Overall

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
Standard Six
TERM I
Volume 2
MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
NOT FOR SALE
Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime
A Publication Under
Free Textbook Programme of
Government of Tamilnadu
Department of School Education

First Edition - 2012
Revised Edition - 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
(Published under Uniform System of School Education Scheme in Trimester Pattern)
Textbook Prepared and Compiled by

State Council of Educational Research and Training
College Road, Chennai - 600 006.
Textbook Printing
Tamil Nadu Textbook and Educational Services Corporation
This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M Maplitho Paper
Price : Rs.
Printed by Web Offset at :
Textbook available at
www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in
II
CONTENTS
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
MATHEMATICS (1 - 82)
Number System
1. Natural Numbers & Whole Numbers 2
2. Divisors and Factors 11
3. Fractions and Decimal Numbers 32
Measurements
4. Metric Measures 61
Geometry
5. Point, Line, Line Segment and Plane 66
6. Practical Geometry 74
Answers 78
SCIENCE (83 - 151)

Biology
1. The World of Plants 86
2. Food Habits 100
Chemistry
3. Changes around us 113
Physics
4. Measurement and Motion 124
5. Magnetism 142
III
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
SOCIAL SCIENCE (152 - 200)
History
1. Prehistoric Period 153
2. Indus Valley Civilization 160
3. Ancient Tamilnadu 168
Geography
4. The Earth and the Solar System 176
Civics
5. Family and Society 187
6. Society and School 190
Economics
7. Economics - An Introduction 195
IV
1
2 NUMBER SYSTEM
Natural Numbers and Whole Numbers
MATHEMATICS 3
Chapter - 1
4 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 5
Chapter - 1
6 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 7
Chapter - 1
8 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 9
Chapter - 1
10 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 11
Chapter - 2
which is correct ?
12 NUMBER SYSTEM
Divisors and Factors
MATHEMATICS 13
Chapter - 2
6 3
1 6 2 6
6 6
0 0
2 1
3 6 4 6
6 4
0 2
1 1
5 6 6 6
5 6
1 0
14 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 15
Chapter - 2
16 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 17
Chapter - 2
18 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 19
Chapter - 2
20 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 21
Chapter - 2
22 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 23
Chapter - 2
24 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 25
Chapter - 2
26 NUMBER SYSTEM
Three medical representatives meet a doctor on a particular day. The first

representative, the second representative and the third representative meet the
doctor regularly on every 10th day, 15th day and 20th day respectively. On which
day all the representatives meet the doctor?
To find out the day on which all the three of them meet the doctor together
is the LCM of these numbers.
MATHEMATICS 27
Chapter - 2
Multiples of 10 :10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,110,120
Multiples of 15 :15,30,45,60,75,90,105,120
Multiples of 20 :20,40,60,80,100,120
Common Multiples of 10,15,20 = 60,120
L.C.M of 10,15 and 20 = 60
~ Three of them meet the doctor on the 60th day.
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.
4.
28 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 29
Chapter - 2
30 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 31
32 NUMBER SYSTEM
Fractions and Decimal Numbers
MATHEMATICS 33
Chapter - 3
34 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 35
Chapter - 3
36 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 37
Chapter - 3
38 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 39
Chapter - 3
40 NUMBER SYSTEM
Add the numerators and write the

same denominator as in step 1
MATHEMATICS 41
Chapter - 3
42 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 43
Chapter - 3
44 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 45
Chapter - 3
46 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 47
Chapter - 3
48 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 49
Chapter - 3
50 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 51
Chapter - 3
52 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 53
Chapter - 3
54 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 55
Chapter - 3
56 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 57
Chapter - 3
58 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 59
Chapter - 3
60 NUMBER SYSTEM
MATHEMATICS 61
Chapter - 4
62 MEASUREMENTS
Metric Measures
MATHEMATICS 63
Chapter - 4
64 MEASUREMENTS
Metric Measures
ear
MATHEMATICS 65
66 GEOMETRY
Point, Line, Line Segment and Plane
MATHEMATICS 67
Chapter - 5
68 GEOMETRY
5.6.1 COLLINEAR POINTS
Do you know ?
MATHEMATICS 69
Chapter - 5
70 GEOMETRY
MATHEMATICS 71
Chapter - 5
72 GEOMETRY
MATHEMATICS 73
PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
74 GEOMETRY
Practical Geometry
MATHEMATICS 75
Chapter - 6
76 GEOMETRY
Practical Geometry
MATHEMATICS 77
78 ANSWERS
MATHEMATICS 79
80 ANSWERS
MATHEMATICS 81
82
SCIENCE
Standard Six
Term I
83
Note to the teacher
As we present this revised edition of the Science Textbook, we would like to

express our deepest gratitude to the learners and the teaching community for
their enthusiastic responses.
In science some concepts could be subject to change from time to time as
new theories and principles are constantly being evolved.
We have tried to present facts and concepts of science (both concrete and
abstract) in a visually appealing manner without detracting from the content.
Activity based learning is now accepted as the basis of science education.
These activities should be regarded as a means for open-ended investigation
rather than for verification of principles/content given in the textbook are has
been designed to facilitate low cost activities and experiments using locally
available materials. With a view to streamlining the activities, we have now
segregated them into three groups:
yy I Do - activities to be done by an individual learner.
yy We Do - activities to be done by a group of learners. and
yy We Observe - activities to be demonstrated by the teacher.
The third group of activities have a higher degree of difficulty or require
careful handling as it may involve dealing with chemicals, electricity etc.,
The More to know snippets in the text represents some unusual and
interesting facts or information in which the students need not be examined.
The evaluation section is nothing but another space for learning in a different
manner. As the focus is on understanding, rote learning is to be discouraged
thoroughly. Application of learnt ideas, problem solving skills and critical thinking
is to be encouraged. There could be scope for more than one answer to a
question, which should be acknowledged always.
To facilitate further reference, books and websites have been suggested
at the end of each lesson. Suggestions and constructive criticism are most
welcome. Valuable suggestions will be duly incorporated.
- Authors
sciencetextbook@gmail.com
84
Science is
Why does the sun appear only

during the daytime? Why do stars
glow only at night? Why do plants
grow towards the sunlight even
when they are kept in a room?
All the activities we undertake
to search for answers to questions
like What? Why? and How? is
known as science.
Many of the things that we use
in a day from brushing our teeth
in the morning till we sleep under
the fan at night are the gifts of
science.
Physics is the branch
of science that deals with
measurement, motion, sound,
light, electricity, electronics etc.
Chemistry deals with the study
of materials, their characteristics
(metallic, non-metallic, taste,
odour, acidic, basic etc.) and
uses.
The study of the micro-
organisms, plants and animals is
called Biology.
The branch of Biology that
deals with herbs, shrubs, climbers
and trees is called Botany and
the study of animals is known as
Zoology.
85
The World of Plants 1
We have learnt in history that early men were nomads, wandering and
hunting for food. Several thousands of years later, they settled down in one
place and learnt to cultivate food crops on their own.
Food Plants
We cultivate many crops like
paddy, millet, ragi, maize, wheat,
sugarcane, coconut and vegetables
for food.
What are the vegetables that we
buy when we visit a vegetable shop
with our parents?
Those vegetables are a part of
a plant, either a leaf or a stem or an
Paddy field unripe fruit.
sugarcane field vegetable farm
millet field coconut groove
86 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
Activity 1
We list the food items obtained from the different parts of a plant.
Food item Ingredients required Plant part used
thoor dhal, drumstick,chilli, curry seed, unripe fruit,

