1

SEMINAR

ON

CONVERSATION OF LDPE INTO WAX

PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:

JAYESH CHINCHAVALE Dr. NITIN V BHATE

2016-17

DEPARMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA

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DEPARMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING
THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Jayesh Chinchavale, a student of B.E.-IV Chemical

Engineering, roll number-802 has satisfactorily completed his seminar report work on
Conversation of LDPE into WAX under my guidance and here with submit his report in
partial fulfillment of the degree of B.E. Chemical for the year 2016-17.

Guide Head of Department

Dr. Nitin V. Bhate Dr. Bina Sengupta

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 3

I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Dr. Nitin V Bhate for his
valuable guidance, constant encouragement and necessary help for successful completion of
my seminar work.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Bina Sengupta, Head of the
Department of Chemical Engineering for granting the permission to do work on my seminar.

Presented by:

Jayesh Chinchavale
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INDEX

Sr. No. CONTENT PAGE

NUMBER
1 INTRODUCTION 6
2 HISTORY OF WAXES 8
3 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS AND 10
SPECIFICATION
3.1 CLASSIFICATION 10
3.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS, UTILITY AND 12
AVAILABILITY
3.3 LABORATORY RESEARCH OF DEVELOPMENT OF 12
WAXES FROM WASTE PLASTICS (LDPE)
4 MANUFACTURERING PROCESS, PROPERTIES AND 16
APPLICATIONS
4.1 BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF LOW DENSITY 16
POLYETHYLENE
4.2 PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE WAX 18
4.3 GRADES OF POLYETHYLENE WAX 19
4.4 PRODUCT APPLICATIONS 20
5.1 INDIAN MANUFACTURERS 24
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT LEVEL 25
5.3 GLOBAL MANUFACTURERS 27
5.4 GLOBAL SCENARIO 29
6 SUMMARY 30

LIST OF FIGURES
SR. NO. TITLE PAGE
NUMBER
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2.1 SAMPLE OF WAX 9

3.1 CARNAUBA (NATURAL) WAXES 11
3.2 POLYETHYLENE WAXES 12
3.3 SAMPLE RESULTS OF DSC ANALYSIS 15
4.1 LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE FILMS 16
4.2 MOLECULAR STRUCTURE LOW DENSITY 17
POLYETHYLENE

LIST OF TABLES

SR. NO. TITLE PAGE

NUMBER
3.1 POPULAR NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC WAXES 10
3.2 AMOUNT OF EXTRACTED WAX-RELATED FRACTIONS, 14
DEPENDING ON NUMBER OF CYCLES IN THE EXTRUDER.
5.1 COUNTRY WISE IMPORTS 26
5.2 SAMPLE OF INDIVIDUAL IMPORTS OF POLYETHYLENE WAX 27

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
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Waxes are among the oldest Worked materials used by humans. Their value as versatile
construction materials (mans first plastic) was discovered very early. Today, waxes are
mostly as additives and active substances. The use of waxes is expected to increase in the
future because of their generally favorable toxicological and ecological properties.

One of the basic recycle methods of waste plastics is related to raw-material recycling. In
case of waste polyolefin plastics, in particular polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and
polypropylene, such recycling aims at processing waste plastics to the liquid components for
the production of motor fuels (petrol and motor oil) and fuel oils. Relatively little attention is
currently paid to production of waxes, which are practically always produced at the first
stage of thermal degradation process. The waxes obtained as a result of thermal
decomposition of polyolefin, may be used directly as fuel in candles and lights, as a highly
caloric additive and modifier for anti-moisture impregnation of fuel produced from waste.

Usually, however, waxes developed as a result of thermal decomposition of polyolefin are

further developed in the following processes into different gaseous and liquid products. Such
situation is probably caused by potential sale problems. However, taking into consideration
the observed increasing demand for waxes and their derivate (such as emulsions), it seems
that the production of waxes from waste plastics will increase, all the more market value of
such waxes is greater in comparison to liquid fuel components.

