanjing 210098, P. R. China;
Geotechnical Research Institute, College of Civil and Transportation
Engineering, Hohai Univ., Nanjing 210098, P. R. China. E-mail:
leiguohui@hhu.edu.cn
Note. This manuscript was submitted on March 14, 2016; approved on
October 10, 2016; published online on March 20, 2017. Discussion period
open until August 20, 2017; separate discussions must be submitted for
individual papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Materials in Civil
Engineering, ASCE, ISSN 0899-1561.
adopted to improve the engineering characteristics of dredged
material and to render these waste materials more useful for
embankments or earthworks, and numerous studies have been con-
ducted on the strength properties of cemented clays (Uddin et al.
1997; Miura et al. 2001; Tremblay et al. 2001; Lorenzo and
Bergado 2004; Horpibulsuk et al. 2003, 2004a, 2010c).
In general, the increase in the strength properties of cemented
clay is attributed to the primary and secondary cementitious
materials formed during the physicochemical reaction process
(Kamruzzaman et al. 2009). Most of these studies have focused
on water contents of cemented clays that are less than two times
their liquid limit. However, the typical water content of dredged
clay in a storage yard in China is approximately two to three times
liquid limits (Xu et al. 2012, 2015a, b). It has been well docu-
mented that the strength of cemented clay decreases with increasing
water content (Miura et al. 2001; Horpibulsuk et al. 2003, 2004a).
with notably high water content, large amounts of cement material
or additional additives are expected to be consumed. Currently,
super-absorbent polymer (SAP) is often used as a water-saving
agent in the agricultural industry (Han et al. 2010; Islam et al.
2011) or as a water reservoir to improve the self-desiccation of
concrete (Jensen and Hansen 2002; Justs et al. 2015). Hence, SAP
is introduced into the cement-mixing method as a water-reducing
agent to improve the strength properties of cemented clay with
notably high water content (Bian et al. 2016).
Recently, cemented dredge material has been used as filling in
port construction or land reclamation projects (Tang et al. 2001;
Tsuchida and Tang 2015; Subramaniam et al. 2016). Hence, the
deformation and undrained shear behavior of cemented clay are
of great importance. Generally, the key factor that controls
the mechanical behavior of cemented clay is often referred to as

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J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 Table 1. Physical Properties of Kemen Clay Table 2. Test Program of CIUC Tests for the Cemented Kemen Clay
Parameter Value Lime Cement SAP Curing
content content content time Effective confining
Liquid limit (%) 60
(%) (%) () (days) pressure (kPa)
Plastic limit (%) 30
Specific gravity (Gs ) 2.7 7 3 0 28, 90, 180 100, 150, 400, 800, 1,200
Clay (<0.002 mm) (%) 26 1 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
Silt (0.0020.06 mm) (%) 65 5 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
Sand (0.062 mm) (%) 9 10 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
12 3 0 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
1 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
5 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
the artificial cementation bond or induced cementation bond 10 28, 90, 180 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,200
(Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b; Suebsuk et al. 2010). As such, the de-
formation and undrained shear behavior of cemented clay can be
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classified into two stages similar to those of natural clay: (1) when
the stress level is less than the yield stress, the cemented clay pos-
sesses a higher void ratio than that of remolded clay and displays
low compressibility, and therefore the undrained shear behavior is
similar to that of overconsolidated clay; and (2) when the stress
level exceeds the yield stress, the compressibility of cemented clay
increases dramatically because of loss of the artificial cementation
bond, and the undrained shear behavior is similar to that of nor-
mally consolidated clay (Miura et al. 2001; Horpibulsuk et al.
2004b; Chiu et al. 2009; Kamruzzaman et al. 2009; Suebsuk et al.
2010; Xiao et al. 2014; Askarani and Pakbaz 2016).
Moreover, several constitutive models of cemented clay have
been established by extending the constitutive model representing
the natural bond for natural clays to the artificial cementation
bond for cemented clays (Liu et al. 2006; Suebsuk et al. 2010;
Horpibulsuk et al. 2010a). To this end, the triaxial test of cemented
clay is clearly required to establish the deformation and undrained
shear behavior of cemented clay for both engineering practice and
theoretical purposes. However, to the authors knowledge, the data-
base of triaxial tests for cemented clay is relatively limited.
More specifically, experiments that determine the undrained shear
behavior of cemented clay with SAP remain lacking.
The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of SAP
content on the undrained shear behavior of cemented clay at high
water content. A series of isotropically consolidated undrained tri-
axial tests (CIUCs) were performed on cemented Kemen clay with
SAP. Specifically, the influences of SAP content, lime content, and
curing time on the stress-strain, pore pressurestrain behavior, and
stress path are investigated.
Materials and Sample Preparation
Samples of Kemen clay were collected from land reclaimed by the
deposition of soils dredged from the sea bed for harbor construction
in Fujian province, China. The in situ water content of the clay
was approximately 60%. Some basic physical properties of Kemen
clay are listed in Table 1. According to the Unified Soil Classifi-
cation System, Kemen clay is classified as high plasticity (CH)
(ASTM 2011a).
Two different additives were used as the cementing binder in
this study: hydrated lime and ordinary portland cement (Type I).
The SAP used in this study consisted of a suspension-polymerized
and covalently cross-linked acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer
with a dry-bulk density of 800 kg=m3 . The diameters of the SAP
spherical particles varied from 120 to 150 m in the dry state, and
the particles had a water absorption capacity of 20 g water per gram
of SAP.
The soil-cement samples were prepared from the clay slurry. A
predetermined quantity of water was first added to the Kemen clay
and subsequently mixed in a mixing machine to obtain a clay slurry
with a water content of 150% (2.5 times the liquid limit) to simulate
the typical water content of dredged material in a disposal pond in
China (Xu et al. 2015a). The SAP particles were added and mixed
with the clay slurry first to absorb additional water. Subsequently,
cement and lime powder were poured into the mixture and mixed
for 510 min to achieve uniformity. A cement content of 3% (dry
soil weight basis) was chosen, and two levels of lime content (7 and
12%, dry soil weight basis) and three levels of SAP content (1, 5,
and 10, dry soil weight basis) were selected. The mixing process
was restricted to 10 min to avoid hardening of the clay-cement mix-
ture. Finally, the homogeneous mixture was transferred into cylin-
drical PVC molds with a diameter of 39.1 mm and a height of
80 mm for the triaxial test. After 24 h, the cylindrical samples were
dismantled. All cylindrical samples were wrapped in plastic bags
separately and cured in a controlled environment (20
2C and
95% relative humidity).
Isotropically consolidated undrained triaxial tests (CIUCs) were
run on samples after 28, 90, and 180 days of curing. The effective
confining pressures for the tests were 1001,200 kPa. A back
pressure of 200 kPa was maintained to ensure a high degree of
saturation for all samples before the isotropic consolidation stage.
Skemptons B-value in excess of 0.95 was obtained for all
specimens. An isotropic consolidation test was carried out using
incremental loading. At each loading step, the completion of
consolidation was confirmed using the root time method together
with the measurement of excess pore pressure at the base of each
specimen. Thereafter, a strain rate of 0.09%=min was adopted for
the undrained shear test [the same with the undrained test per-
formed for untreated Kemen clay, after Hong et al. (2013)], and
the tests were stopped when axial strain reached approximately
20%. The failure point was defined as the peak point of the deviator
stress q before or at the point at which the axial strain reached 15%
per ASTM D4767 (ASTM 2011b). The detailed test program is
summarized in Table 2.
Isotropic Consolidation
Fig. 1 shows the typical isotropic compression curves of cemented
clay with SAP together with the isotropic compression curve of
untreated Kemen clay with an initial water content of 98%. The
test results show that the compression curve of cemented clay lies
above that of untreated clay, which implies that for a given stress
level, cemented clay can sustain a higher void ratio than that of
reconstituted clay because of the effect of the cementation bond.
The compression curve of cemented clay with a higher SAP content
lies below that with a lower SAP content. This behavior is attrib-
uted to the fact that the after-curing void ratio decreases with in-
creasing SAP content and consequently the amount of solid content