Sambar leaf, turmeric powder leaf, stem
Pepper rasam
Brinjal fry
In addition to vegetables, cereals, diseases. These medicines are

pulses, fruits, oils and spices are obtained from plants.
also obtained from plants. Food-
The plants that have medicinal
based industries depend on plants.
properties are known as herbal
Plants are useful to us in many ways.
plants.
They are used in the preparation
of food items such as chips, pickle,
Mani visited his grandmas house
food powder, jam etc.
during holidays. There, he bathed
Medicinal plants: with his grandpa in the canal. He
Plants are used not only as food, was affected with cold the next day.
but also as medicines to cure many He thought that his grandpa would
More to know take him to the doctor. Instead, his
grandma gave him herbal medicine
50,000 to 75,000 tons of mango
for three days and to his surprise,
pulp has been exported to foreign
he was cured of the cold completely.
countries from Krishnagiri district
of Tamilnadu every year. This
gives considerable income to
the farmers. It also increases the
income of the nation.
SCIENCE 87
Chapter - 1
Nowadays, plant-based
(( What herbal medicine would his
medicines are preferred
grandma have given to Mani?
throughout the world.
Find it out from your grandma or
To find out the medicinal values
elders at home and write about of plants researches are done
it. worldwide .
(( Know from your elders and From ancient days, plants are
write down the simple medicinal being used to cure several diseases
practices done at home to cure in our country.
stomachache, headache and The herbal plants grow naturally
fever. in forests, mountains and hills and
some are found in the road sides.
Let us learn some of the medicinal
values of herbal plants.
Our ancestors opined, Food is medicine. If we
add sufficient plants with medicinal values with our
food, we can live healthily without diseases.
Uses of Herbal plants
Pea egg plant

cures cold, cough
(Thuthuvalai)
cures jaundice Carry me seed

(Keezhanelli)
germicides, regulates
Neem
body temperature and
(Vembhu)
destroys intestinal worms.
88 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
cures mouth ulcer,

regulates body Gooseberry
temperature (Nelli)
Holy basil cures cold, cough,

(Thulasi) fever
increases sweating, Country

borage
cures cough and fever
(Karpuravalli)
Sweet flag cures abdominal

(Vasambu) diseases
used as germicide Turmeric

and cosmetic (Manjal)
Veldt grape increases appetite,

(Pirandai) cures digestive
problem
cures Ginger
digestive disorders (Inji)
Pepper cures
(Milagu) throat infection
SCIENCE 89
Chapter - 1
Let us collect the herbs in and around in our area and organise
a herbal exhibition in our class room. Let us discuss with our
peer students the name of the herbs, their medicinal value
and part of the plants used as medicines.
We grow plants not only for Some spices are also used as
food and medicine, but also for medicines. Dry ginger, mint and
ornamentation, as construction fenugreek are used as medicines
materials and for other purposes. for common cold, fever and stomach
ache. Turmeric and clove are used
Flowers and cosmetics
as antibiotics and antiseptics.
We all love beautiful flowers such
as rose, lily, jasmine, etc. Flowers Activity 2
play a key role in the preparation of
cosmetics like bathing soap, talcum Discuss with your parents or elders
powder, deodorant and perfumes. and fill up the following.
What are the ingredients needed to
prepare dry ginger coffee?
_____________________________
Method of preparation
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Uses
SPICES _____________________________
Many a time we wonder at the _____________________________
pleasant odour from the food we
cook. What is the reason for this ? It
is because of the spices that we add
to it.
Spices are obtained from many
parts of plants. By adding them to
the food, the food gets good smell
and colour.
Spices increase the amount of
food eaten and the digestion rate.
Many parts of plants such as leaves,
Kerala is known as the Spice Garden
stems and flowers are used as of India
spices.
90 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
Parts of the plants used as spices

Seed
Fenugreek (Vendayam) Fennel (Sombu) Mustard (kadugu)
Underground stem
Dry ginger (Sukku) / Ginger Turmeric (Manjal)
Unripe fruit Fruit Bark Leaves Flower bud
Cardamom Pepper Cinnamon Mint Clove

(Elachi) (Milagu) (pattai) (pudina) (Krambu)
Underground stem
Ginger and turmeric are the stems of the plant found under the ground.
These stems do the function of food storage.
SCIENCE 91
Chapter - 1
Fibre plants Leaf fibres
The dress, the jute and the gunny Fibres are obtained from the
bag we use are the products of fibre leaves of Aloevera and Pineapple.
plants. These are called as leaf fibres.
Our cotton dress is the gift from
the cotton plant. Coir ropes are
produced from the coconut fibre.
Jute fibre is obtained from the plant
Jute. It is used to make gunny bags.
Apart from this, fibre plants are also
used in making pillow, bed, mat
and mattress. Fibres are also used
to weave clothes, make nets and
handicrafts.
There are many kinds of fibres.
Fibres are classified based on the
parts of the plants from which they Aloevera Pineapple
are obtained. External fibres
Long, thin, strong strand obtained Fibres obtained from the outer
from plants is known as fibre. region of the seed are known as
Stem fibres external fibres.
Plantain fibre and Jute are eg. Cotton, Coconut, Silk cotton.
obtained from the stem of their plants.
Activity 3
Write any ten products made by

using fibres.
Plants in construction
Wood is used in building
constructions and making
furniture.
Jute
Let us know:
Nowadays Jute is cultivated not only for fibre, but also for some other pur-
poses. It is used in the preparation of bio-plastics since it has 85% of cel-
lulose. Bio-plastics are biodegradable.
92 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
Activity 4
ist the things made of wood in your house and find out from which tree
L
these are made.
S.No. Name of the item Name of the tree
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Teak: Construction Jack fruit Eucalyptus tree Mango tree

material, furniture Construction material, Oil, paper construction
Fruits materials, fruits
The part of the tree that is used Many trees grow in and around
for various construction purposes is our place. Knowing about their uses
called wood. The dark inner region of will be more useful for our life.
the stem is called heartwood and the
GIFT OF NATURE - PLANTS
outer region is called as sapwood.
Herbs, shrubs and trees are
Sapwood helps to conduct water inevitable for our life. Plants fulfil the
in plants. Heartwood gives strength basic needs such as food, clothing
and rigidity to the plant. It is stronger and shelter. Forests are necessary
than sapwood. Mostly heartwood for getting rainfall. Trees purify the
is not infected by fungus, termite, air.
borers. It is hard and resistant to Do you understand how harmful it
fungus due to the presence of gum, is to destroy trees? Let us not stop
latex, resin and oil. It is more lustrous with just learning about it, but get
and is used for building purposes. involved in constructive activities like
Sapwood is infected by fungus and
termites.
SCIENCE 93
Chapter - 1
Silk cotton tree Coconut tree Mulberry tree Pine tree

