CHAPTER 6

VOICE COMMUNICATION OVER HYBRID MANETs

Multimedia real-time session services such as voice and videoconferencing with Quality of
Service support is challenging task on Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANETs). For providing
multimedia services and Voice over Internet Protocol in MANET, support of Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) is essential. In this chapter, we have analyzed various QoS
parameters on different routing protocols for voice transmission using OPNET simulator.
The performance metrics comprises of QoS parameters such as packet delivery ratio, end to
end delay, packet delay variation, routing overhead, throughput and jitter.

6.1 INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks are nowadays one of the most spread communication technologies. The
demand of multimedia services over wireless networks, such as Video On Demand (VOD) or
Voice over IP (VoIP), has experienced a huge increase over last years. These multimedia
services have certain Quality of Service (QoS) requirements which have to be accomplished.
These features lead to a promising situation where the delivery of multimedia contents to
mobile users through the establishment of MANETs can open new markets and services.
Thus, the provision of QoS to the final user over these constrained networks must be a reality
to success in the deployment of MANETs. Nonetheless, the inherent features of these
networks make this issue certainly complicated. Since nodes are mobile, the network
topology may change rapidly and unpredictably throughout time. Node mobility, short-life
batteries of the nodes, time-varying link capacity and a dynamic topology make the problem
of providing QoS over MANETs rather complex and challenging. The QoS parameters differ
from application to application e.g., in case of multimedia application bandwidth, jitter and
delay are the key QoS parameters [RAJ2010].
Two major trends in technology can be observed over the last decade: pervasive
communication and the Internet. Pervasive communication is slowly but surely becoming an
integral part of our daily life. The Internet has also become a central aspect for almost
everybody, both in business, at home or during education. It is thus essential for us to bridge

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those two technologies, where future wireless communication systems are expected to
provide a broad range of multimedia services. MANETs are reaching a stage where they can
support these services in order to provide an infrastructure useful for the common user. Thus,
the interconnection of MANETs to fixed infrastructure based IP networks is very important
in order to provide the ubiquitous user access to internet anywhere at any time [MCC2005]
[JRO2002]. In such scenarios, also known as Internet connected MANET, or Hybrid
MANET, the user within an ad hoc network will get access to the public internet by using
the packet forwarding capabilities of intermediate ad hoc network nodes towards the Access
Router (AR) or gateway to the Internet, providing the user with access to different services
through a diversity of interconnected networks (fixed, wireless and ad hoc networks). Figure
6.1, illustrates two different MANETs which are connected through internet to form a hybrid
MANET and they can make voice calls to each other using VoIP application.

Figure 6.1 Hybrid MANET

The main objective of the current research work is to analyze the performance of QoS
parameters on ad hoc routing protocols for voice communication support over hybrid
MANETs. In [ADL2008], authors investigated VoIP, factors like delay, packet loss over
three reactive routing protocols in IEEE 802.11s-based wireless mesh networks.
Best-effort routing is not adapted to voice communication due to real-time and quality of
service constraints. A QoS extension model of OLSR is proposed in [PAT2009]. This model
is then evaluated using the OPNET simulator. Besides confirmation of the fact that end-to-
end delay and jitter constraints of voice applications are fulfilled, the simulation results show
an improvement of the packets delivery ratio in comparison with native OLSR.

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In [CAR2007], authors developed a new routing protocol named MMDSR (Multipath

Multimedia Dynamic Source Routing). It is a multipath routing extension of the well-known
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) protocol for MANETs. MMDSR is capable of maintaining
more than one active path simultaneously between the source and destination nodes involved
in a video-streaming session. It has been designed according to a cross-layer architecture
which gathers information of the dierent levels of the stack protocols and takes the most
proper configuration decisions to maximise the final performance. Special control packets
have been designed to be sent periodically to monitor the status of the network. The objective
is to be able to identify which are the most reliable and stable paths, which are going to be
used for the multimedia transmission. The framework MMDSR periodically monitors the
network and analyze QoS parameters gathered from the paths that constitute the multipath
forwarding schemes of each one of the connections. The state of a path is summarized in a
list of QoS parameters.
A model is proposed requiring neither modifications on SIP messages nor dependencies
on the underlying routing protocols to achieve better interoperability [CHN2010].

6.2 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The performance of routing protocols during transmission of voice is simulated using

OPNET simulator. Figure 6.2(a-d) shows the parameter setting of various routing protocols
and configuration of Routing Protocol, Proxy Server, SIP Client, Voice Encoding and Voice
Table Configuration on each node is depicted in Figure 6.3(a-e).
6.2.1 Performance Metrics

The performance metrics includes the following QoS parameters:

Packet Delivery Ratio: The fraction of packets sent by the application that are received by
the receivers.

End-to-End Delay: It indicates how long it took for a packet to travel from the source to the
application layer of the destination.

Jitter: It is the variation in the time between packets arriving, caused by network congestion,
timing drift or route changes.

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Throughput: It is defined as the total amount of data a receiver receives from the sender
divided by the time it takes for the receiver to get the last packet.

