test cope 01253020 FORM TP 2009081 MAYJUNE 2009 CARIBBEAN AMINATIONS COUNCIL SECONDARY EDUCATION CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY Paper 02 ~ General Proficiency U6-46X 2 hours Saba - 4o}-2020 READ THE FOLLOW! ING DIRECTIONS CAREFULLY |. This paper consists of FOURTEEN questions in TWO sect 2. SECTION A consists of TEN questions. Answer ALL TEN questions Write your answers in the spaces provided in this answer booklet. Each question is worth 10 marks, SECTION B consists of FOUR questions. Answer ONLY TWO questions, Write your answers on the pages provided at the end of this booklet, Each question is worth 20 marks. b- Her Hoo 4262 oF -Rey DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO Copyright © 2008 Caribbean Examinations Couneil Allrights reserved, (012530207 2009SECTION A Answer ALL questions in this section, Living things use materials from the environment. Some of these materials are cycled in natu and retumed to the environment (a) Carbon isone element which iseycled in nature, Figure 1 shows apartof the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fo N lanes Animals NN Feding _ Figure 1. Part of the carbon cycle (i) From the list given in brackets below, identify the processes at 1 and I Figure 1. Write your answers in the spaces provided in Figure I (respiration, digestion, osmosis, photosynthesis) ( 2marks) ii) ‘The lungs are responsible for removing carbon dioxide from the body. Which structure in the lungs is responsible for gascous exchange? GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (01253020/F 20093. (b) Nitrogen is another element which is cycled in nature, Plants use nitrogen in the form of 2 8 (Explain the rote of nitrifying bacteria in making nitrates available to plants (C3 marks) ii) Explain how nitrates in the soil are returned to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas. (2marks) (©) Decomposers, lke bacteria and fungi, feed on dead organisms and waste droppings from animals, and release nutrients into the soil (One way human beings can utilize decomposers isin the production of biogas. Suggest TWO OTHER ways in which human beings can utilize decompasers to benefit their daily lives (2 marks) Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 012530200 20094. 2. (a) igure 2 shows an outline of part of the human body, brain a \ —~ pancreas © kidney Figure 2. Outline of part of the human body (i) Name the endocrine glands labelled A. B and C in Figure 2 (3 marks) Gi) Why is the panereas considered as BOTH an endocrine gland and at exocrine and? Endocrine: GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG! 01 283020F 200(b)_Diaetes mellitus isa common disease among Caribbean people. (i) Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is likely to be deficient in people suffering from diabetes mellitus? CTmark ) Gd Explain how the hormone named in 2 (b) G) above functions to lower blood zlucose levels (3marks) Total 10 marks 482. abe u26e Aue 4 22-8 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 1253020 2008Human beings need a variety of foods for healthy living. @ (012530201F 2009) Define the term ‘malnutrition’. (C2 marks) ii) Fashion modets tend to view slimming as very important for thelr profession, When taken tothe extreme, slimming can lead toa mental liness called anorexia Describe THREE effects of anorexia nervosa on an individual, (3 marks) ‘Your friend, Ancil, thinks that human beings should not have fibre in their diet. () Name ONE food which is high in fibre, CT mark ) Gi) Advise Ancil of ONE reason why fibre is important to his diet. (CT mark ) Anil drinks water with all his meals. Suggest THREE functions of water in the human body, (3 marks) ‘Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEMan wy © w (Name ONE natural method of birth control. Natural method: (Cimark ) Gi) Name TWO entiticial methods of bith control, OTHER THAN the contraceptive pill Antficial methods (2 marks) Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word from the list given in brackets below. (medical, natural, genetic, abuse, rape) ‘Spontaneous abortion is nature’s way of controlling population. Sometimes, spontaneous abortion oceurs when the footus has a problem, Insomecountries,a_abortionmay be performed incases. of or if the foetus is deformed in some way. (C3marks) Mrs. Wise believes that the most reliable method of birth contro is the contraceptive pill, Explain how the contraceptive pill Functions to prevent pregnancy. ( 2marks) Suggest TWO benefits to 4 family of having a small number of children SS (2 marks) e498. ‘Total 10 marks © Filo BED SOW 220 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 012530200 20095 @) @ a (b) Your friend. Indar, has dengue fever, which is caused by a pathogen, and the doctor says troenteritis is caused by typhoid, cholera and amoebic dysentery. