Environmental Engineering-I

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan

Engr. Muhammad Aboubakar Farooq

Department of Civil Engineering

The University of Lahore
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 Future Water Requirements
Depend upon:

1. Selection of PER CAPITA Water

Consumption

2. Future Population Forecast

3. Design Period

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 Design Period
It is the number of years in FUTURE for
which the proposed facility would meet
the demand of the community.
OR
This is the period into the FUTURE for
which estimation is to be made.

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 Factors affecting Design Period
Selection of an appropriate design period
for a particular facility / component of water
supply system is very important and
dependent upon following factors:
1. Length or Life of Structures.
2. Ease of Extension.
3. First Cost
4. Economy of Scale
5. Lead Time
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 Factors affecting Design Period
1. Length or Life of Structure:
- Pumps
- Conduits (Type of Pipes)
Type of Pipe Average Service Life
Steel Pipes 25 50 Years
Cast Iron Pipes 100 Years
Concrete Pipes 75 Years

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 Factors affecting Design Period
2. Ease of Extension:
This factor affects design period of whole
Water Supply System depending upon the
easiness with which its components can be
enlarged i.e. effort with which Capacity of
the components can be increased. e.g.
- Tubewell : Easy to drill.
- Treatment Plant : Easy to enlarge.

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 Factors affecting Design Period
3. First Cost:
In case of High first cost and High
Rate of interest, design period should be
SHORT, so that the total cost of the
project should not be distributed to
present population only.
e.g. Houses

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 Factors affecting Design Period
4. Economy of Scale:
Economy of Scale means that per unit
production cast of a facility decreases with
the increase in scale (size) of facility.

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 Factors affecting Design Period
4. Economy of Scale: (Contd)
Example:
200mm diameter W/S pipe, 1km Long
serves 3000 Persons.
Cost = Rs. 300,000 => Cost/Head = Rs. 100
400mm diameter W/S pipe, 1km Long
serves 12000 Persons.
Cost = Rs. 480,000 => Cost/Head = Rs. 40
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 Factors affecting Design Period
5. Lead Time:
It is the time from the perception of
the project to its start of operation.
Lead Time = Time for Design of Project +
Construction Time
When lead time is MORE, MORE will be the
design period.

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 Design Periods and Design Flows
for Various Water Supply System Components
1. Large Dams, Transmission Main (Conduit)
These are COSTLY and difficult to
enlarge.
Design Period: 25 to 50 Years
Reservoir: Design Capacities of Reservoirs
should be adequate to provide MAXIMUM
DAILY DEMAND
Conduit: Generally designed for MAXIMUM
DAILY DEMAND at the end of Design Period.
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 Design Periods and Design Flows
for Various Water Supply System Components
2. TUBE WELLS:
These are easy to drill.
Design Period: 5 Years
Designed at PEAK HOURLY DEMAND, if NO
Storage is to be provided.
Designed at MAX. DAILY DEMAND, if
storage is to be provided.

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 Design Periods and Design Flows
for Various Water Supply System Components
3. Water Treatment Plant:
Easy to enlarge.
Design Period: 10 15 Years.
Designed for MAXIMUM Daily Flow.
4. Pumping Station:
Easy to enlarge.
Design Period: 10 Years.
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 Design Periods and Design Flows
for Various Water Supply System Components
5. Distribution System:
Difficult to REPLACE.
Design Period: 25 Years.
Designed for:
MAX. DAY DEMAND + FIRE DEMAND.
PEAK HOURLY DEMAND.
Whichever is greater.
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 ADEQUATE Design Period in Water
Supply System is provided because:
Too Frequent extensions of the system
are not possible.
Reasonable economies of scale are
achieved.

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 Components of Water Supply System
1. Collection : Dams, Reservoir, Intake,
Pumping Station, Tube wells.
2. Transmission : Conduit, Valves, Pumping
Station, Gravity Flow.
3. Treatment : Sedimentation, Coagulation,
Filtration, Disinfection,
Storage
4. Distribution : Pumping Station, Overhead
Reservoir, Mains, Pipes,
Valves, Fire Hydrants
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 Problem No. 1
A community is expected to reach a population
of 35000 in 20 years. The present population is
28000 and present average Water consumption
is 16000 m3/day. The existing Water treatment
plant has design capacity of 28350 m3/day.
Assuming an arithmetic growth rate of
population growth, Determine in what year the
existing plant will reach its design capacity.
Assume plant has been designed on Maximum
daily Consumption Basis.

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 Problem No. 2
The present population of a community is 16000
increasing at a geometric growth rate of 0.043
per year. The present water requirement is fully
met by a number of tube wells installed in the
city. The average Water consumption is 350
lpcd. Using a design period of 15 years, Calculate
the additional tube wells of 3.4 m3/min capacity
of each tube well to meet the demand of design
period.

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 Problem No. 3
A small community had a population of 65000
and 85000 in the census year of 1991 and 2001
respectively. Assuming a geometric growth rate
and an average water consumption of 300lpcd,
Calculate the design flow for the treatment
plant and the transmission mains. Select an
appropriate value of design period.

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