The historic prototype of all waxes is beeswax. Since it could be obtained with relatively
little effort, it was popular in antiquity, and even now the term wax is occasionally used in
everyday speech as a synonym for beeswax. However, the scientific and commercial
definition of wax cover much wider area.

The seminar report is divided into total six chapters. The Chapter 1 is the introduction which
is discussed above. The Chapter 2 is the introduction to the History of wax. The Chapter 3
describes about the product characteristics and specification, the raw material requirements,
utility and availability. The Chapter 4 describes about includes manufacturing process, wide
range of properties and applications of wax. The Chapter 5 describe the import/export level,
Indian and global manufactures of polyethylene wax. The summary of the report is discussed
in the Chapter 6.
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CHAPTER 2

HISTORY OF WAXES

Utilization of waxes was probably begun in prehistoric time, but because of their transitory
nature, no definition archaeological evidence exists. Thus, the utilization wax and related
 8

substance in mummification and as protective coverings in ancient Egypt (from ca. 3000
B.C.) represent earliest scientific proof of the use of waxes. (Ullmanns encyclopedia of
industrial chemistry 6th edition, vol. 39). The most well-known is the story of Daedalus and
lcarus, who used wax as an adhesive to make wings by attaching feathers to each other. In
antiquity, wax was used as a raw material for modeling, in the production of casting mold, as
a pigment carrier, and for surface protection.

Wax became a unit of trade for some and taxes for the other, in the medieval European times.
In 1330, 2 lbs. of beeswax tax per year was levied on a French region. Some records put
forward that a French Monastery asked for a rent of 600 lbs. of wax per year, in
1632.Candles made of pure beeswax were exclusively required by the Roman Catholic
Church at one time. The church regarded beeswax as symbolic of the flesh of baby Jesus,
born of a virgin mother. The bees for making wax were brought to Puerto Rico by the church

In colonial times, hitherto unknown waxes such as carnauba. Candelilla, and Chinese insect
wax, were introduce in Europe. From the occurrence of wax, Columbus inferred the rich of
Caribbean islands: Where there is wax there are also thousands of other things.

For a long time, not much known about chemical nature of wax. Only in the 18 th century did
the discovery occur that beeswax is an animal secretion and not a plant product collected by
bees. Wax research was established as a scientific discipline in 1823. It became part of the
new research area of soaps, oil, fat, and waxes. The real breakthrough of wax as an important
raw material, in terms of quantity as well, occurred at the beginning of industrial Revolution.

Ryan LAbbe has extensive experience in Operations Management & Human Resources at a
senior level in the beverage, recycling and automotive sectors.

Ryan was also responsible for starting the companys new PET plastic recycling division and
grew it to an annual production of over 50 million pounds of food grade recycled plastic for
use in the companys own production of water bottles a North-American first. Ryan is well-
 9

known and respected within the plastics recycling industry. Ryan holds a Master of Industrial
Relations degree and a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Queens University and post-
graduate certificates from the Harvard Law Schools Program of Instruction for Lawyers and
from the Master Brewers Association of America in Packaging Technology.

Technologies has developed a proprietary modular production process and catalyst that
enables the conversion of PE plastics, including recycled HDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, into
industrial waxes and other industrial additive products. Waxes are an ingredient in many
industrial product applications such as roofing products, road rejuvenation, hot melt
adhesives, emulsions, composite lumber, carton coating to name only a few. Recovered
agricultural plastics present a great feedstock opportunity for this process. The sample of wax
is shown in shown in Figure 2.1

Fig. 2.1 Sample of waxes

CHAPTER 3

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS, SPECIFICATION AND

LABORATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WAXES
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This chapter describes the classification of wax, As natural and synthetic type. And Raw
material availability and Required Utility for final product. and Laboratory research and
development of waxes from waste plastics (LDPE).

3.1 Classification:
To classify waxes in a purely chemical sense has not become easier with the advances made
in the wax industry. (Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 6 th edition, vol. 39). The
study of the structure of waxes has contributed much to the understanding of their chemical
and physical nature, but on the other hand, a classification on a purely chemical basis has
become more and more difficult. Thus, the classification given here has to serve the practical
purposes of the classification of the wax industry. Table 3.1 describe the types of waxes with
their relevant examples.

