MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

(IMPLEMENTATION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY IN CELLULAR

PHONES)

M.Vamsi Krishna B.kiran sai phaneswar

ABSTRACT:

A wireless digital communication system is a technique that allows people

to communicate each other at a distance. In this paper we tried to explain one of
the latest technologies of digital wire less communication systems - The CDMA
and the application of this on cellular phones.CDMA is an acronym for code
division multiple access. Each CDMA subscriber is given with a separate code
for communication that reduces interferences & increases privacy. In this paper
we explained about the transmission, reception of CDMA signals for cell
phones, the channelising, modes of communication, features and advantages.
Code Division Multiple Access Technology emerged as an alternative to the
GSM cellular architecture and has shared in the past decades explosive growth
in the wireless market. CDMA like GSM has seen incremental improvements in
capacity through out this period.
Our contribution to this paper is implementation of technology behind
CDMA using FLASH TECHNOLOGY

2
INTRODUCTION:

The wireless digital communication system allows people to

communicate at a distance. A digital communication system mainly consists of,
1. Network components and equipment
2. The interrelationship between the components
3. Types of calls.
Wireless digital communications has dramatically
increased in popularity, resulting in the need for technologies that allow multiple
users share the same frequency. These are called multiple access systems. The
three types of multiple access system are:
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access:
Each FDMA subscriber is assigned a specific frequency
channel. No one else in the same cell or a neighboring cell can use the frequency
channel while it is assigned to a user. This reduces interference, but severely
limits the number of users.
Time Division Multiple Access:
TDMA users share a common frequency channel, but use the channel
for only a very short time. They are each given a time slot and only allowed to
transmit during that time slot. When all available time slots in a given frequency
are used, the next user must be assigned a time slot of another frequency.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA): CDMA users share a common

frequency channel. All users are on the same frequency at the same. However,
each pair of users is assigned with a specific code that reduces interferences
while increasing privacy.

3
Comparison of multiple access systems: The following table summarizes
some of the technical aspects of multiple access technologies. The
technologyused determines the channels capacity. TDMA triples the capacity of
FDMA, but CDMA capacity can be up to seven times that of TDMA.

Working of CDMA: This includes

1. CDMA signal generation
2. The types of codes used in CDMA
3. Forward and reverse link code channels
4. CDMA call processing

4
 As the name indicates, CDMA uses codes to convert between analog
voice signals and digital signals. CDMA also uses codes to separate voice and
control data into data streams called channels.
Generating a CDMA signal for cellular phones:
The following fig. shows cell phone transmitter using CDMA technology.
There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal.
1. Analog to digital conversion
2. Vocoding
3. Encoding and interleaving
4. Channelising the signals
5. Conversion of the digital signal to radio frequency signal
Analog to Digital Conversion:
The first step of CDMA signal generation is analog
to digital conversion, sometimes called A/D conversion. CDMA use s a
technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to accomplish A/D conversion.

Voice compression:
The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice
compression. CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish voice
compression. Vocoders are located at the BSC (base control stations) and in the
phone. People pause between syllables and words when they talk. CDMA takes
advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder.
A CDMA vocoder varies compression of the voice signal into one of four data
rates based on the rate of the user's speech activity. The four rates are: Full, 1/2,
1/4 and 1/8. The vocoder uses its full rate when a person is talking very fast. It
uses the 1/8 rate when the person is silent.

5
 There are two types of vocoders, 8kbps and 13kbps.The 8kbps
vocoders are having high capacity but the Recently the CDMA community
adopted a new 8 kbps vocoder. This new vocoder is usually referred to as the
EVRC (Extended Variable Rate Coding). It combines the quality of 13 kbps
quality with the capacity of the 8kbps vocoder.
Encoders and Interleaves:
Encoders and interleaves are built into the BTS (base station
transceiver subsystem) and the phones. The purpose of the encoding and
interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in
transmission can be recovered.
The type of encoding done at this stage is called "convolution
encoding. A digital message consists of four bits (A, B, C, D) of vocoded data.
Each bit is repeated three times. These encoded bits are called symbols. The
decoder at the receiver uses a majority logic rule. Thus, if an error occurs, the
redundancy can help recover the lost information. Interleaving is a simple but
powerful method of reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits.

6
In the example shown here the symbols from each group are interleaved (or
scrambled) in a pattern that the receiver knows.
Burst errors:
A burst error is a type of error in received digital telephone
signals. Burst errors occur in clumps of adjacent symbols. These errors are
caused by fading and interference Encoding and interleaving reduce the effects
of burst errors.
Channelising:
The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate
it from other encoded voice data. The encoded symbols are then spread over the
entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This process is called channelisation.

Types of codes:
CDMA uses two important types of codes to channelise
users. Walsh codes channelise users on the forward link (BTS to mobile).
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes channelize users on the reverse link (mobile to
BTS)
Walsh codes:
Walsh codes provide a means to uniquely identify each user on
the forward link. Walsh codes have a unique mathematical property--they are
"orthogonal." In other words, Walsh codes are unique enough that a receiver
applying the same Walsh code can only recover the voice data. All other signals
are discarded as background noise.
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) code:
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) codes uniquely identify users on the
reverse link. A PN code is one that appears to be random, but is not. The PN
codes used in CDMA yield about 4.4 trillion combinations of code. This is a key
reason why CDMA is so secure.

