Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Frank Rausche
Pile Dynamics, Inc.
GRL Engineers, Inc.
Outline
What projects?
Capacity questions
Damage prevention
Examples of
pre-
pre-construction analysis of large diameter
pre-construction
pipe
comparison of analyses with monitoring
results
vibratory analyses
Harbor Construction
Offshore
Monopiles (pipe)
for Windenergy
Bridges
Offshore
structures
Capacity
Capacity Questions:
Questions:
Loss
Loss or Gain of
or Gain of Soil
Soil Resistance
Resistance Due
Due to
to Pile
Pile
Driving
Driving
Loss
Loss of
of friction
friction due
due to
to arching
arching
Pile
Arch
Soil-
Soil-pile interface
Soil-pile bearing
with reduced high
effective stresses effective
stresses
Capacity
Capacity question:
question: Plugging
Plugging
Studied by
Raines
Randolph
Paikowsky
and others ..
Plugging
Plugging
External
External Friction
Friction
Internal
Internal Friction
Friction
End from
from Arching?
Arching?
Bearing
Steel Piles
Spiral welded piles more sensitive
Welded splices may crack
Non-
Non -welded splices (gravity connector)
Non-welded
may fatigue
Damage Prevention
Dynamic Analysis
and/or monitoring can
help prevent it by
keeping toe stresses at
safe levels
WH
Wp
Jacket Leg
Engineering
Tools:
(4) Dynamic
Load Testing
Preparation
for Restrike
Test
10 34 Clayey silt
14 34 Clayey silt
18 30 Clayey silt
24 35 Clayey silt
Pre-
Pre-Construction Wave Equation Analysis
Pre-Construction
GRL
GRL Engineers,
Engineers, Inc.
Inc. 03-Apr-2004
03-Apr-2004
Cuyahoga
Cuyahoga R.
R. Bridges,
Bridges, ICE
ICE 42-S
42-S GRLWEAP
GRLWEAP (TM)
(TM) Version
Version 2003
2003
50.0
50.0 50.0
50.0
ICE
ICE 42-S
42-S
(ksi)
Stress(ksi)
40.0
40.0 40.0
40.0
CompressiveStress
(ksi)
Efficiency 0.820
Stress(ksi)
Efficiency 0.820
Helmet 2.09
2.09 kips
Tension Stress
30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 Helmet kips
Compressive
Hammer
Hammer Cushion
Cushion 34825
34825 kips/in
kips/in
Tension
0.0 0.0
Pile
Pile Length
Length 25.00
25.00 ftft
0.0 0.0
Pile
Pile Penetration
Penetration 24.00
24.00 ftft
1000 11.00 Pile
Pile Top
Top Area
Area 26.10
26.10 in2
in2
1000 11.00
(kips)
Capacity(kips)
800
800 10.00
10.00 Skin
Skin Friction
Friction
Pile
Pile Model
Model Distribution
Distribution
UltimateCapacity
600
600 9.00
9.00
(feet)
Stroke(feet)
Ultimate
400
400 8.00
8.00
Stroke
200
200 7.00
7.00
00 6.00
6.00
00 60
60 120
120 180
180 240
240 300
300 360
360
Res.
Res. Shaft
Shaft == 20
20 %
%
Blow
Blow Count
Count (bl/ft)
(bl/ft) (Proportional)
(Proportional)
G
GRL
RL E
Enng
gin
ineers,
eers, IIn
nc.
c. Pile
Pile D
Drivin
riving
g An
Analyz
alyzer
er
O
O hhiioo TTuurn
rnppiike
ke,, PPie
ierr 1144R
R PPN
N 1133 (E
(Enndd ooff ddri
rivi
vinngg))
FF ((11000000)) AA3344 FF3344
VV ((2211..55))
TTSS:: 3388..44
TTBB:: 1155..44
G
GRRLL En
Enggin
ineers,
eers, IInc.
nc. Pile
Pile D
Drivin
riving
g A
Annalyz
alyzer
er
O
Ohhio
io TTuurn
rnppike
ike -- PPie
ierr 1144R
R 1133 (8
(8 ddaayy R
Reessttrike
rike))
FF ((11000000)) AA3344 FF3344
VV ((2211..55))
TTSS:: 2255..66
TTBB:: 1166..66
GRL
GRL Engineers,
Engineers, Inc.
Inc. 03-Apr-2004
03-Apr-2004
Cuyahoga
Cuyahoga R.
