4th Quarter Topics

Jan 23-27, 2017

1. Electric Circuits
2. Electrical Safety
3. Removing a person in a live circuit

Jan 30-Feb 3, 2017

1. Ohms Law
2. Tools, materials, equipment and raceways
3. Diagrams

Feb 6-10, 2017

1. Measuring devices
2. Electrical symbols
3. Taps, splices and joints

Feb 13-17, 2017

1. Types of bend
2. Raceways requirements

Feb 20-24, 2017

1. Junction box and utility box requirements

Feb 27-Mar 3, 2017

1. Receptacle and switches requirements

Mar 6-10, 2017

1. Fuse, breaker and panel board

2. Service entrance

DepEd Manila
 VICTORINO MAPA HIGH SCHOOL

Electric Circuits

1. Direct Current (A.C) flows in one direction. The flow is said to be from negative to positive.
2. Alternating Current (D.C) current constantly reverses its direction of flow.
3. Series Circuit a single path exist for current flow, that is, the elements are arranged in a series one after the other with no
branches.
4. Parallel Circuit loads are placed across the same voltage constituting a separate circuit.
5. Series Parallel a combination of series and parallel circuit.

Electrical Safety

Ways to reduce hazards

1. Safeguarding
2. Lock-out and tag out
3. Personal protective equipment
4. Electrical grounding
5. Circuit protection device
6. Good safety attitude

Hand Tool safety

1. Do not toss or throw tools
2. Sharp pointed tools should not put on your pocket
3. Extend the handles of tools towards the receiver
4. Use the tools only for its intended purposes
5. Never run with sharp tools

Power tool safety

1. Be familiar with the tools you are using
2. Do not use power tools in damp area
3. Do not force a tool to do a job it was not intended or designed to do.

Housekeeping
1. Make sure to follow 5 S for great working experience (sort, sweep, systematized, sanitized and self-discipline)

General Safety
1. Never work in a circuit that is hot
2. When working on a circuit, make sure that switch is turn OFF
3. Work all circuit as though they were energized
4. Check for good grounds
5. Protect others
6. Reduce load
7. Always check connections
8. Replace all covers when the job is completed

Effect of electric shock on the human body:

Current Strength (milliampere) Effects
Non-Lethal Stage
1 or less No sensation, probably not even felt
1 to 8 Shock is felt but not painful, individual can let go at will muscular
control is not lost
8 to 15 Painful shock, individual can let go at will because muscular control is
not lost
Lethal Stage
15 to 20 Painful shock, muscular control is lost, cannot let go
20 to 50 Painful, several muscular contractions, cannot let go
50 to 200 Possible ventricular fibrillation, muscular contraction and nerve damage
200 above Severe burns and severe muscular contractions

Removing a person in a live circuit

1. If possible, shut OFF the current in the circuit
2. Remove the victim from the circuit with a non-conductor such as dry board, wooden handled tool, rubber gloves or other
insulated materials.
3. Cut the wire on both sides of the victim
4. Never attempt to release a person from the current with your bare hands you may become a second victim

Ohms Law

V=IxR
I=V/R
R=V/I

The higher the voltage, the larger the current.

The higher the resistance, the lower the current.

Tools
Materials
Equipment

Raceways
 Measuring Devices
1. Ohmmeter
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter

4. Multitester
-It is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of two
types: the analog and the digital

Parts of Multitester
1. Pointer/Needle The needle-shape rod that moves over the scale of a meter. It is mechanically
connected to the moving coil. It indicates the measured values on the multimeter.
2. Range selector knob - (selector switch) makes it possible to select different function and range of
the meter.
3. Adjustment screw- makes it possible to adjust the pointer to the zero position of the scale.
4. Scale- is a series of marking used for reading the value of quantity; Scale can have different types of scale, for voltage and
current readings the scales have mostly linear which mean equal division for resistance .
5. Test probe- Positive (red) negative (black) is use to connect the circuit to the electrical components being tested.
6. Zero-ohm adjustment knob- is used to zero-in the pointer before measuring resistance.

Dos and donts

1. Read manual of instruction on how to operate the multitester.
2. In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest range to avoid reading voltage higher than the tester is set to
the tester setting.
3. Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance range when measuring the ohm, voltage range when
measuring voltage and ammeter range when
measuring the value of electric current.
4. Always check the condition of its battery. Worn
out batteries will damage the internal setting of the
tester.
5. When the tester is not in used or will be
stored, set the selector switch to 1000V or to OFF
position.
6. Never drop the tester

Kilo Watt Hour

How do I read my meter?

1. Stand directly in front of your meter and look at the four dials. Note that adjacent dials move in opposite directions
 2. Read the meter starting from the rightmost dial. First, read the dial D followed by dials C, B and A. Write down the
numbers that the pointers have passed in each of the four dials.