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 3.5 600 Ap=0 _100 kPa
Yield stress
Ap=1 _100 kPa
Ap=5 _100 kPa
3.0 500 Ap=10 _100 kPa
Ap=0 _150 kPa
Ap=1 _200 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

2.5 400 Ap=5 _200 kPa
Ap=10 _200 kPa
Void ratio, e

2.0 300

1.5 200

1.0 100
AL =12%, AC=3%, A p =0
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AL =12%, AC=3%, A p=1 0

0.5 AL =12%, AC=3%, A p =5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
AL =12%, AC=3%, A p =10
untreated clay (initial water content = 98%) (Hong et al. 2013) (a) Axial strain, a (%)
0.0
10 100 1000 10000
1400 Ap=0 _1200 kPa
Mean effective stress, p (kPa)
Ap=1 _1200 kPa
1200 Ap=5 _1200 kPa
Fig. 1. Isotropic compression curves of the cemented clay Ap=10 _1200 kPa
Ap=0 _800 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

1000 Ap=1 _800 kPa
Ap=5 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _800 kPa
Table 3. Test Results from the Triaxial Test 800 Ap=0 _400 kPa
Mean yield Mean yield Ap=1 _400 kPa
stress from stress from Vertical 600 Ap=5 _400 kPa
Ap=10 _400 kPa
isotropic triaxial yield
Sample compression strength test, stress, 0 400
identifier test, py0 (kPa) py0 (kPa) vy
0
(kPa)b c 0 (kPa) (degrees)
Untreated 0 26.632c 200
clay
7-3-0-28 171 177 262 5.5 38.0 0
7-3-1-28 270 281 490 17 40.1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7-3-5-28 335 341 635 31 41.4 (b) Axial strain, (%)
a
7-3-10-28 362 380 733 47 42.5
12-3-0-28 234 245 364 10 39.1 Fig. 2. Effect of SAP content on stress-strain behavior of the cemented
12-3-1-28 293 318 554 35 41.8 clay (AL 7%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0
12-3-5-28 343 351 691 39 44.1
12-3-10-28 381 396 781 53 45.9
7-3-0-90 221 240 378 9.8 38.5
7-3-1-90 330 344 610 28 41.0 summarized in Table 3. It is observed that mean yield stress in-
7-3-5-90 377 390 741 40 41.6 creases with increasing SAP content (Ap ), lime content (AL ), and
7-3-10-90 419 440 841 51 42.8 curing time (D). The variation in mean yield stress with Ap , AL , and
12-3-0-90 237 260 424 20 39.5 D is consistent with the change in vertical yield stress from odom-
12-3-1-90 361 381 709 44 42.1 eter tests, indicating a stronger cementation bond for specimens
12-3-5-90 393 415 816 54 44.7 with higher Ap, AL , and D (Bian et al. 2016).
12-3-10-90 449 470 911 77 46.3
7-3-0-180 261 280 498 20 39.1
7-3-1-180 377 391 754 41 42.1
7-3-5-180 419 440 887 57 42.8 Undrained Shear Behavior
7-3-10-180 495 511 1,040 82 43.7
12-3-0-180 291 302 570 30 40.6 To understand the undrained shear behavior of cemented clay with
12-3-1-180 381 399 783 54 43.2 SAP, the isotropically consolidated undrained triaxial compression
12-3-5-180 440 460 954 74 46.2 test results at effective confining pressures p00 , which are both
12-3-10-180 470 491 1,054 92 48.0 higher and lower than the mean yield stress py0 , are presented.
The effects of SAP content together with the effect of lime content
a
Sample ID 7-3-1-28 represents AL 7%, AC 3%, Ap 1,
curing time 28 days. and curing time on the stress-strain behavior, pore pressurestrain
b
Obtained from Bian et al. (2016). behavior, and effective stress path of the cemented clay are dis-
c
Obtained from Hong et al. (2013). cussed first, followed by a discussion on the mean yield stress
py0 and the peak failure envelope.

per unit volume increases (Chiu et al. 2009; Bian et al. 2016).
Moreover, the mean yield stress can be well identified from the
isotropic compression curves of the cemented clay with SAP.
The mean yield stress of the cemented clay used in this study is
Stress-Strain Behavior
The effect of SAP content on the stress-strain q; a relationship
is presented in Figs. 2 and 3 at lime contents of 7 and 12%,

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 600 Ap=0 _100 kPa 600
AL=7 _200 kPa
Ap=1 _100 kPa
Ap=5 _100 kPa AL=12 _200 kPa
Ap=10 _100 kPa 500 AL=7 _100 kPa
500
Ap=0 _200 kPa AL=12 _100 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Ap=1 _200 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