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word fromthe list given in brackets below. (damage, pain, lungs, intestines, bacterium, virus) Gastroenteritis results from tothe walls of the stomach and by inflammation ‘Typhoid is caused bya (3marks) Suggest ONE method of treating someone who has typhoid. (Cimark ) that he needs a lot of fluids and rest, o aw ai, (012530201 2009 A pathogen isa isease-causing organism, forexample,a virusorbacterium. How is a yoetor different from a pathogen? Vector: (2marks) |Wemify the pathogen and the vector for Indar's disease (dengue fever). Pathogen: Vector: _ (2marks) Suggest TWO symptoms of the dengue fever which Indar may be experiencing. (2 marks) ‘Total 10 marks . GO ON 10 THE NEXT PAGE6.) Gi) What is meant by the term ‘drug abuse"? (Tmark) Gi) Name TWO commonly abused legal (social) drugs in the Caribbean. (2 marks) (b) A woman who smokes gives birth toa small baby, who dies within one week ofits birth. () Suggest how smoking causes babies to be smaller than normal. (2 marks) Gi) Nicotine passes across the placental barrier to the foetus. Deseribe the effect of nicotine on infants, CT mark ) (ii) Name ONE OTHER way in which nicotine may be passe to an infant From the CT mark) (©) Suggest TWO effects of aleohol consumption on the foetus (2marks) (2) Breast feeding is the recommended form of nutrition for babies. ‘What torm of immunity is passed from the mother to the baby by breast milk? Cimark ; ‘Tal 10 marks qe 1703. e H2b) Yo] - eae GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (0125302016 2009)10 7. Human beings in early civilization did not pollute their environment. They maintained the balance of nature, () — @ Define ne sm ‘pollution’ (2 marks ii) ONE type of pollution is air pollution. Name ONE OTHER type of pollution, (Ctmark) (b) Vehicular transporteauses pollution by the pollutant, carbon dioxide, CO,, Suggest TWO OTHER pollutants resulting from vehicles (2 marks) (©) Avast amount of carbon dioxide,CO, is produced by human activities. This CO, forms * blanket over the earth, leading to what is described as the greenhouse effect, Figure 3 is a diagrammatic representation of how the greenhouse effect may be responsible for slobal warming, (=) SY) —{—_ — ‘Carbon dioxide, CO, layer Figure 3. The greenhouse effect GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (0125302018 20090 a (012530200 2009 ‘Complete the following sentences by writing the correct word from the list given in brackets below. (beat, light, CO,. radiation) Thess radiates ‘energy which passes through the CO, layer. This is converted to energy ‘which cannot pass through the CO, layer. This becomes trapped in the atmosphere over the earth's surface, causing. global warming, ( 3marks) Suggest TWO possible effects of global warming. (2marks) ‘Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG!-2 8. In the Caribbean, waste disposat is becoming increasingly important to maintaining a healthy society (4) Solid waste may be categorized as biodegradable or non-biodegradable, (What is meant by ‘non-biodegradable"? — oO “Ct mark ) (ii) Give ONE example of abiodegradable waste material and ONE example ofa non- biodegradable waste materia Biodegradable Non-biodegradable: _ (C2 marks) (b) tis possible to reuse. reduce or recycle household waste. Write ONE word from the list in brackets, which BEST applies to EACH of the following situations, EACH word must be used ONCE, (rouse, reduce, recycle) (Mrs, Karing puts all her empty bottles in a green bin, and all old newspapers and CTmark ) Gi) Mr. Atkin takes his water botte to the supermarket to have it refilled, (id) Mrs. Ram takes her basket tothe market, She does not buy ve Daniel hecause he packages his vegetables in plastic bags. She buys from Mr. Peter, who does not use plastic bugs. She puts all the vezetables which she buys in her basket abe 2 Fb YALE yo 2oD? (mark ) EXT PAGE (012530207 200“1B. (©) Dumps and landfils are used to dispose of solid waste. A dump is a hole inthe ground ‘where garbage is thrown, Suggest TWO negative effects of a dump, (2marks) (d) Suggest TWO benefits of proper disposal of household and