R. Bridges,
Bridges, ICE
ICE 42-S
42-S GRLWEAP
GRLWEAP (TM)
(TM) Version
Version 2003
2003
50.0
50.0 50.0
50.0
ICE
ICE 42-S
42-S
(ksi)
Stress (ksi)
40.0
40.0 40.0
40.0
Compressive Stress
Efficiency 0.820
(ksi)
Efficiency 0.820
Stress (ksi)
Helmet 2.09
2.09 kips
Tension Stress
30.0
30.0 30.0
30.0 Helmet kips
Compressive
Hammer
Hammer Cushion
Cushion 34825
34825 kips/in
kips/in
Tension
20.0
20.0 20.0
20.0 Skin
Skin Quake
Quake 0.100
0.100 in
in
Toe
Toe Quake
Quake 0.100
0.100 in
in
Skin
Skin Damping
Damping 0.100
0.100 sec/ft
sec/ft
10.0
10.0 10.0
10.0 Toe
Toe Damping
Damping 0.150
0.150 sec/ft
sec/ft
0.0 0.0
Pile
Pile Length
Length 25.00
25.00 ftft
0.0 0.0
Pile
Pile Penetration
Penetration 24.00
24.00 ftft
1000 11.00
Pile
Pile Top
Top Area
Area 26.10
26.10 in2
in2
1000 11.00
(kips)
Capacity (kips)
800
800 10.00
10.00 Skin
Skin Friction
Friction
Pile
Pile Model
Model Distribution
Distribution
Ultimate Capacity
600
600 9.00
9.00
(feet)
Stroke (feet)
Ultimate
400
400 8.00
8.00
Stroke
200
200 7.00
7.00
BOR EOD
00 6.00
6.00
00 60
60 120
120 180
180 240
240 300
300 360
360
Res.
Res. Shaft
Shaft == 20
20 %
%
Blow
Blow Count
Count (bl/ft)
(bl/ft) (Proportional)
(Proportional)
Static load test of a neighboring pile
500
500
ip ss))
400
400
liedd LL oo aadd ((kkip
396 kips
300
300 Capacity
Load vs. Displacement
200
200
Davisson's Failue
AA pp pp lie
100
100
00
00 0.2
0.2 0.4
0.4 0.6
0.6 0.8
0.8 11 1.2
1.2
Pile
Pile Top
Top Displacement
Displacement (inch)
(inch)
Example: Driveability
Study for an Nearshore-
Nearshore-
Monopile
or hints for the installation preparation
of large diameter pipe piles
Design
Site investigation
Preliminary pile
design
Calculation of static
soil resistance
Wandstaerke in mm
Querschnittsflaeche
Querschnittsflaeche inin cm2
cm2
0 100 200 300 00 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
0 00
Adaptor
10 10
10
Tiefe unter Pfahlkopf in Meter
20 20
20
in mm
ieffee uunntteerr OO KK AAddaappttoorr in
30 30
30
40
Pile 40
40
50
50
50
TTie
60
60
60
70
70
70
80
80
80
Example: assumptions for soil
properties
1. Average Ru value
2. SRD = Ru/fs
3. Inside friction: only at driving shoe
4. End bearing: only on steel annulus
Optimistic
Pessimistic Soil Resistance
1. Average Ru
2. SRD = Ru
3. Friction inside pile: up to last cross section
increase
4. End bearing: 1.25-
-times on steel annulus
1.25-times
1.25
Optimistic
Pessimistic
Optimistic: Pessimistic:
GRLWEAP: Bodenwiderstand
Soil Resistance in MN
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0
25
30
35
40
MHU 1700
Ram weight: 920 kN
Rated energy: 1700 kJ
Pile weight: 6140 kN
GRLWEAP
Wave equation
model
GRLWEAP Results
Blows per 0.25 m
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
5
Upper limit
Depth below mudline in Meter
10
Lower Limit
15
20
25
30
35
40
Driving Stresses
250
200
Compressive stresses in MPa
Adaptor
150
Pile Top
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
Time in ms
Driving Stresses and Forces
Max. Comp. Force in Adaptor 174 MN; in Pile 189 MN
10
200
Adaptor
Distance below pile top in m
20 C om p. Stress es in M Pa
150
Pile Top
30
100
40
PP
50 50
60
0
70 0 20 40 60 80 100
-50
80
Time in ms
Length:
92 m
Required Penetration:
70 m
Hammer:
Vulcan 530 (13.5 Mg x 1.5 m)
Concern:
Damage due to Calcarenite Layer
shaft resistance
Blow Count in Bl/0.25 m
End bearing in rock 11,150kN 0
0 50 100 150 200 250
10
GRLWEAP
20
30
50
60
70
GRLWEAP Stresses in Pile
Pile Stress in MPa
0 50 100 150 200
0
10
20
30
40
Depth in m
On Rock (40 m)
50
At End (70 m)
60
70
80
90
100
Range of Rock
GRLWEAP Top
Stress 144 153 MPa
GRLWEAP
ENTHRU 119 kJ
Range of Rock
10
20
GW-G/L=0.5
30
Depth in m
A1
A2
B1
40
B2
50
60
70
CAPWAP Results
4 x average of CAPWAP fs
Yangtze Caisson:
12x.25 m concrete pipe, 25 m long
4 APE 4B hammers (683 kg m, 20 Hz, 3000
kW); 8 clamps + beams
Clay, silty sand; N at most 3
Shaft resistance (inside and out) 10 kPa
With GRLWEAP analyzed at 80% and 100%
Toe resistance 90 kPa
GRLWEAP Calculated of Rate of Penetration
Yangtze Caisson
Penetration Speed - m m /s
0 50 100 150 200
0
2
Depth in m
6
8
10
12
125
100
50
25
0
10 15 20 25
Frequency of vibratory hammer, Hz
The End
Questions?