Matchstick, Thatching Tennis racket and Railway sleepers,
matchbox, construction, tender Hockey stick ship building
toys, bed, pillow coconut, coconut
(( creating gardens in the backyard and

(( planting trees in the school campus.
Extended activities:
1. Do you know that a small garden can be formed near the window
of your kitchen? Fill the bucket with soil and sow seeds of medicinal
plants, greens, coriander and tomato. Water them regularly. Thus, a
small garden can be formed in your house. Now share your gardening
experience in the classroom.
2. In countries like Japan, Russia and Cuba, vegetables are cultivated
on the open terrace. Like this, you can also get benefited by forming
garden on the open terrace of your school or house and cultivate pumpkin,
snake gourd, tomato and bitter gourd.
Willow tree: Sports Babul bark tree Sandal tree :

materials, Cricket bat (Karuvelam tree) Parts Sandal, craft, furniture
of bullock cart
94 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
Discuss in small groups and collect information and uses about
herbs, shrubs, and trees found in your surroundings.
Plants Name Uses
Fact file

1. Thickest African tree found in Zimbabwe is Boabab tree.
2. Orange trees yield fruits for about 400 years.
3. Rafflesia produces the largest flowers. The diameter of the flower is one
metre.
4. Red wood tree doesn't easily catch fire
5. From a watermelan, 6,00,000 watermelon plants can be produced and
from them watermelon weighing 180 tonne can be obtained.
Rafflesia Boabob tree Redwood tree
SCIENCE 95
Chapter - 1
Evaluation
I. Fill in the blanks:
Fruit Leaf
iy
Root
Seed
Food
Products
Flower
Vegetable Stem
96 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
II. R
earrange the letters and find out the name of the plant.
(Eg: Ricturme-Turmeric)
1. finlagerdys - ____________________
2. reeogosbry - ____________________
3. mutayhcrsnhem - ____________________
4. irragonefut - ____________________
5. werflouns - ____________________
III. Names of some useful plants are hidden in the following checker.
Find out at least ten plants and write their uses.
P E P P E R 0 S E P C A C T U S
T Q M U L B E R R Y R T H V G U
S N A K E G 0 U R D L 0 I F S T
K 0 N I 0 N W Z N 0 K M P I N E
E U C A L Y P T U S J A E I W B
N A J C D G A R L I C T G U V M
E X 0 K E B F H C A L 0 D T Q L
E N P B R I N J A L P M A N G 0
M B K L M N 0 B A N A N A Q R W
R Z M A Z C 0 C 0 N U T S X Y R
IV. Choose the correct answer

1. Plants with medicinal value are called
a) pulses b) scented plants c) medicinal plants d) barks
2. Of the following, which is the seed part of the plant used as food?
a) thoor dhal b) veldt grape c) banana d) turmeric
3. Select the food-related industry from the following
a) coir making b) gardening c) cotton cultivation d) pickle-making
4. Name the unripe fruit that we have to be consumed for blood purification.
a) gooseberry b) neem c) veldt grape d) carry me seed
SCIENCE 97
Chapter - 1
5. Name the tree used in paper industry.
a) Teak b) Eucalyptus c) Coconut tree d) Sandalwood tree
V. Match the following:
Trees Uses
Eucalyptus Parts of bullock cart
Silk cotton Railway sleepers
Coconut Tennis racket and Hockey stick
Mulberry Thatching, construction
Pine Match box
Babul bark tree Oil, papers
VI.
State whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the
statement.
1. Purple fruited pea egg plant is used as medicine for jaundice.
2. Ginger is the root of the plant.
3. Veldt grape is a medicinal plant.
4. Clove is the seed of the plant.
5. Silk-cotton tree is used to make matchbox.
VII. Fill in the blanks
arry me seed (Keezhanelli) cures _____________ (Jaundice/Anaemia)

1. C
2. Pepper cures _______________ (Throat infection / Stomach ache)

3. __________are used in the preparation of cosmetics. (Flowers / Herbs)
4. ____________used as gemicide and cosmetic. (Turmeric /Neem)
5. _
__________State is known as Garden of Spices of India.
(Kerala / Tamilnadu)
6. J ute fibre is obtained from the ____________ of plant.
(Stem / Leaf)
7. T
he soft, outer region of the stem is called as _____________
(Sap wood / Heart wood)
8. _
____________ wood is used for building purposes.
(Sap wood / Heart wood)
98 BIOLOGY
The World of Plants
9. F
ibres obtained from the outer region of the cotton, coconut are known
as _____________(External fibres / Leaf fibres)
10. _______________ cures mouth ulcer(Gooseberry/ Holy Basil)
VIII. Answer the following
1. What is the reason for the scent / odour in bathing soap and perfume?
2. W
rite about the plants and parts of the plant from which coir ropes, and
gunny bags are made.
3. Where do medicinal plants grow?
4. Name the plants that yield cooking oil.
5. Write down the benefits of adding spices in food.
6. Differentiate between heartwood and sapwood.
IX. Think and answer

ow will you explain to a foreign tourist about any five medicinal plants of
1. H
our country?
2. "Trees should not be cut off", but we cut and use trees for our various
needs. What is the solution to this contradiction?
3. Only heartwood is used to make furniture. Is it correct? Give reason?
X. Project: Some places are very popular for their products, like Tanjore for
Paddy, Madurai for Jasmine and Kumbakonam for Betel leaves.
Refer the books and write such famous places known for their
products.
further reference
Webliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/food
http://www.moomilk.com/tour.htm
SCIENCE 99
Food Habits 2
We know about the cartoon hero Obese person may appear
Popeye, don't we? In this story, stronger. But, he may not be really
Popeye, the sailor is lean and weak. healthy.
But his opponent Brutus is stout and
Chewing Gum which contains
strong. Popeye is often beaten up by
artificial sugar and colour does not
him.
provide any nutrient.
Later on Popeye consumes Food items like noodles,
spinach. It gives him immense contaminated roadside food with
strength and that's all, his opponent artificial flavour and chemicals, tinned
Brutus is defeated. and fast food are harmful to our health.
This cartoon story illustrates the Therefore it is good to avoid these
importance of greens like spinach. food items.
It is true, that the food we consume Let us learn about healthy food
must be nutritious. items and unhealthy food items.
I'm Popeye; Substances