400 Ap=5 _200 kPa 400

Ap=10 _200 kPa

300 300

200 200

100 100
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0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) Axial strain, a (%) (a) Axial strain, a (%)

1400 1400
Ap=0 _1200 kPa AL=7% _1200 kPa
Ap=1 _1200 kPa AL=12 _1200 kPa
1200 Ap=5 _1200 kPa 1200 AL=7 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _1200 kPa AL=12 _800 kPa
Ap=0 _800 kPa AL=7 _400 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

1000 Ap=1 _800 kPa 1000 AL=12 _400 kPa
Ap=5 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _800 kPa
800 800
Ap=0 _400 kPa
Ap=1 _400 kPa
600 Ap=5 _400 kPa 600
Ap=10 _400 kPa

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(b) Axial strain, a (%) (b) Axial strain, a (%)

Fig. 3. Effect of SAP content on stress-strain behavior of the cemented Fig. 4. Effect of lime content on stress-strain behavior of the cemented
clay (AL 12%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0 clay (Ap 10, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0

respectively. The stress-strain relationship for effective confining
pressures less than the mean yield stress is shown in Figs. 2
and 3(a), whereas the stress-strain relationship for the effective con-
fining pressures that exceed the mean yield stress is shown in
Figs. 2 and 3(b), where AC , AL , and Ap represent cement content,
lime content, and SAP content, respectively.
Figs. 2 and 3(a) show the typical shape of the q; a curves for
effective confining pressures In the preyield state (p00 < py0 ), which
represents typical strain-softening behavior. The deviator stress in-
creases to a peak value and subsequently decreases to a lower value
of q. In this stage, the influence of effective confining pressure on
peak deviator stress is insignificant. This behavior suggests that
when p00 < py0 , the effect of the artificial cementation bond is
notable and is the main factor that controls the mechanical behavior
of cemented clays (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b). In addition, it can be
observed from Figs. 2 and 3(a) that for certain lime content, the
q; a curve of the specimen with higher Ap lies above that
with lower Ap. Hence, the peak deviator stress increases with the
increase in Ap at the same effective confining pressure.
In the postyield state (p00 > py0 ), as shown Figs. 2 and 3(b), the
strain-softening behavior of the q; a curves is also significant,
especially at higher effective confining pressures. The peak devia-
tor stress increases with the increase in effective confining pressure
In this stage. This behavior is primarily attributed to the volume
change during consolidation of cemented clay together with the
progressive loss of the artificial cementation bond when p00 >
py0 (Kamruzzaman et al. 2009).
It is important that the shear resistance (peak deviator stress)
increases with Ap at all confining pressures for a certain lime con-
tent, as shown Figs. 2 and 3.This behavior suggests that the role of
SAP in cemented clay with high water content is to absorb water
content in the clay, to fill up the large voids, and to provide addi-
tional solid parts (Bian et al. 2016). Hence, as the SAP content in-
creases, the spacing between clay clusters and that of solid particles
decreases. As a result, the fabric of the cemented clay becomes
tighter and the apparent cementation bond increases, eventually
leading to the higher shear resistance with SAP content.
Figs. 4 and 5 shows the effect of lime content and curing time,
respectively, on the q; a behavior of the cemented clay with SAP.
As expected, the stress-strain curve of the cemented clay with a
higher degree of cementation bond (higher Ap and longer D) lies
above that of clays with lower ones. Hence, the peak deviator stress
increases with the increasing lime content and curing time, even at
180 days of curing. Fig. 5 also shows that the increase in peak
deviator stress is significant when the curing time increases from
28 to 90 days, and is relatively small for longer curing times.