Routing Load: It is the ratio of total number of the routing packets to the total number of
received data packets at destination.

Packet Delay Variation: Difference in end-to-end delay between selected packets in a

flow is called Packet Delay Variation.

6.3 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The parameters used for simulation and different scenario on which they are analyzed are
shown in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 respectively. The Hybrid MANET consist of 16 different
hybrid devices in the form of PDA and laptop to participate in voice communication along
with a SIP proxy server configured to provide proxy services to the SIP clients (mobile
nodes) as shown in Figure 6.4 .

TABLE 6. 1 Simulation Parameters TABLE 6.2 List of Scenarios

Parameters Value Scenario Name Routing Protocol Used

Simulation Time 600 sec Scenario1_AODV AODV
Number of nodes 16
Scenario2_DSR DSR
Ad hoc Network 02
Proxy Server 01 Scenario3_OLSR OLSR
Router/Access Point 01 Node(8)
Internet Connection 2 Scenario4_TORA TORA
Routing Protocols AODV,DSR.TORA,OLSR

( c)

(a)

(b)
(d)
Figure 6.2 (a-d) Parameters Setting for Routing Protocols

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(a) (d)

(b)

(c) (e)

Figure 6.3 (a-e) Configured Routing Protocols, Proxy Server, SIP Client, Voice Encoding and Voice
Table Configuration on each Node

Figure 6.4 Hybrid MANET for the Voice Communication (Network Topology Used)

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For simulation, we have configured the mobile devices to support different protocols and
then the VoIP traffic is generated. The mobile devices have been categorized in two different
groups: Calling node and Called node as indicated in Figure 6.5 and Table 6.3.
Voice Application: It is installed on each node to support voice communication.
Voice Calling Node: It makes a call to called node.
Voice Called Node: It receives a call made by calling node
TABLE 6. 3 Voice Communication Setup

N12
Calling node Called node
N13
M7
N11 M-3 N12
N10
M-7 N-13
M3
M7
N13 N-10 N-11
Figure 6.5 Calling and Called Nodes in MANET

The Figure 6.6 and Figure 6.7 illustrates that the SIP active calls are increased over the time
and SIP Clients (mobile nodes) are making requests to start the voice communication to the
SIP proxy Server .Table 6.4 shows the Call Setup Time, Active Calls, Voice Traffic Sent and
Voice Traffic Received over different Routing Protocols.
UAS Active Calls

Time
Figure 6.6 SIP Active Calls

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UAS Call Setup Requests

Time

Figure 6.7 SIP Enabled Client Requests for Voice Communication to the SIP Proxy Server

TABLE 6.4 Comparisons of Call Setup Time, Active Calls, Voice Traffic Sent and Voice Traffic
Received

Protocols SIP UAS Call Setup SIP UAS Voice Traffic Voice Traffic Received
Requests Sent (Packets) (Packets)
Active Calls
AODV 24 78 70566.17 30987.5
DSR 19 28 42342.17
7669.667
OLSR 24 78 71252.33 32923.83
TORA 23 66 34434.67
14482.5
Voice Packet Sent

Time

Figure 6.8 Voice Traffic Sent

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Voice Traffic Received

Time

Figure 6.9 Voice Traffic Received

Figure 6.8 and Figure 6.9 illustrates that the number of packets sent and received in OLSR
and AODV are maximum and are at lower side in TORA and DSR.
Voice Packet End-to-End Delay

Time

Figure 6.10 Voice Packet End-to-End Delay

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Voice Jitter

Time

Figure 6.11 Voice Jitter

The end-to-end delay in OLSR and AODV is at lower side and is maximum in TORA and
DSR as shown in Figure 6.10. Figure 6.11 illustrates the comparative results in which
maximum jitter is produced in DSR and TORA and is at lower side in case of OLSR and
AODV.
Packet Delay

Time

Figure 6.12 Voice Packet Delay Variation

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The Packet Delay Variation in TORA is maximum as compared to other protocols and as
depicted in Figure 6.12. Tables 6.5 summarize the performance of different routing protocols
under various QoS parameters.
TABLE 6.5 Performance Analysis of Different Routing Protocols

Protocols Throughput Packet Routing End-to- Jitter Packet

Delivery Load End Delay Delay
Ratio Variation

AODV 52.16 43.91 3.27 145.64 0.21 95.097

DSR 12.91 18.11 6.52 349.82 12.3 412.21

OLSR 55.42 46.20 3.16 106.83 0.13 34.69

TORA 24.38 42.05 3.37 294.06 0.55 629.62

6.4 CONCLUSION

In this chapter, we have concluded that it is possible to launch voice transmission with
acceptable quality and throughput over Hybrid MANETs. The overall performance of OLSR
is best with QoS parameters among DSR, AODV and TORA because of limited flooding
during route discovery phase as results shown in Table 6.5. The performance of TORA
protocol is less than OLSR and AODV protocol but it is better than performance of DSR
protocol. DSR protocol has minimum throughput and maximum end-to-end delay with
highest jitter and all these factors make this protocol unsuitable for voice transmission.

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