When a pointer is directly pointing

to a number in any of the dials,
always consult the dial on its right.
Look at the example on Figure 1.
The pointer on dial C points directly
at 5, thats why we should look at
dial D to determine the reading of
dial C
If the pointer of dial D points
directly at 0 or between 0 and 1, the dial C will be read as 5
3. Subtract your previous reading from the present reading. The difference is the number of kilowatt hours that your
household has consumed since your last billing period.

Diagrams

Electrical Symbols

Taps, Splices and Joints

Western union short tie - A wire splice widely used or applied inside to building. This splice is applied only to small solid wire.
Western union long tie - A splice which is similar to a western union short tie, only that the number of twist at the center and at
both end are more compare to a short tie.
Britannia - This splice in applied in both inside and outside the building to big solid wire where twisting is difficult.
Scarfed Splice - A splice similar in appearance with that of Britannia only that its end is hidden.
Plain tap or tee join - This is mostly used in outside work for joining a tap wire to a through conductor.
Small aerial tap join - A join mostly used in location where wires are subjected to considerable movement.
Knotted or loop tap join - This is mostly used for tapping a temporary wiring or lightning system where soldering is not applied.
Wrapped tap or tee join - This is used in large solid conduct where it is found difficult to wrap the large tap wire around the main
wire.
Ordinary cross joint - This is used where two tap conductors are to extend away from the branch conductor in opposite direction.
Rat Tail join - A wire splice mostly used in outlet and junction boxes.
Through Fixture Join - This is used where fixture leads are connected to branch wire at an immediate point.
Underwriters knot - In making up a drop cord, tie an underwriters knot at the top so that the weight is supported not by the copper
conductors where they are connected to the terminals, but by the knot.

Types of Bend

Raceways Requirements

1. Staple Wire
Staple the cable within 8 inches of nonmetallic boxes and 12 inches of metal boxes
Fasten the cable to support members every 4 feet.

2. Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable / Metal-Clad Cable

Covered in Article 336, Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable;
Covered in Article 333, Metal-Clad Cable; A fabricated assembly of insulated conductors in a metallic enclosure
Construction: Type AC cable shall have an armor of flexible metal tape; shall have an internal bonding strip of copper or
aluminum
Wire: the conductors shall have an overall moisture-resistant and fire retardant fibrous covering
Provision: unless made of a material judged suitable for the condition, or unless corrosion protection approved for the
condition is provided, ferrous or non-ferrous electrical metallic tubing, elbows, couplings and fittings shall not be
installed in concrete or in direct contact with the earth, or in areas subject to severe corrosive influences.
Supports: at intervals not exceed 4 feet and within 12 inches of every outlet box or fitting.
Bend: bends in cable shall be so mad, and other handling shall be such, that the protective coverings of the cable will not be
injured, and no bend shall have a radius less than five times the diameter of the cable

3. Electrical Metallic Tubing / Rigid Metal Conduit

Commonly known as EMT or thin wall conduit; appears in article 348
 Commonly known as RMC; covered in Article 346 of the NEC
Provision: unless made of a material judged suitable for the condition, or unless corrosion protection approved for the
condition is provided, ferrous or non-ferrous electrical metallic tubing, elbows, couplings and fittings shall not be installed
in concrete or in direct contact with the earth, or in areas subject to severe corrosive influences.
Bends: Number in one run a run of electrical metallic tubing shall not contain more than the equivalent of four quarter
bends ( 360o ), including those bends located immediately at the outlet or fitting
Bends: How made bends in the tubing shall be so made that the tubing will not be injured and that the internal diameter of
the tubing will not be effectively reduced.
Reaming: all cut ends of electrical metallic tubing shall be reamed to remove rough edges.
Supports: electrical metallic tubing shall be fastened in place at least every 10 feet (3.05 m) and within 3 feet (914 m) of
each outlet box, junction box, cabinet or fitting
Bushings: where a conduit enters a box or other fitting, a bushing shall be provided to protect the wire from abrasion unless
the design of the box or fitting is such as to afford equivalent protection
Couplings and connectors: shall use either treadles or with running threads.

Junction box and Utility box Requirements

Boxes and fittings are covered in Article 370 of the NEC.

Used to box a switch or outlets, a space where connections of wire begins.

Installation of boxes
When installing metal boxes, it is required that the cables be stapled within 12 inches of where they enter the box, and that
built-in clamps or approved connectors shall be used.
Plastic boxes do not have built-in clamps for the cables, so it is therefore necessary to staple the cables within 8 inches of the
box.
NM cable only is the only type permitted to be
used with plastic boxes.
Boxes can be trough type box, ganged box, and
plastic boxes.