ASCE 04017023-4 J. Mater. Civ. Eng.

J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 700 180 d _100 kPa 160 Ap=0 _100 kPa
90 d_100 kPa Ap=1 _100 kPa
28 d_100 kPa Ap=5 _100 kPa
600 180 d_200 kPa Ap=10 _100 kPa

Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

90 d_200 kPa Ap=0 _150 kPa
28 d_200 kPa 120 Ap=1 _200 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

500
Ap=5 _200 kPa
Ap=10 _200 kPa
400
80
300

200
40

100
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0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) Axial strain, a (%) (a) Axial strain, a (%)

1400 1200
180 d _1200 kPa Ap=0 _1200 kPa
90 d _1200 kPa Ap=1 _1200 kPa
1200 28 d _1200 kPa Ap=5 _1200 kPa
180 d_800 kPa 1000 Ap=10 _1200 kPa

Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

90 d _800 kPa Ap=0 _800 kPa
1000
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

28 d _800 kPa Ap=1 _800 kPa

180 d_400 kPa 800 Ap=5 _800 kPa
90 d _400 kPa Ap=10 _800 kPa
800 28 d _400 kPa Ap=0 _400 kPa
600 Ap=1 _400 kPa
600 Ap=5 _400 kPa
Ap=10 _400 kPa
400
400
200
200

0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(b) Axial strain, a (%)
(b) Axial strain, a (%)
Fig. 6. Effect of SAP content on pore pressurestrain behavior of the
Fig. 5. Effect of curing time on stress-strain behavior of the cemented
cemented clay (AL 7%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ;
clay (AL 12%, Ap 5): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0
(b) p00 > py0

Pore PressureStrain Behavior

Figs. 6 and 7 depict the effect of SAP content on the pore pressure-
strain u; a behavior of the cemented clay at lime contents of 7
and 12%, respectively. It is clear that when p00 < py0 , the pore pres-
sure increases up to a peak value and then decreases to the residual
value. Although the effective confining pressure merely affects the
stress-strain relations of cement clay in this stage, the variation in
the generation of excess pore pressure is significant. The peak ex-
cess pore pressure increases with the increase in the effective con-
fining pressure. Similar observations have been reported by other
researchers (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b; Kamruzzaman et al. 2009).
Moreover, it appears that the SAP content has an insignificant in-
fluence on the peak excess pore pressure at a certain lime content.
In a higher confining pressure (p00 > py0 ), as shown in Figs. 6
and 7(b), the test results show that the excess pore pressure in-
creases to its peak value at low strain and decreases slightly toward
the residual value. The peak excess pore pressure exhibits an in-
creasing tendency with the effective confining pressure and is
nearly identical at varying SAP content.
Although the degree of cementation bond increases with the in-
creasing SAP content, the pore pressure generation does not vary
with SAP content within the degree of cementation achieved in
this study. This behavior implies that cementation has almost no
effect on pore pressure generation, as suggested by Bjerrum and
Lo (1963) and Panda and Rao (1998).
Figs. 8 and 9 depict the effect of the lime content and curing
time, respectively, on the u; a behavior of the cemented clay.
They show that the peak excess pore pressure slightly increases
with the increasing lime content and curing time. This behavior
is similar to that of previous experimental findings for cemented
clays (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b; Kamruzzaman et al. 2009;
Subramaniam et al. 2016). The pore pressure generation falls
within a modest scatter of 20% for the cemented clay with varying
lime content and curing time. This observation also confirms that
the pore pressure generation does not change with the degree of
cementation.
Undrained Stress Path
The undrained stress paths of cemented clays at different effective
confining pressures and different SAP contents are shown in
Figs. 10 and 11 for lime contents of 7 and 12%, respectively. It
can be observed from Figs. 10 and 11(a) that when the cemented
clays are subjected to effective confining pressure lower than the

ASCE 04017023-5 J. Mater. Civ. Eng.

