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International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013
using neat CNG, and mixtures of hydrogen in compressed natural gas burning velocity, much better lean-burn capability, and small
(HCNG) as 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% by energy. Experiments were
performed at 2000 and 2400 rpm with wide open throttle and varying quenching distance. And this combination is expected to
the equivalence ratio. Hydrogen which has fast burning rate, when improve the lean burn characteristics [2], [3] and decrease
added to compressed natural gas, enhances its flame propagation rate. vehicular emissions.
The emissions of HC, CO, decreased with increasing percentage of
hydrogen but NOx was found to increase. The results indicated a II. PRIOR RESEARCH
marked improvement in the brake thermal efficiency with the
increase in percentage of hydrogen added. The improved thermal Many researchers have studied the effect of adding
efficiency was clearly observed to be more in lean region as hydrogen into natural gas on the performance and combustion
compared to rich region. This study is expected to reduce vehicular characteristics in the past several years.
emissions along with increase in thermal efficiency and thus help in Akansu et al. [4] experimented on four cylinder engine with
reduction of further environmental degradation. mixtures of hydrogen in methane of 0, 10, 20 and 30% by
volume. Experimentation was done by varying the
KeywordsHydrogen, CNG, HCNG, Emissions.
equivalence ratio, at 2000 rpm and constant load conditions.
The result showed that NO emissions increased while HC, CO
I. INTRODUCTION
and CO2 emission values decrease and brake thermal
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 1380 scholar.waset.org/1999.8/16376
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 1381 scholar.waset.org/1999.8/16376
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 1382 scholar.waset.org/1999.8/16376
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013
3 16
5% H2
(g/kW h)
0.5 8
0 6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 4
Equivalence Ratio () 2
International Science Index, Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16376
0
(b)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
Fig. 3 (a) and (b) variation of brake specific HC emissions versus
equivalence ratio for various hydrogen blends at constant speed of Equivalence Ratio ()
2000 and 2400 r/min
(a)
formed through crevice and flame quenching. The emissions
increase at high equivalence ratio due to incomplete 2400 rpm
combustion. With increasing percentage of hydrogen, HC
100% CNG
Brake specific NOx emission
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 1383 scholar.waset.org/1999.8/16376
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial, Mechatronic and Manufacturing Engineering Vol:7, No:7, 2013
limit and for a trade off relation between HC, CO and NOx
(a) emission.
The author hope that this study could give some practical
25 2400 rpm guidance to the development and calibration of hydrogen
supplemented CNG engines and reduce vehicular emissions
Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)
23
and thus decrease further environmental degradation.
21
19
100% CNG REFERENCES
17
[1] J. B. Heywood. Internal combustion engine fundamentals. New York:
15 5% H2 McGraw-Hill, 1988.
13 10% H2 [2] M. Fanhua , Y. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Li, J. Wang, S. Zhao. Experimental
11 study on thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a lean burn
15% H2 hydrogen enriched natural gas engine, Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32,
9 pp. 5067-5075, 2007.
7 20% H2 [3] [R. L. Hoekstra, P. V. Blarigan, N. Mulligan. NOx emissions and
efficiency of hydrogen, natural gas and hydrogen/natural gas blended
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0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 Engineers;1996.
[4] S. O. Akansu, N. Kahraman, B. Ceper. Experimental study on spark
Equivalence Ratio () ignition engine fuelled by methane-hydrogen mixtures, International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 32, pp. 4279-4284, 2007.
(b) [5] G. A. Karim, I. Wierzba, Y. Al-Alousi. Methane-hydrogen mixtures as
fuels, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 21, no. 7, pp.
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of Equivalence Ratio for various hydrogen blends at constant speed [6] N. Kahraman, B. Ceper, S. O. Akansu, K. Aydin. Investigation of
of 2000 and 2400 r/min combustion characteristics and emissions in a spark-ignition engine
fuelled with natural gas-hydrogen blends, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, pp. 1026-1034, 2009.
stoichiomety. The highest brake thermal efficiency was [7] F. Ma, Y. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Li, J. Wang, S. Zhao. Experimental study
observed around 0.82 to 0.98 equivalence ratio. In the case of on thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a lean burn
rich mixtures, combustion is not complete. The trend obtained hydrogen enriched natural gas, International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 32, pp. 5067-5075, 2007.
is similar in character to [10]. [8] C.G. Baur, T.W. Forest. Effect of hydrogen addition on performance of
methane-fuelled vehicles Part I: effect on S.I. engine performance,
V. CONCLUSIONS International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 26, pp. 55-70, 2001.
[9] J. Wang, Z Huang, Y. Fang, B. Liu, K. Zeng, H. Miao, et al.
An experimental study on the performance, combustion and Combustion behaviors of a direct-injection engine operating on various
emission characteristics of a natural gas fuelled engine fractions of natural gas hydrogen blends, International Journal of
Hydrogen Energy, vol.32, no.15, pp. 3555-64, 2007.
supplemented with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% hydrogen [10] M. Fanhua, Y. Wang, H. Liu, Y. Li, J. Wang, S. Zhao. Experimental
supplementation was conducted. The main results are study on thermal efficiency and emission characteristics of a lean burn
summarized as follows. hydrogen enriched natural gas engine, Int Journal of Hydrogen Energy,
vol. 32, pp. 5067-5075, 2007.
The timed manifold injection through electronic fuel
injection was very advantageous for the smooth operation
of the engine.
The BTE increase with the increasing hydrogen
percentage. This increase in BTE is more pronounced in
the leaner region.
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(7) 2013 1384 scholar.waset.org/1999.8/16376