Natural waxes Synthetic waxes

Bees wax Polyethylene wax
Carnauba wax Polypropylene wax
Ozokerite wax PTFE wax
Spermaceti wax Amide wax
Shellac wax Petroleum wax
Japan wax Montan wax
Polymeric wax
Table 3.1 Popular natural and synthetic waxes

True natural waxes are Vegetable wax, Animal wax and Mineral (bituminous or fossil) wax.
In the Natural wax most common is Carnauba wax, it shown in figure 3.1. Carnauba wax
comes from a Brazilian palm tree called Copernica Cerifera and is derived from the fronds,
which are cut, shredded and dried. The wax then flakes off in a powdery form, which is
melted, strained, purified and shaped into blocks for commercial use. Since carnauba wax is
a plant derivative, it will not damage a car's paint job and protects automobiles from weather
 11

and sun damage the same way it does palm fronds in the wild. Carnauba wax provides an
excellent barrier against bird droppings, bugs and acid rain, and keeps a car looking like new.

Fig. 3.1 Carnauba (Natural) waxes

Carnauaba wax is also used in many other products, In Food including dental floss, paper
cups (the wax lining keeps them water-tight), floor polish and deodorant. used in makeup and
personal care products to prevent liquid and oil elements from separating.

Where the other side in synthetic wax many types of waxes available, from that Polyethylene
wax is more popular and its wide ranges of applications. The crystalline structure of
polyethylene wax is shown in Figure 3.2.
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Fig. 3.2 Polyethylene waxes

The large number of fields of application. In particular, highly crystalline waxes are
attracting increasing interest for admixing to produce abrasion-resistant printing inks, for
paint flatting and for the preparation of emulsifiable waxes for cleaning materials.

3.2 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS, UTILITY AND

AVAILABILITY

The Raw Materials Are use, higher molecular weight polyethylene in form of plastic bags
and thin films. HDPE (high density polyethylene, LDPE (low density polyethylene). PP
(polypropylene) can be used as Raw material. Depending upon different properties and grade
of wax these Raw materials can be selected to processed a final product.
 13

About 1.2 tons of Polyethylene Yield of 92.5 to 93 % of Polyethylene wax. On the basis of
One tones of Polyethylene wax. Utilities required in term of power and fuel. On the Basis
One tone of Polyethylene wax required about 300H.P of power. That is equivalent to 160
liters of Fuel. (J. Scheirs, W. Kaminsky, 2009)

3.3 LABORATORY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF WAXES

FROM WASTE PLASTICS (LDPE)

To determine a possibility of production of waxes from the polyolefin waste plastics, some
research of the thermal decomposition of such plastics materials towards obtaining mainly
wax-related fractions was made. The research also aimed at determination of requirements
for the continuous technological process of production of wax from waste plastics.

During the research, traditional extruder, capable of warming the contents up to 400C, was
applied. The contents were processed during 34 minutes, and the obtained product was,
after cooling and grinding down, subjected to this process for several times. Raw material
composed of a mixture of waste plastics, pulled out from a stream of municipal waste. The
plastics were cleaned in a water bath, and further the PET, PCV and polystyrene related
plastics were removed. As a result, polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) and, however in a
limited amount, polypropylene made up for the main fraction of the plastics mixture. The
products obtained as a result of thermal decomposition were extracted with toluene to isolate
wax-related fraction, which in turn was subjected to simulated fractional distillation
(SIMDIS). The obtained results were compared with those obtained for waxes originating
from crude oil.

In Table 3.2 some results of extraction of waxes (by the use of toluene) from the polymers
subjected to thermal decomposition were shown. (J. Scheirs, W. Kaminsky, 2009) The results
 14

show that, apart from temperature, the time of reaction is the most important factor. Time
equal to 15 minutes is too small to obtain full conversion of polymer to the low molecular
fraction. By extrapolation of these results, a conclusion may be drawn that, under conditions
mentioned above, the reaction time should be at least two times longer. This conclusion is
confirmed in the literature, where authors reported an optimum reaction time equal to 30
minutes at the temperature of 400C420C. The reaction time at a lowered temperature
must be substantially extended.