J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 160 Ap=0 _100 kPa 160 AL=7% _200 kPa
Ap=1 _100 kPa AL=12 _200 kPa
Ap=5 _100 kPa 140 AL=7 _100 kPa
Ap=10 _100 kPa

Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

AL=12 _100 kPa
Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

Ap=0 _200 kPa 120

120 Ap=1 _200 kPa
Ap=5 _200 kPa
100
Ap=10 _200 kPa
80
80
60

40
40
20
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0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) Axial strain, a (%)
(a) Axial strain, a (%)
1200 AL=7 _1200 kPa
1200 Ap=0 _1200 kPa AL=12 _1200 kPa
Ap=1 _1200 kPa AL=7 _800 kPa
Ap=5 _1200 kPa 1000

Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

AL=12 _800 kPa
1000 Ap=10 _1200 kPa AL=7 _400 kPa
Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

Ap=0 _800 kPa AL=12 _400 kPa

Ap=1 _800 kPa 800
800 Ap=5 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _800 kPa
Ap=0 _400 kPa 600
600 Ap=1 _400 kPa
Ap=5 _400 kPa
Ap=10 _400 kPa 400
400
200
200
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (b) Axial strain, a (%)
(b) Axial strain, a (%)
Fig. 8. Effect of lime content on pore pressurestrain behavior of the
Fig. 7. Effect of SAP content on pore pressurestrain behavior of the cemented clay (Ap 10, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ;
cemented clay (AL 12%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0
(b) p00 > py0

Peak Strength and the Failure Envelope

mean yield stress, the undrained stress path is located on the
dry side of the critical state, similar to that of overconsolidated
clay (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b; Kamruzzaman et al. 2009;
Subramaniam et al. 2016). In this stage, the stress path of the ce-
mented clay first approaches the peak value and subsequently
moves toward the critical state with strain softening. As expected,
the stress path for higher Ap is located above that of lower ones,
indicating stronger cementation. This behavior is consistent with
the variation in peak deviator stress discussed previously.
At a higher confining pressure (p00 > py0 ), as shown Figs. 10
and 11(b), the stress path is similar to that of normally consolidated
clays, is located on the wet side of the critical state, and moves to
the left side together with significant positive pore pressure. In
addition, In the postyield state, the stress path for higher Ap is also
located above that of lower ones, providing evidence for stronger
strength development at a higher SAP content.
Figs. 12 and 13 show the effect of lime content and curing time,
respectively, on the undrained stress path of the cemented clay.
The stress path with higher lime content or curing time lies above
that of lower ones. This behavior implies that increases in lime
content and curing time enlarge the yield surface and increase
the failure plane (Kamruzzaman et al. 2009).
Figs. 14 and 15 depict the relationship between peak deviator stress
and effective confining pressure at various SAP contents and curing
times, respectively. The unconfined compressive strength is also
shown in these figures. It is clear that the shear resistance of the
cemented clay exhibits bilinear behavior: (1) in the preyield state
(p00 < py0 ), the shear strength depends on the cementation bond,
where qmax slightly increases with the effective confining pressure;
and (2) in the postyield state (p00 > py0 ), as the cementation bond
gradually breaks down, the change in fabric (void ratio) with the ef-
fective confining pressure is the dominant factor for the variation in
the shear strength. Hence, the shear resistance increases significantly
with the increasing effective confining pressure. However, unlike the
reconstituted clay, the effect of cementation still contributes to the
shear strength at this stage, leading to the existence of intercept for
the linear behavior in the postyield state (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b).
At p00 < py0 , the intercept of the straight line is nearly identical to
that of the corresponding unconfined compressive pressure qu . In
addition, the slope of this line ranges from 0.19 to 0.22 with an
average value of 0.20 for all cemented clays in this study. Hence,
the straight line at p00 < py0 can be expressed for the cemented clays
at various SAP contents, lime contents, and curing times as follows:

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J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 160 180 d_100 kPa 800 Ap=0 _100 kPa
90 d_100 kPa Ap=1 _100 kPa
28 d_100 kPa Ap=5 _100 kPa
180 d_200 kPa Ap=10 _100 kPa
Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

90 d_200 kPa Ap=0 _150 kPa

120 28 d_200 kPa 600 Ap=1 _200 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Ap=5 _200 kPa
Ap=10 _200 kPa

80 400

40 200
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0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
(a) Axial strain, a (%) (a) Mean effective stress p' , (kPa)

1400 1400 Ap=0 _1200 kPa

180 d _1200 kPa
90 d _1200 kPa Ap=1 _1200 kPa
1200 28 d _1200 kPa 1200 Ap=5 _1200 kPa
180 d_800 kPa Ap=10 _1200 kPa
Excess pore pressure, u (kPa)

90 d _800 kPa Ap=0 _800 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

1000 28 d _800 kPa 1000 Ap=1 _800 kPa
180 d_400 kPa Ap=5 _800 kPa
90 d _400 kPa Ap=10 _800 kPa
800 800 Ap=0 _400 kPa
28 d _400 kPa
Ap=1 _400 kPa
600 600 Ap=5 _400 kPa
Ap=10 _400 kPa

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
(b) Axial strain, a (%)
(b) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)

Fig. 9. Effect of curing time on pore pressurestrain behavior of the Fig. 10. Effect of SAP content on the stress path of the cemented clay
cemented clay (AL 12%, Ap 5): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0 (AL 7%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0