industrial waste (2 marks) ‘Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (012530201F 200914 9. Viruses and bacteria are patho ns, causing diseases like the common cold, AIDS and cholera (@) Determine whether EACH of the following statements is true or false. Write TRUE next to the true statements and FALSE nest to the false statements, (i) Allbacteria are parasites, Gi) There are harmful and useful bacteria (iii) A virus is a non-celtutar organism. (3 marks) Zara's class tests a sample of water for bacteria, Zara explains that a similar test can be used to test for the presence of bacteria in the mouth, ‘She sets up an experiment vo demonstrate to her classmates that bacteria are present in the ‘mouth. Figure 4 shows the steps which Zara followed, OB O Step t Step2: Step 3: Sterile nutrient Sterfe cotton Observation agar poured in ssvab rubbed after 24 hours . pete dish and ‘on teeth covered Figure 4. Experiment to demonstrate the presence of bacteria () What does Zara do in Step 3? (C1mark) (ii) Zara avks her classmates to set up a control for this experiment by changing ‘Step 2. What should her classmates do at Step 2? (CT mark) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (012530207 2009-15- (©) After severe flooding, some villagers complain of having diarrhoea, This results from fan outbreak of cholera (Suggest ONE OTHER sign or symptom of cholera. C1 mark 9 Gi) Explain how the villagers may have comtracted cholera from the flood waters (2imarks) (4) AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which affects the ‘Tymphocytes. How does this affect the immune system of a human being’? CT mark) Gi) Suggest ONE method of preventing the spread of HIV. Cimark ) Total 10 marks ye-478 Fob -4262.~ 44 -2e29 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (012530207 2009“16 10. The skeleton in human beings has many functions, One function is locomotion, () Ghat is meant by “locomotion”? (imark ) Gi) State TWO OTHER functions of the skeleton. ~ (CTimarks) (b) Suggest TWO reasons why locomotion is important to human beings. - ~ ~ (2imarks) (©) George is involved in a vehicular accident, which caused injury to the tendons and ligaments in his legs. ‘What is the function of EACH of the following in the leg? (® —Tendons (1 mark ) Gi) Ligaments CTmark ) (2) Osteoarthritis isa deger crative disease caused by wear and tear on the joints. ‘The eantlage in your grandfather's knee has become worn and thin (i) What isthe function of cartilage in the knee? (Tmark ) Gi) Suggest TWO effects that the worn, thin cartibage will have on your grandfather When he walks, La _—____ __ he he tyt-207° ~(2marks) ‘Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 30201 2009<7. SECTION B Answer ANY TWO questions. Write y F answers on the pages provided at the end of the booklet. 11. Cell division oceuts by mitosis and by meiosis, (1) Copy Table 1 on your answer page. Complete Table 1 to show THREE differences between mitosis and meiosis TABLE I DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Differences - Meiosis i) Occurs in nozmat body cells © (Gi) Produces cells having the w Aiploid number of chromosomes iis (ii) Results in genetic variation (Gmarks) (b) Meiosis results in genetic variation ()_Incomtinwous variation there ae small differences among individuals. Give ONE example of continuous variation in human beings. (ii) Discontinuous variation shows distinct differences among individuals. Give ONE example of discontinuous variation in human beings. (C2marks) Aig. et ys} F020 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 101253020/F 200918- (©) The genotype of Mr, Henry is X" Y- and the genotype of Mrs. Henry is X""X'. X and Y ‘represent the sex chromosomes, H represents the dominant normal allele, and h represents the recessive allele for haemophilia, One oftheir evo children, Joh and Jenay. inherited the sex-linked disorder, haemophilia, (i) Using a clearly labelled diagram, show how the haemophilia disorder is passed {rom the parents (o one of the children. ‘Your diagram must include the genotype and phenotype of Mr. and Mes. Henry, and the children. ‘The beginning ofthe diagram has been done for you,as follows Carrier female Normal male Parents X" x" xny (8 marks) nee. SUT por ' bon Wao Gi) Which of ie children, John or Jenny. inherited haemophilia? Give a reason for your answer (2 marks) (d) Haemophilia isa disease in which the blood does not clot. One of your classmates, who suffers from haemophilia gets a cut on his hand. Suggest ONE sign of the disease, and how can it be treated ( 2 marks) fe) Your friend, Rita, isan albino. What kind of alietes, dom want or recessive, causes albinisry? Gi) Suggest ONE characteristic that distinguishes Rita as an albino. and ONE precaution which Rita must take in her daily life ( 3marks) ‘Total 20 marks GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE (0125302018 200919. 