Table 3.2. Amount of extracted wax-related fractions, depending on number of cycles in the
extruder.
*each cycle about 34 minutes, process temperature 400C.

No Number of cycles * Amount of extracted wax-related fraction [%]

1 1x 15,4
2 2x 19,5
3 3x 28,2
4 4x 30,1
5 5x 63,2

** 6 hours at the temperature 300C350C

Partial degradation of polyolefin observed in case of sample 5 (Table 3.2) was also confirmed
by the results of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) Fig. 3.3 (curve 2), where peaks
of not reacted polyolefin (for comparison, curves 1 and 4 show DSC chart for LDPE 1 and
HDPE 2) and products of melting temperatures slightly higher than melting temperatures
of commercial paraffin obtained from crude oil (curve 3) can be clearly observed.
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Fig. 3.3 Sample results of DSC analysis

CHAPTER 4
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS

This chapter describes the manufacturing process of polyethylene wax. The different
properties, grades and wide ranges of applications.

4.1 MANUFACTURING PROCESS

There are many Process of manufacturing of polyethylene wax, like low pressure
polymerization, high pressure polymerization, thermal decomposition of low density of
Polyethylene, but here only thermal decomposition method is use because its economics
point of view and obtain good grades and properties of polyethylene wax.

4.1.1 By Thermal decomposition of Low Density Polyethylene

High molecular, string-like polyolefin plastics, and LDPE (low density

polyethylene) films are shown in figure 4.1. during heating in anaerobic
conditions, are being broken down to limited-molecule fragments,
characterized by wax-like properties. As a basic raw material for this
process, any type of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutene may be
applied. However, polyethylene is the most frequently used substance.

Fig. 4.1 low density polyethylene films

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This substance, stable during heating up to 290C in anaerobic conditions,

is subject to thermal decomposition above this temperature, most
effectively in 400C. Under such conditions, practically only wax-related
products of molecule mass similar to the waxes obtained as a result of
high-pressure polymerization are developed. Gas and low-boiling point
products are barely present.

The following conventional technologies, successfully used for years in the refining industry,
may be applied in production of waxes from polyolefin: thermal cracking (pyrolysis),
catalytic cracking (FCC), and hydro-cracking. Cracker cracked high molecules into small
molecules. The Molecular structure of low density polyethylene films are shown in figure
4.2. (Ukut, I. E, 2001). Thermal cracking is the most frequently used technology in case of
waste plastics materials. There are, however, two disadvantages of this method. First, high
temperatures must be applied, and second, several interim products must be further
developed and refined. On the other hand, pyrolysis of waste plastics is technologically a not
very sophisticated process.
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Fig. 4.2 Molecular structure of low density polyethylene films

Controlled thermal decomposition (350C to 400C) of different types of polyethylene in the
presence of a neutral gas is one of the basic methods for obtaining polyethylene waxes. The
products obtained in this process are characterized by complex composition. The liquid low
molecular products they contain, as well as undecomposed polyethylene, broaden the
temperature range of melting point of these kinds of waxes

Polyethylene waxes, obtained in thermal decomposition, contain n-paraffin hydrocarbons and

irregular iso-paraffin. In some products limited presence of oxygen, in the form of hydroxyl
groups, ester groups, and oxygen bonds may be observed. Final products, with molecular
mass at a level of 1000, show different capabilities according to the process parameters and
the type of de-polymerized polyethylene.

Detailed research on thermal decomposition of other polyolefin showed that the obtained
products are not substantially different, according to the mass-molecule layout, from the
polyethylene-related products. This fact shows that the development of a mixture of
polyolefin waste plastics, from which it is hard to distinguish homogeneous fractions of
particular types of plastics, may lead to obtaining of a good-quality, homogeneous waxes of
reproducible composition and contents.