qmax 0.20p00 qu
where qmax = peak deviator stress during triaxial tests; p00 =
effective confining pressure; and qu = unconfined compressive
strength. Horpibulsuk et al. (2004b) suggested that the peak
deviator stress at p00 < py0 can be assumed to equal to the uncon-
fined compressive pressure qu . Compared with the experimental
data in this study, the error of this assumption is restricted to less
than 20%. Hence, if no available experimental data are available, it
can be assumed that the peak deviator stress at p00 < py0 is equal to
qu . In the postyield state, the slope of the straight line is signifi-
cantly affected by the lime content and curing time, whereas
the slope is merely affected by the SAP content. This behavior in-
dicates that the influence of SAP content on the peak strength is
relatively consistent at different confining pressures in the postyield
state.
It should be emphasized that the intersection point of the two
bilinear lines in Figs. 14 and 15 represented the state of degradation
of cementation bond, can also be defined as the mean yield stress
(Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b). Table 3 shows the yield stress deter-
mined from isotropic compression test, triaxial test together with
odometer test (after Bian et al. 2016). Fig. 16 shows the relationship
1 between the unconfined compressive strength qu and the yield
stress from different tests. It is observed that the relationship
0
between vy from the odometer test and qu is expressed as linear
relation. Meanwhile, py0 from isotropic compression test and triax-
ial test also correlates well with qu . This behavior confirms that
both the yield stress and the shear resistance are influenced by
the degree of cementation (Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b). It is also ob-
served from Fig. 16 that the yield stress from isotropic compression
test and from triaxial strength data is consistent. Similar result has
been reported by Hong et al. (2006) for natural diatomite clay. On
0
the other hand, the value of vy is higher than that of py0 at the same
additive content and curing time because of the fact that the former
corresponds to the K 0 (lateral pressure coefficient) condition
whereas the latter is at hydrostatic compression condition. Hence,
it can be deducted that the value of K 0 for the cemented clay with
SAP is less than unit.
Fig. 17 shows the typical effective stress paths and failure
envelope of the cemented clay with SAP in both preyield and post-
yield states. The critical state line of untreated Kemen clay is based
on the experimental data from Hong et al. (2013). It is evident that a
linear failure envelope is formed to represent the peak shear
strength of the cemented clay with SAP for the range of confining

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J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 800 Ap=0 _100 kPa 600 AL=7 _200 kPa
Ap=1 _100 kPa AL=12 _200 kPa
Ap=5 _100 kPa AL=7 _100 kPa
Ap=10 _100 kPa 500
AL=12 _100 kPa
Ap=0 _200 kPa
600

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Ap=1 _200 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Ap=5 _200 kPa 400

Ap=10 _200 kPa

400 300

200
200
100
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0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400
(a) Effective mean stress, p' (kPa) (a) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)

1400 Ap=0 _1200 kPa

1400 AL=7 _1200 kPa
Ap=1 _1200 kPa AL=12 _1200 kPa
1200 Ap=5 _1200 kPa 1200 AL=7 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _1200 kPa AL=12 _800 kPa
Ap=0 _800 kPa AL=7 _400 kPa

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

Deviator stress, q (kPa)

1000 Ap=1 _800 kPa 1000 AL=12 _400 kPa

Ap=5 _800 kPa
Ap=10 _800 kPa
800 Ap=0 _400 kPa
800
Ap=1 _400 kPa
600 Ap=5 _400 kPa 600
Ap=10 _400 kPa

400 400

200 200

0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
(b) Effective mean stress, p' (kPa) (b) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)

Fig. 11. Effect of SAP content on the stress path of the cemented clay Fig. 12. Effect of lime content on the stress path of the cemented clay
(AL 12%, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0 (Ap 10, curing time 28 days): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0

pressures used in this study. In the preyield state, the peak failure
point is close to the tension cut-off line which represents the limit of
tensile strength of the specimen. In the postyield state, the peak
deviator stress linearly increases with the mean effective stress.
The failure line of the cemented clay is above the critical line of
the untreated clay, implying that the effect of cementation is still
present during undrained shear (Kamruzzaman et al. 2009). Figs. 18
and 19 show the failure envelope of the cemented clay at different
SAP contents and curing times, respectively. The graphs show that
the failure envelope is bounded by the tension cut-off and the
critical state line of the untreated clay. The difference between
the failure line of the cemented clay and the critical state line of
the untreated clay increases with the increasing SAP content, lime
content, and curing time, which is consistent with the variation in
cementation bond with these factors.
The effective shear strength parameters (cohesion intercept c 0
and internal friction 0 ) derived from the triaxial test are summa-
rized in Table 3. It appears that the value of 0 for the cemented clay
is greater than that of the untreated clay because of the effect of
cementation. The value of 0 for the cemented clay shows a slight
increase tendency with SAP content, ranging from 38 to 48. On
the other hand, the cohesion intercept c 0 increases significantly
with increasing SAP content, lime content, and curing time. This
tendency is due to the cementation bond providing the tensile
strength of the cemented clay and thus creating the cohesion
(Horpibulsuk et al. 2004b). It is commonly agreed that the cohesion
of cemented clay correlates with the degree of cementation. Hence,
it is of practical use to correlate the cohesion intercept c 0 with the
unconfined compressive strength, as shown in Fig. 20. It is evident
that the c 0 of the cemented clay with SAP used in this study has a
good parabolic relationship with qu , as expressed by
c 0 0.001q1.78
u 2
with a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.96.
To this end, it is clear that the relations from Figs. 16 and 20
can be used as a useful engineering tool and a rational first-order
determination of the yield stress (vy 0
or py0 ) and the cohesion in-
0
tercept (c ) from the unconfined compressive strength (qu ) for the
cemented Kemen clay with SAP used in this study.
Conclusions
A series of isotropically consolidated undrained triaxial tests were
performed on cemented clay with SAP at a high water content to
investigate the effect of SAP content on the undrained shear