you can watch me that provide nutrients
on Television cartoons, for the body
Video games, Advertisements are called food.
and Films.
Activity 1
List the food items that you consume in the following space provided.
Morning _______________________________________________
Afternoon________________________________________________
Night _________________________________________________
100 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
What are the various sources of food?
Food items obtained from plants and animals:
The root, stem, leaf, flower, vegetable, fruit and seed of the plants are used
as food. Different food items like milk, egg and meat are obtained from animals.
Activity 2
List the food items obtained from plants and animals in the following
table
Food items obtained from Food items obtained from
plants animals
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
______________________ ______________________
Nutrients
The constituents of the food which are essential for the body are called
nutrients. Does a food contain more than one nutrient? Do you know any food
without nutrients? Why do we need nutrients?
Types of Nutrient
Carbohydrates - Provide energy
Proteins - Help in growth
Fats - Provide energy
Vitamins - Help in physiological activities
Minerals - Act as regulators in physiological activities
Water - Transports food, regulates body temperature.
Activity 3
Take a cucumber. Cut it into small slices. Water oozes out while cutting
it! Why?
All vegetables, fruits and food items contain water in different proportion.
SCIENCE 101
Chapter - 2
Water content in vegetables, fruits Let us know
and food items:
ff Vitamins will be lost when
Name of the food Water content vegetables and fruits are
Water melon 99% washed after cutting.
Cucumber 95% ff dequate

A amount of
vitamins and minerals are
Mushroom 92% present in the peels of fruits
Milk 87% and vegetables.
Potato 75% ff e lose vitamins and
W
minerals in cereals and
Egg 73%
pulses by washing it several
A bread slice 25%
times.
Deficiency Diseases:
Diseases caused due to the deficiency of nutrients in food that we eat are
called deficiency diseases.
Deficiency diseases and their symptoms
Nutrient : Protein
Food source:
Fish, meat, egg(albumin), milk, peas, cereals
Deficiency disease(1) :
Kwashiorkar (children from 1-5 age)
Symptoms:
retarded growth, potbelly, swollen limbs.
Kwashiorkar
Nutrient : Protein
Food source:
Fish, meat, egg(albumin), milk, peas, cereals
Deficiency disease(2) :
Marasmus
Symptoms:
Thin limbs, weak appearance, enlarged
head, loss of weight, retarded physical and
mental growth. Marasmus
102 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
Vitamins
Deficiency
Nutrient Food source: Symptoms
disease
Fish liver oil, egg, milk,

ghee, butter, carrot, Defective vision,
Vitamin A Night blindness
corn, yellow fruits, blindness in dim light
greens.
Whole grains, pulses,

unpolished rice, milk, Unhealthy nerve, muscle
Vitamin B Beri-beri
fish, meat, peas, gram, fatigue
raw vegetables
Orange, lemon,
Vitamin C Scurvy Bleeding gums
gooseberry, green chillies,
tomato.
Fish-liver oil, milk, egg.

It is also synthesised
Vitamin D Rickets Weak and bow bones
by the skin with the
help of sunlight.
Vegetable oils, green

vegetables, whole Sterility and reduction of
Vitamin E Infertility
wheat, Mango, Apple, immunity
Greens
Green vegetables, Haemorrhage

Loss of excessive blood
Vitamin K Tomato, Cabbage, Egg, (blood does not
even for a small wound
Milk and milk products. clot)
Minerals
Milk, Fish, Wheat, Disintegration of

Calcium Weak bones and teeth.
Green Gram bones and teeth
Meat, Apple, Greens,

Iron Anaemia Body fatigue, Giddiness.
Dates
Milk, Iodized Salt, Prawn,

Iodine Goitre Inflammation in neck
Crab
SCIENCE 103
Chapter - 2
Scurvy Goitre
We can avoid diseases caused by deficiency by consuming
nutritious food
Balanced Diet
A food that contains all the nutrients in the right proportion is a balanced
diet. The following table shows the nutrients present in different food items.
S.No Food category Nutrients present
Cereals: Carbohydrate, protein, a small

1. Rice, Wheat, Ragi (Finger millet) Bajra amount of lipid, vitamin B,
(Pearl millet), Sorghum, Corn, Barley, Rye folic acid, iron, fibre.
Pulses:
2. High protein content, a small
Red gram, Black gram,Green gram, Horse
amount of lipid, vitamin B, folic
gram,Bengal gram, Chick pea,Pea, Soya
acid, iron, fibre
beans, Country beans etc.,
Milk and meat products:
Protein, lipid, vitamin B, cal-
Milk, Ghee, Curd, Yogurt,
3. cium
Skimmed milk,
Chicken, Liver, Fish, Egg, Mutton. Protein, lipid, vitamin B
Fruits and Vegetables:
Carotenoid, vitamin A,
4. Mango, Guava, Tomato, Papaya, Orange,
vitamin C, Iron, calcium
Water melon, Sweet lime, Grapes
A small amount of lipid,
Gooseberry, Greens, Drumstick leaves,
carotenoid, vitamin B2, folic
Coriander, Lettuce, Spring onion.
acid, calcium, iron, fibre
Carrot, Brinjal, Ladys finger,
Carotenoid, folic acid, calcium,
Capsicum, Country bean, Onion, Drum-
Iron fibre.
stick, Cauliflower.
Ghee, Oils:
5. Butter, Ghee, Vanaspathi, Cooking oils like Lipid, Essential fatty acids
Groundnut oil, Coconut oil, Gingely oil.
6. Sugar, Jaggery Carbohydrate, iron.
104 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
Let us know
Jaggery provides more benefits to the body than sugar
I will get a balanced diet in a meal when I consume one food item from
each category of the shown table.
Activity 4
Let each student write the name of any one of the grains, pulses, fruits,
vegetables, tubers and dry seeds. Then they shall be divided into small groups
for discussion. Each group shall find
(( the nutrients present in these substances.
(( whether the food substances written by the students in the small groups,
make up a balanced diet?
(( whether the same quantity and same type of food be suitable for all age
group?
(( whether it is possible to get a balanced diet at a minimum cost?
Nutrition is the mode of intake of food