4.2 Properties of Polyethylene wax

Polyethylene is an addition polymer that is created by the polymerization of ethylene

monomer units. Ethylene can be polymerized by a radical mechanism under very high
pressures and temperatures with the addition of an organic peroxide radical initiator. This
reaction is thought to proceed development of mathematical models to predict the process
behavior is important to ensure a stable operation, associated with an improvement in the
properties of the produced polymer. For initiation, usually peroxides are used. Here, a
mixture of different initiators is used; each of them decomposes into radicals depending on
the temperature. In the presence of radicals, monomer starts to react with them, forming
 19

longer and longer radicals, so-called living polymer". The third main step in the free radical
polymerization process is the termination step which ends the reaction.

The main properties of Polyethylene wax are Appearance, melting point, Specific gravity and
many others are given below.
Appearance: -Hard, white, translucent, tasteless, nontoxic, odorless.
Form: - Polyethylene wax is available as pellets, powders or flakes.
Melting point: - 97-115 C
Specific gravity: - 0.922
Other details: - Excellent stability against polishing, scratch resistance, metal mark
resistance, scuff resistance Polyethylene wax is resistant to water and chemical materials.

4.3 Grades of Polyethylene wax

Polyethylene waxes can be made in two main grades, emulsifiable and non emulsifiable
waxes. The difference between both the grades are in relation to the molecular weight.
(Secchi. A.R, Bolson. A, 2005) The products are made in the molecular weight range of
around 6000 and in the range of around 2000 to 4000.

4.3.1 High molecular weight Polyethylene wax: -

Molecular weight: 4000 and above

Properties: Melting point - more than 48 C (the difference with `oil)
Usage sector: Plastic resin

4.3.2 Low molecular weight Polyethylene wax: -

Molecular weight: Up to 4000

Properties: No chemical change at higher temperatures
Usage sector: Wax, oil
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4.4 PRODUCT APPLICATIONS

General details

Polyethylene wax and Polypropylene wax act as activator and dispersing material for
Polyethylene, Polypropylene, ABS resins. Waxes are mainly dispersions of polyethylenes
hydrocarbons, or vegetable and animal waxes in the vehicle system used. A They impart slip
and scuff resistance to ink films. Lately, polyolefin waxes are also used directly in micro-
pulverized form. (Secchi. A.R, Bolson. A, 2005). The addition of Polyethylene wax to
hydrocarbon waxes increases the melting points of such waxes to a marked degree. These
waxes are compatible with petroleum and other waxes.

Polyethylene wax emulsion

Polyethylene wax can be made in two main grades, emulsifiable and non emulsifiable ones.

Emulsifiable polyethylene wax: -

Emulsifiable polyethylene wax is an important textile processing chemical Emulsifiable

polyethylene wax is used in textile finishing, leather auxiliaries, cosmetics, crayons, polishes,
paper coating, adhesives and packing industry. It is an important textile processing chemical.

Non emulsifiable polyethylene wax: -

Non emulsifiable polyethylene wax is used as carriers for pigment concentrates, lubricants
for plastics and elastomers, paints and printing ink industry.

4.4.1 Use in textile sector

Polyethylene wax emulsions are stable softeners. Polyethylene is present in the emulsion in
the form of dispersion of fine particles in water. Usually a nonionic emulsifier is used to
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emulsify polyethylene because it is compatible with most finishing ingredients. These

emulsions tolerate the presence of acids, polyvalent metal salts, amine hydrochlorides, resin
precondensates etc. They do not yellow white fabrics, do not change the colour of dyeing and
prints and do not retain chlorine. The emulsions can be made into any desirable particle size
by varying the quantity and the type of the emulsifier.

Polyethylene wax emulsion is available as milky white emulsion, which can be readily
diluted with hot, cold or even hard water, which does not affect it since it is nonionic in
character. It is compatible with anionic, cationic and nonionic auxiliaries. It is also stable
towards metal salts and acidic catalysts normally used in resin finishing. These emulsions
give adequate fastness to washing. Use of polyethylene emulsion as to softening agent
minimizes the defects of resin finishing of cellulosic fabrics and blends and the emulsion
minimizes the reduction in strength and abrasion resistance. Polyethylene emulsion acts as
lubricating agent, imparting softness and suppleness to the treated fabric, which is fast to
repeated launderings. In the resin finishing bath, 15 to 20 kg/liter of the polyethylene wax
emulsion may be used. Polyethylene wax emulsion may be used as a pure finish, for which
the fabric may be padded through a diluted emulsion at a suitable concentration and the
required percent expression so as to deposit 1 to 5% of polyethylene on the fabric. The pad
liquor is easily prepared by diluting the polyethylene emulsion to the required volume. The
fabric is then dried.