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J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 800 180 d_100 kPa 1400 Ap=0
90 d_100 kPa Ap=1
28 d_100 kPa Ap=5 qmax = 0.79 p'0 + 222.9
1200

Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

180 d_200 kPa Ap=10
90 d _200 kPa qmax = 0.77 p'0 + 162.4
600 28 d_200 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

1000 qmax = 0.73 p'0 + 117.7

qmax = 0.73 p'0 + 4.50
800 qmax = 0.22 p'0 + 400.7
400 unconfined
600 strength

400
200
200 qmax = 0.21 p'0 + 323.2
qmax = 0.20 p'0 + 254.0
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qmax = 0.19 p'0 + 102.9

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
(a) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa) (a) Effective confining pressure, p'0 (kPa)

1400 1400 Ap=0

180 d _1200 kPa qmax = 0.89 p'0 + 256.2
Ap=1
90 d _1200 kPa Ap=5
1200 1200 qmax = 0.88 p'0 + 158.4

Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

28 d _1200 kPa Ap=10
180 d_800 kPa qmax = 0.84 p'0 + 112.4
90 d _800 kPa
1000 1000 qmax = 0.83 p'0 + 4.5
28 d _800 kPa
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

180 d_400 kPa qmax = 0.21 p'0 + 490.71

800 90 d _400 kPa 800
28 d _400 kPa unconfined
strength
600 600

400 400
qmax = 0.21 p'0 + 368.2
200 200 qmax = 0.20 p'0 + 314.0
qmax = 0.19 p'0 + 166.8
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
(b) Effective confining pressure, p'0 (kPa)
(b) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)
Fig. 14. Relationship between peak failure state and effective confin-
Fig. 13. Effect of curing time on the stress path of the cemented clay
ing stress: (a) AL 10%; (b) AL 12%
(AL 12%, Ap 5): (a) p00 < py0 ; (b) p00 > py0

behavior of cemented clay. The main conclusions obtained from

this paper are summarized as follows:
For a certain lime content, the q; a curve of the specimen with 1400 28 d qmax = 0.92 p'0 + 278.4
higher Ap lies above that with a lower Ap ; hence, the peak de- 90 d qmax = 0.90 p'0 + 225.1
viator stress increases with the increasing Ap at the same effec- 1200
180 d
Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

qmax = 0.88 p'0 + 158.4

tive confining pressure; the peak deviator stress of the cemented
clay also increases with the increasing lime content and increas- 1000
ing curing time because of a stronger cementation bond; qmax = 0.20 p'0 + 540.2
For a certain lime content, the SAP content has an insignificant
800 unconfined
influence on the u; a curves of cemented clays, whereas the strength
peak excess pore pressure shows a slightly increasing tendency
with cement and lime content and curing time; hence, within the 600
degree of cementation considered in this study, cementation has
little effect on the generation of pore pressure; 400
qmax = 0.20 p'0 + 474.8
The stress path of a higher Ap is located above that of lower
qmax = 0.21 p'0 + 368.2
ones, similar to the effect of lime content and curing time on 200
the undrained stress path of cemented clays;
The mean yield stress py0 increases with increases in SAP con- 0
tent, lime content, and curing time, indicating that the three 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
parameters (SAP content, lime content, and curing time) are Effective confining pressure, p'0 (kPa)
the main factors in the strength development of cemented clays;
Fig. 15. Effect of curing time on the relationship between peak state
the yield stress measured from the isotropic compression tests
and effective confining stress (AL 12%, Ap 5)
seems consistent with that from the transitional stress of the

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J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 1200 1400 Ap=0
yield stress from isotropic compression
Ap=1
yield stress from triaxial test Ap=5
1200

Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

1000 yield stress from oedometer test Ap=10

1000
Yield stress, p'y (kPa)

800
800
vy = 1.79 qu
600 after Bian et al. (2016) 600

400 400 untreated clay

M=1.06

200 200
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0
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 (a) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)
Unconfined compressive strength, qu (kPa)

Fig. 16. Relationship between unconfined compressive strength and 1400 Ap=0
yield stress Ap=1
Ap=5
1200

Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

Ap=10

1000

1400
Failure envelopeof 800
cemented clay
1200
600

1000 CSL of untreated clay untreated clay

400
Deviator stress, q (kPa)

M=1.06
800 200
Tension
600 cut-off
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
400
(b) Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)

Fig. 18. Effect of SAP content on the peak failure envelope of the
200 cemented clay: (a) AL 7%; (b) AL 12%

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Effective mean stress, p' (kPa)

Fig. 17. Effective stress paths and the failure envelope of the cemented 1400 28 d
clay(AL 12%, AC 3%, Ap 5) 90 d
180 d
1200
Maximum deviator stress, qmax (kPa)

1000
bilinear relation between peak deviator stress and confining
pressure;
800
A linear failure envelope of cemented clay with SAP is observed
for the range of applied stress levels in this study; the failure
600
envelope is bounded by the tension cut-off and the critical state
line of untreated clay; the difference between the failure line of
cemented clay and the critical state line of untreated clay in- 400
creases with the degree of the cementation bond (i.e., increasing
SAP content, lime content, and curing time); and 200
The role of cementation is to introduce the cohesion intercept
and to enhance the friction angle; hence, the cohesion intercept 0
c 0 increases significantly with increasing SAP content, lime 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
content, and curing time; the relationship between the cohesion Mean effective stress, p' (kPa)
intercept c 0 of cemented clay with SAP and the unconfined
Fig. 19. Effect of curing time on the peak failure envelope of the
compressive strength qu is expressed as a parabolic relation
cemented clay (AL 12%, Ap 5)
for the cemented Kemen clay used in this study.