Nutrition:
Preparation of starch (sugar)
How do living organisms get
by the plants with the help of
energy from these food substances?
sunlight,carbon-dioxide,water
Ingestion, digestion, absorption and
and chlorophyll is photosynthesis.
assimilation are the various stages of
nutrition. Organisms consume both
solid and liquid food substances by
various methods.
Types of nutrition
1. Autotrophic nutrition Sunlight
Mode of nutrition in which an
organism prepares its own food
Oxygen
is called autotrophic nutrition.
E.g.: Green plants, Euglena.
They prepare their own food by Carbon-dioxide
photosynthesis.
2. Heterotrophic nutrition
The mode of nutrition in which an
organism depends on other organisms
Water
for food as they cannot prepare their
own food is called heterotrophic
nutrition.
SCIENCE 105
Chapter - 2
Types of Heterotrophic nutrition Endoparasites:
Parasitic nutrition: Roundworm lives inside the
intestine of animals and human
The mode of nutrition in which
beings and derives food from it. So it
an organism depends on another
is an endoparasite.
living organism for its food and
survival is called parasitic nutrition. Saprophytic nutrition:
The plant Cuscuta depends on other In saprophytic nutrition, the
plants for food. It is an example for organism decomposes the dead plant
parasitic nutrition. and animal substances and converts
them into simple molecules and
absorbs them through their body wall.
E.g. Mushroom.
Discuss with your teacher
how do the non-green plants and
animals get their food.
3. Special type of nutrition
Plants like Nepenthes, Drosera,
and Utricularia are green in colour
Cuscuta and are autotrophic. They are found
Scientific Name : in nitrogen deficient soil. They trap
Cuscuta reflexia insects and assimilate them to get
Local Name: nitrogen from them. So they are called
Ammaiyaar koonthal/Sadathaari/ insectivorous plants.
Thanga kodi
Types of parasites:
Ectoparasites:
Organisms like headlouse,

leech, etc. are found attached to
the outer surface of the body of
other living organisms (host) and
get nourishment from the host.
These are called Ectoparasites.
Drosera
Animals based on nutrition:
Animals that feed only on plants are called herbivores. e.g. goat, cattle.
Animals that feed on other animals are called carnivores. e.g. tiger.
Animals that feed on both plants and animals are called omnivores. e.g. crow.
106 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
Activity 5
Can you write the names of animals that you know under their mode of
nutrition?
Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore
deer lion cockroach
Activity 6
We participate in a class discussion about the following ways to prevent

heart diseases / attack.
1. To be happy.
2. To maintain the body wieght according to the height of the individual.
3. To participate in games and practice proper exercises.
4. To avoid deep fried food items.
5. To avoid tobacco products in any form.
6. To eat fruits and vegetables more.
Which is a good food? containing protein and fibre, like peas,

We have to maintain our organs cabbage and greens should be added
in a good condition to lead a healthy daily.
life for a long time. It is based on the
Eating steamed fish items and
choice of food we consume.
brinjal rich in ascorbic acid, prevent
It is important to keep our internal heart diseases.
organs like heart, kidney, lungs, etc.
We have to take equal quantities
healthy. Participating in games and
of vegetables along with our food like
exercises are important for this.
rice, wheat, bajra(kambu), maize, ragi
Junk foods and fried items should etc. Fruits should also be included in
be avoided. Instead, food items our diet.
SCIENCE 107
Chapter - 2
Extended activity
the given table list the food items that you like and dislike in your diet that
In
you take everyday.
The food I like
Name of the food Nutrients Benefit
The food I dislike

Name of the food Nutrients Loss
Form small groups and discuss the content you have filled in the table
Think for a few seconds

You might have observed a variety of food items that are served in
wedding feasts and parties.
ff Are the people consuming all the food items or wasting them?
ff Is wasting the food correct ?
ff What is the reason for wasting the food items?
ff What are the remedial measures you would suggest to avoid wastage
of food ?
Activity 7
ff I list the food items that I had been eating for the past 4 days.
ff I learn about the food category present in the food items I had eaten.
ff I learn about the balanced diet and make the following changes in my
food habit.
1. To avoid aerated drinks.
2. To eat more vegetables and fruits.
3. To eat variety of grains.
I compare my list with the Balanced food chart
108 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
Activity 8
Observe and Learn
ff I learn about my Body Mass Index.(BMI)
ff I measure my height in metre by using the scale drawn by the teacher
on the wall of my classroom. I also measure my body weight in Kg.
ff I use the formula of BMI
BMI= Weight in Kg / Height2
ff By using the BMI formula, I have calculated my Body Mass Index.
for example = 35 / 1302 =20.7
Body Mass Index table
BMI value Remarks
Below 20 Underweight
20 - 24.9 Ideal weight
25 - 29.9 Overweight
above 30 Obesity
I compare the calculated BMI with the Table Value.
I participate in a classroom discussion about the Right Food Habits to maintain
my ideal body weight. I have learnt about the need of maintenance of body
weight (relevant) relative to my height.
Health is Wealth
Evaluation
I. Fill in the blanks:
1. Disease caused due to protein deficiency is____________
(Marasmus/Night blindness)
2. Deficiency of Vitamin C causes________________ (Scurvy/Rickets)
3. _________is an omnivore. (Crow/Goat)
4. Milk is rich in_________. (calcium/iron)
5. _________regulate the physiological activities. (Proteins/Minerals)
6. ____________is used to strengthen the bone. (Calcium/Iron)
7. ____________is saprophytic in nutrition. (Euglena/Mushroom)
8. Anaemia is caused due to the deficiency of_________
(iron/protein)
9. ________is synthesized by the skin with the help of sunlight.
(Vitamin B / Vitamin D)
SCIENCE 109
Chapter - 2
10. Rickets is a___________deficiency disease. ( Vitamin A / Vitamin D)
II. Fill in the blanks:
Types of nutrition
__________________ Heterotrophic nutrition __________________
Parasitic nutrition __________________
Endoparasite ____________________
III. Think and answer:

1. Observe the following picture.
Mahesh! Youve become so fat like
Nono.. I m not coming
a bloated balloon because you drink
Suresh; I dont like to play.Ill get
softdrinks while watching TV.
fever if I play.
Come lets eat this mango and play.
a) Among the two, whose attitude is correct? Why?

b) Which of the following activities will lead us to have a healthy and long life?
ff including more vegetables and fruits in the diet.
ff waking up early in the morning.
ff watching television till late night.
ff eating more fast food.
ff playing games like cricket, swimming and football.
110 BIOLOGY
Food Habits
2.Mala had inflamed and bleeding gums. Malas mother was frightened and
took her to the doctor. What would the doctor have said as a reason for this
disease? What kind of food the doctor would have prescribed to Mala?
3. Should we wash the fruits and vegetables before cutting them or after cut-
ting them? Give reasons for your answer.
4. Few food items are placed on the table. Arthy wanted to select and eat the
food which is rich in nutrients and healthy. You can help her, too.
Milk
SCIENCE 111
Chapter - 2
IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What are nutrients?
2. Mention the different kinds of nutrients and their functions.
3. Why do a few plants feed on insects?
4. What kind of food should be taken to prevent night blindness?
5. What is a balanced diet?
Let us know
(( e should avoid intake of artificially coloured sweets like kesari
W
and cotton candy. The chemicals added in it are harmful to us.
(( hen you eat food, chew and taste it. Avoid eating food while
W
watching TV or talking as you may eat more. This leads to obesity
and causes many other diseases.
(( egetables and greens should be taken raw or half-boiled. By

V
doing this, we can avoid the loss of nutrients in them.
(( ating leftover food preserved in the refrigerator leads to health

E
disorders.
(( onsuming bottled drinks, packed chips, fried food items, etc.