Polyethylene wax emulsions may be applied on natural and synthetic fiber fabrics. The
treated fabrics possess improved stitch resistance, thereby facilitating the sewing operation,
even when carried out under which speed conditions. Polyethylene treatment improves the
feel of the fabric when used alone or in combination with other finishing ingredients like
quaternary ammonium compounds, silicone emulsion etc. The softener slides the yarns away
from the needle during sewing and lubricates the passage of the needle through the fabric. It
locks the fibers in position, thus giving less pilling trouble. This is important in the
processing of spun acrylic acid polyester fiber materials. It imparts good release properties to
the fabric on ironing. The effect of polyethylene on the shade and colour -fastness properties
of the dyed durable press fabric is very little.
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4.4.2 Use in food packaging sector

Low molecular weight polyethylene having wax like properties are used in conjunction with
petroleum waxes in food packaging applications. The FDA allows the use of polyethylene in
indirect food additive applications under the olefins regulation. This regulation couples a
lower molecular weight limit with certain solubility tests. Some low molecular weight
polyethylene, although meeting the molecular weight test, fail the solubility tests but are not
of the structure nor meet the molecular weight requirements of the FDA synthetic wax
regulations i.e. the polyethylene must have molecular weights of 500 to 1200. Therefore, at
least in the United States, caution is recommended when considering the use of polyethylene
with molecular weights of 1200 to 2000 in food related applications.

4.4.3 Use in coating sector

Waxes have a long history of use in printing inks, paints and coatings. They impart mark and
scratch resistance, improved slip, rub resistance and water repellency. The main
characteristics to consider when selecting a wax are its particle size, hardness and melting
point. Waxes are commonly added to a maximum level of 0.25% to 2.0% of the ink or
coating formulation.

Mar resistance: As little as 0.25 to1.0% of wax on solids content is beneficial in Nitro
Cellulose lacquers, baking enamels, organ sol coatings, acid curing and force drying finishes.
The secret to the improvement is the reduction in the coefficient of friction. Thus objects
striking the surface have a greater tendency to slide or slip over the surface than to damage it.

Anti-blocking: The presence of wax will prevent blocking in wood and metal finishes which
are stacked shortly after drying. Typical examples would be acid curing and force dyeing
finishes for wood baking enamels, varnishes for metal sheets or coils.
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Slip of formability: A key property of polyethylene is their use in other industries as external
lubricants and processing aids. The principles are applicable to the coatings industry and their
properties make them useful in metal finishes, which must undergo forming or embossing
after application.

Anti-settling and anti-sagging: Polyethylene display thixotropic behavior when dispersed in

aromatic and aliphatic solvents. This is a valuable property when they are added to
pigmented finishes, when good anti-settling characteristics are important. The thixotropic is
also useful for anti-sagging character. Thixotropic behavior is also exhibited by the EVA
copolymers and this coupled with the extremely fine particle size of EVA dispersions enables
them to be used to good effect in automotive finishes.

Flatting: Polyethylene dispersions are effective flatting agents in a wide variety of finishes.
The degree of flatting is very much dependent upon the particle size of the dispersion; this is
governed by choice of the polyethylene and the solvent or solvent mixture. As flatting agents,
they are particularly interesting as they have a fine balance of other useful properties;
excellent transparency, smoothness, soft silky feel, inertness to chemicals and non-settling
behavior.

Abrasion resistance: Waxes including Polyethylene improve abrasion resistance to a

significant degree.

Metal marking resistance: A dark mark can occur on coil coated and thermosetting acrylic
enamels if struck by a metal object. This tendency is reduced or the mark is more easily
removed, if the finish contains wax.