ASCE 04017023-10 J. Mater. Civ. Eng.

J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2017, 29(7): -1--1

 100 ASTM. (2011b). Standard test method for consolidated undrained
c' = 0.001qu1.78 triaxial compression test for cohesive soils. ASTM D4767, West
R = 0.96 Conshohocken, PA.
80 Bian, X., Wang, Z. F., Ding, G. Q., and Cao, Y. P. (2016). Compressibility
Cohesion intercept, c' (kPa)

of cemented dredged clay at high water content with super-absorbent

polymer. Eng. Geol., 208, 198205.
Bjerrum, L., and Lo, K. Y. (1963). Effect of a gain of the shear-strength
60
properties of a normally consolidated clay. Gotechnique, 13(2),
147157.
Chiu, C. F., Zhu, W., and Zhang, C. L. (2009). Yielding and shear behav-
40 iour of cement-treated dredged materials. Eng. Geol., 103(1), 112.
Han, Y. G., Yang, P. L., Luo, Y. P., Ren, S. M., Zhang, L. X., and Xu, L.
(2010). Porosity change model for watered super absorbent polymer-
20 treated soil. Environ. Earth Sci., 61(6), 11971205.
Hong, Z., Tateishi, Y., and Han, J. (2006). Experimental study of macro-
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and microbehavior of natural diatomite. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.,

10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:5(603), 603610.
0 Hong, Z. S., Bian, X., Cui, Y. J., Gao, Y. F., and Zeng, L. L. (2013). Effect
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
of initial water content on undrained shear behavior of reconstituted
Unconfined compressive strength, qu (kPa)
clays. Gotechnique, 63(6), 411450.
Horpibulsuk, S., Bergado, D. T., and Lorenzo, G. A. (2004a). Compress-
Fig. 20. Relationship between cohesion intercept c 0 and unconfined
ibility of cement admixed clays at high water content. Gotechnique,
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Horpibulsuk, S., Liu, M. D., Liyanapathirana, D. S., and Suebsuk, J. (2010a).
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Acknowledgments the structured cam clay model. Comput. Geotech., 37(12), 19.
Horpibulsuk, S., Miura, N., and Bergado, D. T. (2004b). Undrained shear
The research work described herein was funded by the National behavior of cement admixed clay at high water content. J. Geotech.
Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41502263, Geoenviron. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:10(1096),
51578213, 51608312) and also partially funded by the National 10961105.
Key Technology Research and Development Program of China Horpibulsuk, S., Miura, N., and Nagaraj, T. S. (2003). Assessment of
strength development in cement-admixed high water content clays with
(Grant No. 2015BAB07B06) and the Natural Science Foundation
Abrams law as a basis. Gotechnique, 53(4), 439444.
of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK2015040806). Financial sup- Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Raksachon, Y., and
port also from the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China Suddeepong, A. (2010c). Analysis of strength development in cement-
(Grant No. 2016M600396). These financial supports are gratefully stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations. Constr. Build.
acknowledged. Mater., 24(10), 20112021.
Islam, M. R., Hu, Y. G., Mao, S. S., Mao, J. Z., Eneji, A. E., and Xue, X. Z.
(2011). Effectiveness of a water-saving super-absorbent polymer in soil
Notation water conservation for corn (Zea mays L.) based on eco-physiological
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AC = cement content; materials: II. Experimental observations. Cem. Concr. Res., 32(6),
AL = lime content; 973978.
Ap = SAP content; Justs, J., Wyrzykowski, M., Bajare, D., and Lura, P. (2015). Internal curing
c 0 = cohesion intercept; by superabsorbent polymers in ultra-high performance concrete. Cem.
Concr. Res., 76, 8290.
p 0 = mean effective stress, equal to a0 2r0 =3;
Kamruzzaman, A. H. M., Chew, S. H., and Lee, F. H. (2009). Structuration
py0 = mean yield stress; and destructuration behavior of cement-treated Singapore marine clay.
p00 = isotropic consolidation pressure; J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:4
q = deviator stress, equal to (a0 r0 ); (573), 573589.
qmax = maximum deviator stress; Liu, M. D., Carter, J. P., Horpibulsuk, S., and Liyanapathirana, D. S.
qu = unconfined compressive strength; (2006). Modelling the behaviour of cemented clay. ASCE Geotech.
Spec. publ., 152, 6572.
u = excess pore pressure; Lorenzo, G. A., Bergado, D. T. (2004). Fundamental parameters of
a = axial strain; cement-admixed clay: New approach. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.,
a0 = effective axial stress; 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:10(1042), 10421050.
r0 = effective radial stress; Miura, N., Horpibulsuk, S., and Nagaraj, T. S. (2001). Engineering behav-
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vy = vertical yield stress; and ior of cement stabilized clay at high water content. Soils Found., 41(5),
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