C
sold in shops is harmful to our health.
further reference
Webliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/food
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficiency_diseases
http://www.moomilk.com/tour.htm
http://www.diethealthclub.com
112 BIOLOGY
Changes Around Us 3
Kalpana Chawla
Kalpana Chawla was the first and night changed very fast. I went
Indian born American woman who round the whole world within one and
travelled to space in the space shuttle a half hour. The moon, moving away
Columbia. This is an excerpt from the from me, waned and waxed and then
interview given by her in the year appeared and disappeared. I felt
1997 when she returned from space. shocked and overjoyed at the same
time. All these things happened in a
Interviewer : How did you feel when
very short span of time.
you flew in the spacecraft? What were
the changes you felt in your body? How do you feel when you read her
Kalpana Chawla :- At first, I felt all statements? Isnt it wonderful? The
parts of my body losing weight. When slow and natural changes that take
this transformation overpowered place on earth seem to take place at
me, I could not feel any part of my a fast rate when we travel in space.
body. As the spaceshuttle hurled Shall we look at the changes
at high speed, a kind of fear went that happen around us? That is, the
down my spine. Before I could say, seasonal changes, occurence of day
Look at India I was crossing it. The and night due to the rotation of the
Gangetic Plains appeared to be a earth, curdling of milk, ripening of fruit,
thin line, Africa looked like a desert cooking of food, rusting of iron etc.
and the river Nile appeared to be a
thin vein on it. In about an hour and In this lesson, let us learn about
a half I revolved around the earth. I the different types of changes that
observed with wonder as the day occur.
SCIENCE 113
Chapter - 3
Look at the pictures given below and discuss in groups about the changes
taking place.
Fill in the blanks with the given hints.

1. The_______and _______of the child have increased.
2. The_______changes during day and night .
3. The _______and the_______change when a mango ripens.
(Hints: temperature, weight, taste, height, colour)
Hence changes in colour, temperature, place, shape and size of the
substances are considered as changes.
Slow and Fast Changes
Activity 1
Discuss in small groups about the time duration for the
changes to take place.
Changes Duration (few hours/ days/
weeks/months/ years)
Growth of a child
Rusting of iron
Germination of a seed
Cooking of food
Curdling of milk
My Inference: All changes take place in ________________________

(the same/different) time duration.
Changes that take place in a few hours, days, months or years are
called slow changes.
114 CHEMISTRY
Changes Around Us
Burning a piece of paper, firing crackers, glowing of an electric bulb take
place in a few seconds or minutes. dont they?
The changes that take place in a short duration of time are called
fast changes.
Fast changes
Slow Change
Activity 2
List some examples for fast change and slow change
Fast change ______________ ______________ ______________
Slow change ______________ ______________ ______________
Let us know
Trees which got buried under the earth
nearly 30 crore years ago had undergone
many changes and turned into coal.
Reversible and Irreversible Changes

Activity 3
Take a piece of paper and make a model of
rocket as shown in the picture. Shall we unfold it
after playing? Can you get back the same piece of
paper? What do you infer?
____________________________
SCIENCE 115
Chapter - 3
Activity 4
Take a balloon and inflate it by blowing air. After sometime release the
air from it. Does the balloon get back its original shape?
What do you infer? _______________________________
Inflate the same balloon and tie it using a thread.

Pierce it with a pin. Can you inflate the balloon
again?
What do you infer? ______________________
_______________________________________
Can we get back the green vegetables from the cooked ones? The batter
from Idly or dosa? Raw rice from cooked rice?
Is it possible to get back the original substances in the above changes ?

_________. (Yes/No)
In some changes, the substance can be brought back to its original
state. Such changes are called reversible change.
The change in which the substance cannot be converted back into its
original form is called irreversible change.
Let us know
You would have seen some hard metals like gold, silver,
and iron being used to make ornaments and instruments.
In this process, metals are heated, melted and cast into
desired shapes. On cooling they become hard. This is also
a reversible change.
I have seen workers laying road using a black

substance(Tar). Is melting of tar a reversible
change? or an irreversible change?
116 CHEMISTRY
Changes Around Us
Shall we classify the following changes?Reversible Irreversible
Reversible change 1. Curdling of milk Irreversible change

Melting of ice 2. Melting of ice _______________
__________________ 3. Burning of wood _______________
__________________ 4. Batter into Idly _______________
__________________ 5. Evaporation of water _______________
__________________ 6. Greying of hair _______________
Desirable and Undesirable Changes:

Are all changes that take place around us useful? Look at the pictures and
write whether the changes are useful to us or not.
Spoiling of food Blooming of bud
into flower
Rusting of iron Ripening of fruit Breaking of Glass
Changes like raining, ripening of fruits, blooming of flowers, etc. are useful to
us. Such useful changes are called desirable changes. Changes like spoiling of
food, eruption of volcano, rusting of iron, breaking of glass are not liked by us,
as they are harmful and not useful to us. Changes which are not useful to us
are called undesirable changes.
SCIENCE 117
Chapter - 3
Periodic and Non-Periodic Changes
Look at the calendar (monthly) and complete the tabular column;
New Moon Full Moon

Month
(Date /Day) (Date /Day)
How many days are there between a new moon day and a full moon day?
Do the new moon and full moon occur at regular intervals?
We understand that the new moon and full moon occur at regular intervals.
Hence the changes that occur at regular intervals are called periodic
changes.
More examples for Periodic Changes

Pendulum of a clock
Phases of Moon
Day and Night
118 CHEMISTRY
Changes Around Us
Look at the pictures given below.
Can you predict when will these changes happen?
Will they take place at regular intervals?
Eruption of volcano Earth quake
Land slide Accident
We cannot predict how and when the above given changes will occur.
So, the changes that do not occur at regular intervals are called non-periodic
changes.
Let us learn the differences between the periodic and non-periodic changes.
S.No. Periodic changes Non-periodic changes.
1. Occur at regular intervals. Do not occur at regular intervals.
Can be predicted Cannot be predicted

2.
e.g. weather. e.g. earthquake.
Exothermic and Endothermic Changes

Do the following activities and record your inference in the table.
Activity 5
1. Take a small amount of detergent powder in your palm and add water
to it. How do you feel?
2.Take a small amount of quicklime in a beaker and add water to it. Touch
the beaker. How do you feel?
SCIENCE 119
Chapter - 3
3. Take a small amount of glucose in a beaker and add water to it.

Now touch the beaker. How do you feel?
4. Take a small amount of water in a beaker. Add Ammonium Chloride

salt and stir it. Touch the beaker. How do you feel?
Experiment My inference
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
From the above activities we find that in some cases heat is liberated while
in others heat is absorbed. Changes in which heat is liberated are called
exothermic changes. E.g .burning of a matchstick, dissolution of detergent or
washing soda in water.
Changes in which heat is absorbed are called endothermic changes.
E.g. Dissolution of glucose or ammonium chloride in water.
Let us know
An invention from Nature
We can create new things by closely observing the Nature .