Number of conductors
Boxes shall be of sufficient size to provide free
space for all conductors enclosed in the box.
A conductor that runs through a box is counted
as only one conductor
Conductors of which no part leaves the box will
not be counted.
A provision of 6 inches wire should observed.
A deduction of two conductors shall be made for
each of the following
a. One or more fixture studs
b. Cable clamps
c. Hickeys
d. Grounding conductors count as one
Boxes are often ganged together with more than
one device per strap mounted in these ganged
box, in these case, the same limitations will
apply
a. Standard boxes the maximum number of conductors, not counting fixture wires smaller than No. 14, permitted in
standard boxes shall be as listed in Table 370-6(a).
b. Other boxes boxes 100 cubic inches or less other than those describe in Table 370-6(a), conduit bodies having
provision for more than two conduit entries and nonmetallic boxes shall be durably and legible marked by the
manufacturer with their cubic inch capacity.
c. Conduit bodies conduit bodies enclosing No. 6 conductors or smaller shall have a cross-sectional area not less than
twice the cross sectional area of the largest conduit to which it is attached.
Conductors entering boxes, conduit bodies or fittings
Care shall be exercised in protection of the conductors from abrasion where they enter the boxes or fittings. With conduit, this
is accomplished by using bushing or other approved devices.
a. Openings to be closed openings through which conductors enter shall be adequately closed.
b. Metal boxes, conduit bodies and fittings when metal boxes or fittings are used with open wiring, proper bushing
shall be used.
c. Nonmetallic boxes where nonmetallic boxes are used with either concealed knob and tube work or open wiring,
the conductors shall pass through individual holes on the box. If flexible tubing is used over the conductor. It shall
extend from the last conductor support into the hole in the box. Where nonmetallic cable is used, it shall extend
through the opening in the box. It is not required that individual conductors or cables be clamped if the individual
conductors or cables are supported within 8 inches of the box. When nonmetallic conduit is used with nonmetallic
boxes, the conduit shall be connected to the box by approved means

Receptacles Requirements

General Provision when installing receptacles

In every part of a room, receptacle outlets shall be installed so that no point along the floor line in any wall space is more than
6 feet (1.83 m) measured horizontally, from an outlet in that space, including any wall space 2 feet (610 m) or more in width
and the wall space occupied by fixed panels in exterior wall, but excluding sliding panels in exterior walls.
The wall space afforded by fixed room dividers, such as free-standing bar type counters, shall be included in the 6 foot
measurement.
Each wall space 2 or more feet wide shall be treated individually and separately from other wall spaces within the room.
Receptacle outlets shall, insofar as practicable, be spaced equal distances apart.
Receptacle outlets in floors shall not be counted as part of the required number of receptacle outlets unless located close to
the wall.

Switches Requirements

General Provision when installing outlets and switches

The height for installing switches and receptacles in a residence will vary with the desires of the owner or builder, and their
desires should be followed.
However the normal height above the floor is 12 inches to the center of a receptacle (outlet).
Where kitchen receptacles are above counters (and most counters in kitchen have a height of 3 feet) the receptacle must be
mounted above this height, so 42 inches from the floor to the center of the receptacle is considered as a standard height.
 A common height for switches is 54 inches to their centers, and again this will vary with the location and desire of the owner.

Fuse, Breaker and Panel board

1. Fuse an overall current protective device with a circuit opening fusible element which opens (break) when there is an over
current in the circuit; may be cartridge type or plug fuse type

2. Circuit breaker an over current protective device designed to function as a switch; tripping refers to the cutting off or
disconnection of the current supply
Advantage of Circuit Breaker over the Fuse
a. The circuit breaker act as a switch aside from is being an overcurrent protective device
b. The circuit breaker trips automatically, and after correcting fault, it is again readily available for switch ON
c. It protect multiple pole
d. Easier to detect
e. Circuit breaker can be manually tripped

Advantage of Fuse over the Circuit Breaker

a. Reliability and stability
b. Cost
c. Circuit breakers should have maintenance

3. Panel board a single panel or group panel limits designed for assembly in the form of a single panel

Installation of the panel board

a. Panel board with 100 cm. high or less should be located 135 cm. from the floor to the center line of the box
b. Panel board with boxes over 100 cm. high should be located 75 cm. from the floor to the bottom of the box except
that the highest branch circuit unit should not be more than 195 cm. from the floor
c. The box maybe lowered to a distance not less than 45 cm, from the floor to the bottom of the box. However, where a
maximum height of 195 cm. above the floor to the upper circuit of a minimum distance of 45 cm. above floor cannot
be done, the panel board should be divide into 2 sections.
d. The center line distance of the higher box controlling the boxes should be installed with a minimum spacing of 10
cm. apart.
Service Entrance
House Wiring