12, Human beings are surrounded by both ben taken to prevent harmful microorgati ial and harmful microorganisms. Care must be ms from affecting us, (2) What is meant by ‘strlization’ asi slates to microorganisms? iy Name TWO processes which wse heat to preserve milk. Gi) State ONE method of sterilizing instruments used in & hospital iv) Whot isan “anibiotie"? (Smarks) Ib) A new student, Marsha, has joined your class. She has difficulty finding friends because ‘of her poor hygiene. Advise Marsha on how she can maintain good personal hygiene. Your answer must include: TWO reasons for maintaining good personal hygiene ~ TWO methods of hands hygiene TWO methods of skin hygiene ONE reason for EACH method of hands and skin hygiene (10 marks) (©) Vectors like the houselly, cause diseases in hum: beings. (After feeding on faeces containing bacteria, the housefly can transmit bacteria to lus when i feeds, walks oe defecates oi 04 Fox Explain how the bacteria are transmitted to our food when the housefly a) feeds by walks ©) dofecates. Gi) Suggest TWO ways of controlling houseflies ( Smarks) ‘Total 20 marks 2 Glee Fp ‘ abh-4202. bfod 2029 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 012530200 2009=20- 13, Many diseases are caused! by the activities of human beings. (2) Some infectious diseases are caused by drinking water which has been contaminated by hhuman beings. To prevent this, large-scale water purification is undertaken to supply households with clean drinking water. (3) The Final stage in the water purification process is chlorination. List the first THREE steps in the water purification process, (ii) Whatis the function of chlorination? Gil) Why is fluoride sometimes added to drinking water? (Smarks) (b) Lifestyle diseases occur as @ result of the way we live, Sometimes our choives lead 10 obesity, alcoholism and sexually transmitted diseases. (i) One effeet of obesity, caused by eating too much animal fat, i an inerease in coronary heart disease. Suggest TWO OTHER effects of obesity (ii) dentify TWO school activities which you can undertake 1 prevent obesity (iii) Write a report on the effects of alcoholism. Your report must include: THREE erfects of alcohol on the human body TWO elfects of slcabolism on society mitted diseases. sor sympioms of Gv) Gonorthoea and syphilis are «wo sexually tr entify TWO signsor symptoms of gonorthoea and TWO si syphilis () Suggest ONE method of treatment for gonorrhoea and ONE tor syphilis. (US marks) ‘Total 20 marks ae Oo wae GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (0125302078 2009ote 14, The human body has developed a very efficient transport system, with the heart functioning as a double pump. (a) Figure $ isa diagrammatic representation of the heart and major blood vessels. Identify the parts labelled A, B,C, D and B. ( Smarks) e Figure 5. Diageam of the heart (b) Explain how the heart functions as a double pump, (Amarks) cycle (©) During one beat of the heart, series of events occurs in the cardi (i) What isthe function of the special tissue in the heart called the ‘pacemaker’? Gi) Thepulse rate of your friend, Kimran, during a Human and Social Biology class i872, How many times does his heart beat in one minute’ Gil) ARer lunch, Kimran’s pulse rate is 82, Suggest TWO reasons why his pulse rate may have inereased, (Amarks) gel - Vp, qb 4262 got -2022 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (01253020 200922. (@) Figure 6 represents a transverse section of an artery showing atherosclerosis Fat Figure 6. An artery with atherosclerosis (Suggest ONE possible cause of atherosclerosis. Gi) What effect do arteries, like the one in Figure 6, have on blood pressure? (iii) One difference in structure between an artery anda vein isthe thicker muscular wall ofthe artery. Identify ONE OTHER difference in structure. (marks) (©) Blood vessels in the skin (capillaries) assist che body in regulating its temperature Explain how vasodilation and vasoconstriction regulate body temperature, (marks) “otal 20 marks g-HOr. fia 8 ey tO! GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 001253020/F 2009