Invention of Velcro by George Mestral in the year 1948 is a right
example for this.
George Mestral used to go for a walk with his pet dog daily. One day
he found that some seeds were hooked on his clothes and on the fur of
his dog. He observed these seeds under a microscope and found some
hooklike structures on them. Based on this he tried to create a new
thing.
This led him to the invention of Velcro. It has tiny hooks which can
attach to the objects. Today Velcro is widely used in bags, footwear and
clothes.
120 CHEMISTRY
Changes Around Us
Extended Activities
Activity 1
Using a thermometer measure the temperature of your classroom from
morning till evening and record in the tabular column. Know the changes
in temperature.
Temperature
Day
Morning Noon Evening
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Activity 2
1. Mention the months during which we have summer season in our state.
_________________________________________
2. During which months do we have winter season?
_________________________________________
3. During which months do we have rainy season?
_________________________________________
4. Do we get the above seasons during the same months every year?
_________________________________________
5. Under what type of change do you classify these seasonal changes?
_________________________________________
Activity 3
Select two students from each class of your school and record
their age, height, and weight. See the changes in their height, weight with the
increase in their age.
Activity 4
Have you seen potmaking? The potter is making the pot by heating wet
clay. When can you get back the wet clay from the pot? (before heating /
after heating) Discuss in small groups and find the changes that take place
in this process.
SCIENCE 121
Chapter - 3
Evaluation
I. Fill in the blanks and question marks:
? ?
e.g._______
e.g._______ Reversible
Based on Change
speed
? e.g._______
On the basis
e.g._______ Based on of reversibility
time interval
Changes ?
? e.g._______
Based on heat
e.g._______ Based on
use
? ?
e.g._______
e.g._______ Desirable ?
change e.g._______
e.g._______
II.Choose the correct answer
1.Release of the compressed spring is _______
a) an irreversible change b) a reversible change
c) a non-periodic change d) an undesirable change
2. Spoilage of food is_________
a) a reversible change b) a fast change
c) an undesirable change d) a periodic change
3. Dissolution of washing soda in water is___________
a) an exothermic change b) an irreversible change
c) an undesirable change d) an endothermic change
4. Which of the following changes is non-periodic?
a) heartbeat b) earthquake
c) occurrence of day and night d) oscillation of pendulum
122 CHEMISTRY
Changes Around Us
III. Identify
the changes in the following
a) Tsunami b) Swinging
c) Occurrence of New Moon and Full Moon d) Melting of wax
IV. Answer the following
1. Give five examples for desirable and undesirable changes.
2. What type of change is an earthquake? Why?
3. What is meant by slow change?
4. What is an irreversible change? Give example.
5. Differentiate the following
a. Exothermic and Endothermic change
b. Periodic and Non-periodic change
V. Reason out the following questions
1. You have broken your favourite toy. Can you mend it ? What type of
change does this belong to?
2. Meena and Nisha were about to have their lunch in their school. Nisha
was not able to eat her lunch as her food was stale and spoiled. So Meena
shared her food with Nisha . In the above situation, what kind of change
is spoilage of food?
3. Mention any five changes that take place in your kitchen. Identify the
kind of changes each belong to
e.g. Preparation of chapathi - Slow change, desirable change,
irreversible change.
4. The pencil and eraser that you use become smaller in size after a few
days. Why? What are the different types of changes that occur?
5. Based on the changes differentiate a paper boat made by folding and a
paper boat by cutting.
further reference
Webliography:
www.simplescience.net
http://www.bbc.co.uk/school/scienceclips/ages/10-11/rev-irrev-changes.htm
http://www.learnnext.com/class6/science/changes-around-us.htm
SCIENCE 123
Measurement and Motion 4
Measurement
On a holiday Ezhil went to market Ladies finger - 1kg
with his father. First they went to a
grocers shop. Ezhils father asked for Green chillies - 100gm
the following. Onions - 2kg
Rice - 10 kg The shopkeeper weighed the
vegetables with the help of a balance.
Bengal gram - 500 gm
After buying the vegetables they
Groundnut oil - 2 litres went to a fruit stall and asked for a
Ghee - 200 millilitres dozen bananas. The shopkeeper
counted and gave them 12 bananas.
The shopkeeper used a balance
After getting them, they returned
for measuring rice and bengal gram.
home.
He measured oil and ghee with a
measuring jar. Ezhil had a doubt and asked his
They went to a flower shop and father, Whenever an item is bought
bought 5 cubits of garland. Then why it is asked for in a different way?
they went to a textile showroom and His father said, Go and prepare a list
selected a shirt material and asked of the things that we bought and the
for 2 metres. The salesman measured instruments that were used to measure
2 metres of the cloth with a metre them. I will clear your doubts. Ezhil
scale and gave them. got ready to prepare the list. Shall we
also help him?
Then, they went to a vegetable
shop and asked for the following
vegetables.
Electronic balance
Balance
124 PHYSICS
Measurement and Motion
Activity 1
Item Quantity Measuring Instrument
Activity 2
What are the instruments used to measure the following?
Discuss in small groups and write them down.
1. Shirt material __________________________
2. Sugar __________________________
3. Cooking oil __________________________
4. Tomatoes __________________________
5. Length of your science textbook __________________________
6. Time taken to reach school __________________________
7. Kerosene __________________________
8. Duration of Maths period __________________________
From the above activities, we have magnitude which has to be determined
learnt that measuring instruments like and kilogram is the unit of mass.
metre scale, balance, clock, Kilogram is a known constant quantity.
measuring jar, etc. are necessary for That is, the mass of the bag is 3 times
measuring different items. the mass of 1 kilogram.
What is measurement? Similarly, if it takes 20 minutes to
Now, shall we measure the length reach your school from home, here 20
of our classroom cupboard using a is the magnitude which has to be
metre scale? Have you measured the determined and minute is the unit of
length? If it is 2 metres then 2 is the time. Minute is a known constant
magnitude and metre is the unit of quantity. That is, the time to reach the
length. Metre is a known constant school from home is 20 times the
(accepted) quantity but the quantity constant time unit 1 minute.
2 is to be determined. Here the length Measurement is a process of
of the cupboard is two times length of comparison of an unknown quantity
1 metre. with a standard (accepted) quantity of
In the same way, can we measure the same kind. The known constant
the mass of your schoolbag using a quantity is called Unit. Here metre,
balance? If it is 3 kilograms, here 3 is kilogram and minute are units.
SCIENCE 125
Chapter - 4
The need for Standard Unit
Activity 3
With your friends measure the length of the table in your classroom in
terms of hand span. Fill up the following table.
Name of the Student The number of hand span measured
1. ___________________ ___________________
2. ___________________ ___________________
3. ___________________ ___________________
4. ___________________ ___________________
From the above activity we Fundamental quantities