4.4.4 Use in inks sector

Rub resistance/scratch resistance: Waxes, including polyethylene are employed as

additives to almost every ink type which encompasses letterpress, lithographic, gravure and
flexographic. Thus, the waxes are used from dispersions in a wide variety of solvents ranging
from oils, aliphatic and aromatics to glycols and water.
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CHAPTER 5

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, IMPORT/EXPORT LEVEL AND

GLOBAL SCENARIO

The chapter contains manufacturing Industries in India and global manufactures that sold
their product in worldwide level, and their share price is also high. Chapter also describes
import and export level of product and global demand of polyethylene wax.

5.1 INDIAN MANUFACTURERS

In India, the list of industries given below are Producing Polyethylene wax. In this list some
industries are large scale and some of are small scale industries. (Fodake, V, 2007).

1. Indian Manufacturer of Polypropylene Wax

Indian Petrochemical Corporation Ltd. Recently it has been sold to Reliance Industry has
been the sole producer of Polypropylene Wax in the country.

2. Indian manufacturers of Polyethylene Wax emulsions

There are a few producers in the country who imports and formulates Polyethylene Wax
to produce Polyethylene Wax Emulsion.

Indian producers of Polyethylene Wax emulsion include the following:

* Lakshmi Industries,
Plot No.74/A, II Floor,
Kaylan Nagar, Hyderabad-500 038.

* Quinn India Ltd.,

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8-2-268/N/28/A Road No.2

"Quinn House" Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034.

* Industrial and Tanning Chemicals,

Bangalore Road, Abdullahpuram,
Vellore.

* Aksol Chemicals,
71, Sidco Indl. Estate, Ranipet 632 403

* Jaju Chemical Industries

T.P. No.4, Plot No.64
Bombay-Hyderabad Highway
Solapur

5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT LEVEL

Polyethylene wax is global useful material today because of its special properties, and mainly
the low molecular weight Polyethylene wax is more popular, The Country wise Imports of
Polyethylene wax is shown in Table 5.1 and Sample of individual imports of Polyethylene
Wax in shown Table 5.2 (Import/export level of Polyethylene wax through year 2007)
(http://www.infodriveindia.com/india-import-data/polyethylene-wax-import-data.aspx)

Present import level Around 2500 tons per annum

The Table 5.1 shown the whole import data through the year of 2007 at country level.
Table 5.1. Country wise Imports, Period April 2007 to March 2007
 26

Country Quantity in Kgs

France 2400
German F REP 392056
Italy 5660
Japan 171755
Korea RP 181755
Malaysia 165120
Qatar 122000
Singapore 13600
Switzerland 20547
Thailand 264700
UK 1292
USA 116252

The Table 5.2 shown Sample of individual imports of Polyethylene Wax Through the year
2007. Which give the idea of demand of Polyethylene wax in global market.

Table 5.2 Sample of individual imports of Polyethylene Wax Period 2007

Name of the Quantity in Value in Rs. Country Date Port

Importers tons

Polygel 30.000 574306 Malaysia 11.02.2007 Mumbai

Technos. to
(India) 19.02.2007
Hindustan 1.000 113479 U.S. 24.03.2007 Mumbai
Inks & Ltd. to
31.03.2007
Coates of 5.300 712708 U.S. 01.04.2007 Mumbai
India Ltd. to
05.04.2007
Hindustan 3.400 159683 U.S. 01.05.2007 Mumbai
Inks & to
Resins 07.05.2007
Polygel 30.000 505828 Malaysia 11.06.2007 Mumbai
Technologies to
 27

(India) 17.06.2007
Camlin Ltd. 4.100 7400 Thailand 01.08.2007 Mumbai
to
07.08.2007

5.3 Global manufacturers

The list of industries given below are well-known and their production level are high, they
are the global manufactures and they import/export their product as international level.

