Contain appreciable amounts of

mineral compounds
Higher moisture content
C, Moisture, HCs, O,
S, N, Ash
 Solid
Fuels

Natural Artificial
Fibrous mass of
partially
decayed plant
debris

Becomes coal
upon long
burial and
compaction
Lowest rank
coal

Can still see

plant
structures

Peat converted
into rock
Lignite subjected
to more
metamorphism

Properties lie
between lignite
and bituminous
coal
Most abundant
coal

Sub-bituminous
coal subjected to
metamorphism

Contains dull and

bright portions
Highest coal rank

Hard with bright

luster

Few impurities

Transition
between
bituminous coal
and graphite
 Fuel Method of Production

Wood Charcoal Wood is heated w/o O2

(i.e. carbonization)
Peat Charcoal Carbonizing peat at low T

Lignite Briquettes Air drying of lignite

Lignite Coke Air drying and carbonizing

peat at low T
Coke Carbonizing coal
 Main Purposes:

determination of coal rank

determination of coals intrinsic
properties

Data
gathered will be used for:
trading practices (i.e. cost of coal)
determining how coal will be used
 Proximate Analysis

solid fuels are analysed based on their

volatilization characteristics
gives an information on the behaviour of
coal upon heating
components are in % by weight
 Ultimate Analysis

determination of the 6 basic coal components

in % by weight

C = carbon
H = hydrogen
O = oxygen
N = nitrogen
A = ash
S = sulfur
 Modified Analysis

modification of the ultimate analysis

contains C, N, S, Ash, M, combined H2O
and net H
1. Determine the modified analysis of the coal
given the proximate and ultimate analysis.
Proximate: 3.2% M, 21.0%VCM, 69.3% FC, 6.5%
Ash
Ultimate: 79.9%C, 4.85%H, 6.76%O, 1.30%N,
6.5%Ash, 0.69%S
2. A furnace is fired with sub-Bituminous coal
containing 10.3%M, 34%VCM and 7.7%Ash. It is
also known to contain 1.2%N and 1.57%S. Its
calorific value is 22MJ/kg. Calculate the
proximate, ultimate and modified analyses of
the coal and the analysis of VCM.
3. Coal analyzes 23%VCM, 64%FC, 8% Ash, 1.6%S
and 1.6%N and has a calorific value of
30MJ/kg. It is burned with 40% excess air to
give a stack gas with molar ratio of CO2 to CO
of 12:4. Calculate:
a. Ultimate analysis of the coal
b. Analysis and calorific value of VCM
c. Orsat analysis of the stack gas
4. A furnace completely burns coal containing
70%C. Analysis of the flue gas shows 15%CO2,
4%O2 and no CO. What is the percentage of
the net hydrogen in the coal?
5. A high-grade semi-anthracite coal was found
to contain 90.04%C, 0.79%S and 1.2%N on an
ash and moisture-free basis. If this coal was
burned with a supply of excess air, a flue gas
with the following Orsat analysis results:
10.83%CO2, 1.08%CO, 0.22%H2, 8.17%O2 and
79.7%N2. Calculate:
a. %H in coal
b. % combined water in coal