7
Digital to Radio Frequency (RF) conversion:
The BTS combines channelised data from all calls into
one signal. It then converts the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal
for transmission.

Reception of CDMA signals for cellular communication:

After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must
reverse the signal generation process to recover the voice, as follows:
1. Conversion of RF to digital signal
2. Dispreading the signal
3. De-interleaving and decoding
4. Voice decompression
5. .Digital to analog conversion

Channelising of CDMA signals in cellular communication:

A code channel is a stream of data designated
for a specific use or person. This channel may be voice data or
overhead control data. Channels are separated by codes. The forward
and reverse links use different types of channels.
Forward link channels:
The forward link uses four types of channels to
transmit voice and control data to the mobile. The types of forward
link channels are,
8
 1. Pilot
2. Sync
3. Paging
4. Traffic
Reverse link channels:
The reverse link uses two types of channels to
transmit voice and control data to the BTS. The types of reverse link
channels are,
1. Access
2. Traffic

Pilot channel:

The BTS constantly transmits the pilot channel. The mobile uses the
pilot signal to acquire the system. It then uses the pilot signal to monitor and
adjust the power needed in order to transmit back to the BTS.

Sync channels:

The BTS constantly transmits over the sync channel so the mobile
can synchronize with the BTS. It provides the mobile with the system time and
the identification number of the cell site. The mobile ignores the sync channel
after it is synchronized.

9
 Paging channel:
CDMA uses up to seven paging channels. The paging channel transmits
overhead information such as commands and pages to the mobile. The paging
channel also sends commands and traffic channel assignment during call set- up.
The mobile ignores the paging channel after a traffic channel is established.
Forward link channel:
CDMA uses between fifty- five and sixty-one forward traffic
channels to send both voice and overhead control data during a call.
Once the call is completed, the mobile tunes back in to the paging
channel for commands and pages

Access channel:
The mobile uses the access channel when not assigned to
a traffic channel. The mobile uses the access channel to:

Register with the network

Originate calls

Respond to pages and commands from the base station

Transmit overhead messages to the base station

Reverse link channel:

The reverse traffic channel is only used when there is a
call. The reverse traffic channel transmits voice data to the BTS. It also
transmits the overhead control information during the call.
Call processing stages:
The reverse traffic channel is only used when there is a call. The reverse
traffic channel transmits voice data to the BTS. It also transmits the overhead
control information during the call.
1. Initialization mode
2. Idle mode
10
 3. Access mode
4. Traffic mode
Initializing mode:
During initialization, the mobile:
1. Aquires the system via pilot code channel.
2. Synchronises with the system via the sync code channel.
Idle mode:
The mobile is not involved in a call during idle mode, but it must
stay in communication with the base station:
1. The mobile and the base station communicate over the access and
paging code channels
2. The mobile obtains overhead information via the paging code channel.
Access mode:
The mobile accesses the network via the Access code channel
during call origination. The Access channel and Paging channel carry the
required call set-up communication between the mobile phone and the BTS until
a traffic channel is established.
Traffic mode:
During a Land To Mobile call (LTM):
1. The mobile receives a page on the paging channel.
2. The mobile responds on the access channel.
3. The traffic channel is established and maintained throughout the call.

During a Mobile To Land call (MTL):

1. The call is placed using the Access channel.
2. The base station responds on the paging channel.
3. The traffic channel is established and maintained throughout the call.
Features and advantages of CDMA in cellular phones:

CDMA has several unique features that make it a cost-effective, high

quality wireless solution. In this module you will learn what those features are
and how they provide advantages.

11
Additional features of CDMA in cellular phones:

The following features are unique to CDMA technology:

1. Universal frequency reuse
2. Fast and accurate power control
3. Rake receiver
4. Different types of hand off
Frequency reuse:
Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies.
Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because code channels, not
frequency channels, separate users. This feature of CDMA, called "frequency
reuse of one, eliminates the need for frequency planning.
Fast and accurate power control:
Power control is a CDMA feature that enables mobiles to adjust
the power at which they transmit. This ensures that the base station receives all
signals at the appropriate power. The CDMA network independently controls
the power at which each mobile transmit.

Rake receiver:
The rake receiver is an important feature of CDMA technology.
Signals sent over the air can take a direct path to the receiver, or they can
bounce off objects and then travel to the receiver. These different paths, called
multi-paths, can result in the receiver getting several versions of the same signal
but at slightly different times.
Types of handoff:
Handoff is the process of transferring a call from one cell to another.
This is necessary to continue the call as the phone travels. CDMA has three
primary types of handoff:
1. Hard
2. Soft
3. Idle

12
Advantages of cell phones by implementing CDMA:
CDMA technology has numerous advantages including:
1. Coverage
2. Capacity
3.Clarity
4. Compatibility
5. Customer satisfaction

Conclusion:
Finally we conclude that CDMAs popularity has steadily risen
over the past few years and is now widely spreaded because CDMA provides
crystal clear voice quality. It is one of the new techniques of Wireless
communications. CDMA also provides enhanced services such as short
messaging, e- mail, internet access etc. The CDMAs future may have little to do
with cell phones like, Wireless local loop, Globalstar satellite communications,
wireless data services etc.

References:
1.Google search.
2.Mobile and Cellular communications by Lee

13