* Allied Signal Laminate Systems Inc.,

230, North Front Street,
P.O. Box 1448,
La Crosse, WI 54601

* Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd.,

P.O. Box 90, 3-2-5 Kasumigaseki,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100

* Hoechst AG
Societe Francaise Hoechst
Division Chime-Tour Roussel Hoechsts Cedex 3
92080 Paris-La-Defense, France

* BASF Aktiengesellschaft
Carl Bosch Strasse 38
Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
23
 28

* Huls AG
(A Veba group of company)
Referat 1122/84/45E
D-45764 Marl, Germany

* Polioles, S.A. de C.V.

Fernando Montes de Oca No.71,
Colonia Condesa, Mexico, D.F.06140, Mexico.

* Eastman Chemical Co.,

Post Box No.431, Kingsport, TN-37662

* Honeywell Specialty Chemicals,

101, Columbia Road,
Marris Town, NJ-07962

* Creanova Inc.
220, Davidson Avenue,
Somerset, NJ-08873

The growth rate in demand for Polyethylene Wax would depend upon the performance
of the industrial sectors, (Fodake, V, 2007). such as coatings, ink, adhesives and others,
whose performance in turn would depend upon the overall growth of the national economy.

Considering the above aspects, the growth rate in demand for Polyethylene Wax can be
reasonably considered as 9 to 10% per annum.

5.4 GLOBAL SCENARIO

 29

Industry considers a wax to be fatty solid with varying degrees of lubricity

and plasticity. One of the main wax types used today are the low molecular weight
Polyethylene, both homo polymers and their partially oxidized derivatives. Low molecular
weight would be defined by a number average ranging from 2000 to 5000 approximately.
(Fodake, V, 2007). This level is, of course, considerably higher than paraffins,
microcrystalline and F-T waxes. This difference renders them tougher and this, in
conjunction with their varying hardness and slip characteristics makes them ideal additives in
inks and coatings. Use level could be roughly described as concentrations ranging from 0.25
to 5% on solids. Because of the requirement of substantial plant investment, the number of
plants producing low molecular weight polyethylene have been limited. This polyethylene is
mainly produced in the United States, Japan, and Germany.

Global demand 0.25 million tons per annum

Global growth rate in demand 9 to 10% per annum

CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY

The report covers the basic and applied aspects of wax conversation from LDPE. It is an
innovative concept related to the implementation of LDPE Films by Thermal process. This
report also covers the estimate and forecast of the polyethylene wax market on a global,
regional, and country level. The study provides a decisive view of the polyethylene wax
market by segmenting it based on applications and regional demand. Application segments
 30

have been analyzed based on current trends and future potential, and the market has been
forecast from 2000 to 2002 in terms of volume (Tons) and revenue (US$). Regional
segmentation includes the current and forecast demand for North America, Europe, Rest of
Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa. These have been further sub-
segmented into countries and regions with relevance to the market. The segmentation also
includes demand for individual applications in all countries and regions.

The study analyzes various factors driving the growth of the polyethylene wax market. It also
includes restraining factors of the market. A detailed analysis of the impact of these drivers
and restraints during the forecast period has been included. Furthermore, the report evaluates
opportunities available in the market at the global and regional level. The report includes
value chain analysis to provide value addition at each stage and understand the industry
thoroughly. Value chain analysis comprises detailed evaluation of the roles of various players
involved in the polyethylene wax market, right from raw material suppliers to end-users.

References

[1] Fodake, V, Waste management and sustainable development, Wiley, Chichester, Vol. 2
(2007) 77-126

[2] J. Scheirs, W. Kaminsky (eds), Feedstock Recycling of Waste Plastics, Wiley, Chichester,
Vol. 1 (2009),17-56
 31

[3] Secchi, A.R., Bolson, A, Analysis and Optimization of LDPE Production, chemical
Engineering and its application, Vol. 1 (2005), 127-178

[4] Ukut, I. E; solid waste disposal in Nigeria, Journal of Urban Development (2001), 26-75

WEB REFERENCE:

[5]http://Conversion/20of/20Recycled/20and/20Recovered/20PE/20Films/20into/20Industria
l/20Wax/20.

[6] http://www.infodriveindia.com/india-import-data/polyethylene-wax-import-data.aspx

BOOK REFERENCE:
[7] Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 6th edition, vol. 39