observe that though the same table Length, Mass and Time are called
is measured by different students, fundamental quantities, because
each student gets a different value. they can not be expressed in terms
It is because the length of hand span of any other physical quantity. The
differs from person to person. That units which are used to measure the
is why there is a difference in the fundamental quantities are called
measurement of the length of garland fundamental units.
in cubit by you and the shopkeeper.
SI Units
Shall we individually measure the (System International Units)
length of the same table by a metre
scale? All of us get the same value. In different parts of the world
What do we infer from this? different system of units for measuring
length, mass and time were in use. A
Any measurement that gives the few systems of units are
same value for all is called Standard
measurement. The units which are 1.FPS system(Foot, Pound, Second)
used in Standard measurement are 2.CGS system(Centimetre, Gram,
called Standard units. Therefore, we Second)
infer that cubit, hand span, etc. are 3.MKS system(Metre, Kilogram,
not standard units. Metre, kilogram Second)
and second are standard units. Now In order to overcome the difficulties
shall we learn about fundamental of using different systems of units, an
quantities? International system was adopted in
126 PHYSICS
1960. This was accepted by scientists all over the world.
This system is called SI units. Shall we know the SI units of length, mass
and time?
Physical quantity SI Unit Symbol

Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Measurement of length
Draw a straight line in your

notebook. Plot two points A and B on
the line.
Measure the distance between the

two points using a scale. What you
have measured now is length. The
distance between two points is called
A B
length. The SI unit of length is metre.
To measure length we use measuring
tape, metre scale etc.
Activity 4
We shall measure the length of the following and write them
with appropriate units.
Length of your pencil _________________
Length of your thumb _________________
Length of your eraser _________________
Length of a leaf _________________
Length of your pen nib _________________
Length of the nail of your little finger _________________
Know yourself
Length of cloth required for stitching your shirt ______________.
Distance between your home and school ______________.
Distance of your neighbouring town from your home ____________.
Distance between Chennai and New Delhi _____________.
SCIENCE 127
Chapter - 4
Shall we write down the different units of length used in the above activity?
Units of length
Multiples and submultiples of length
In the above activity, larger distances such as the distance between two
places are expressed in kilometre. This is called multiple of length. We express
smaller lengths such as length of a pencil, pen nib etc. in centimetre and
millimetre. These are called submultiples.
Physical SI unit Multiples Submultiples

quantity
millimetre,
Length metre kilometre
centimetre
1 metre = 1000 millimetres
Measurement of mass 1 metre = 100 centimetres
1 kilometre = 1000 metres

Activity 5
Have you ever been to a market? How do the merchants
measure rice, pulses, vegetables etc.? What instrument do they
use to measure? In what units do they measure? Why do they
not use the units millimetre and centimetre in measuring rice,
pulses, vegetables etc.? Discuss with your friends and find out
the answer.
128 PHYSICS
From the above activity we have learnt that all quantities are not measured
by the same unit. Different units are used for measuring different quantities.
Activity 6
Among the three, a handful of rice, a handful of sand and a handful of
cotton, which one is the heaviest?
Sand is the heaviest because the amount of matter contained in sand is

more than the amount of matter contained in rice and cotton.
The mass of a body is the amount of matter contained in it. The SI unit
of mass is kilogram. We use beam balance, physical balance and electronic
balance for measuring mass.
Multiples and submultiples of mass
We use units quintal and metric

tonne to measure larger quantities
of sugarcane bundles, cotton bales,
etc. Similarly, we use units gram
and milligram to measure smaller
quantities of gold, silver, spices,
etc. These are called multiples and
submultiples of mass.
Physical balance
Activity 7
Carefully observe the wrapper of the following items and write down
masses mentioned on it.
Mass of toilet soap ________________
Mass of a packet of tea ________________
Mass of a biscuit packet ________________
Know yourself
The quantity of rice purchased per month at home____________.

The quantity of vegetables used at home per day ______________.
Physical
SI unit Multiples Submultiples
quantity
Mass kilogram quintal, metric tonne gram, milligram
SCIENCE 129
Chapter - 4
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1quintal = 100 kilograms

1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms
Measurement of time
We perform many activities in our daily life and many events also take place
but the duration of each event / activity differs from one another.
Activity 8
Look at the following activities. Discuss in small groups and
tabulate the events / activities according to their duration.
1. Time taken for bathing

2. Duration of sleep
3. Working hours of your school
4. Time taken to blink your eyes
5. Time taken for ripening of fruits
6. Time taken for a plant to grow into a tree
7. Time taken for curdling of milk
8. Time taken to weave a saree
9. Time interval between a new moon and a full moon
10. Duration between sowing the paddy until harvesting
11. Duration between the first term and the second term examination
12. Time of fall of a coconut from the tree
Events/ Events/ Events/ Events/ Events/

activities activities activities activities activities
occurring in occurring occurring in occurring in occurring in
seconds in minutes hours days / months years
130 PHYSICS
From the above events / activities, we have learnt that we use different units
for measuring time.
Time is the interval between two events. The SI unit of time is second.
For measuring time we use pendulum clock, wristwatch, wall clock, stop
clock etc. In olden days people used sundial, sand clock, water clock etc. For
measuring time accurately we use atomic clock.
Multiples and submultiples of time
Larger time intervals are expressed in minute, hour, day, week, month, year
etc. These are called multiples of time. Any time interval less than 1 second is
expressed in millisecond, microsecond etc. These are called submultiples of
time.
Physical
SI unit multiples submultiples
quantity
minute, hour, day, millisecond,
Time second
week, month, year microsecond
1 minute = 60 seconds
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 day = 24 hours
1 year = 365 1/4 days
1 second = 1000 milliseconds
1 second = 1000000 microseconds
SCIENCE 131
Chapter - 4
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer.
1. SI unit of length is __________
a) centimetre b) millimetre c) metre d) kilometre
2. The symbol for SI unit of mass is ___________
a) g b) kg c) mg d) cg
3. 1 metric tonne is equal to __________
a) 1000 kilograms b) 100 kilograms c) 1 kilogram d) 10 kilograms
4. SI unit of time is ___________
a) second b) minute c) week d) day
5.1 hour = ____________ seconds.
a) 60 b) 3600 c) 24 d) 1000
II.Fill in the blanks.
1. One metre = _________ centimetre
2. One kilometre = _________ metre
3. One quintal = _________ kilogram
4. One minute = _________ second
III. Match the following with the correct units

1. Thickness of a five rupee coin - kilometre
2. Breadth of a classroom - centimetre
3. Distance between two places - millimetre
4. Height of your friend - metre
IV. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1. The mass of gold is measured by the unit ____________
(gram/metre)
2. Rice, sugar etc are measured by the unit ____________
(milligram/kilogram)
3. Generally sugarcane is weighed by the unit____________(tonne/gram)
4. The mass of the chemicals present in a tablet are expressed in the
unit____________ (milligram/kilogram)
V. Arrange the following units in ascending order.

year, second, month, microsecond, hour, minute, week, millisecond.
132 PHYSICS
VI.Find the answer
1) Ravi took 90 minutes to draw a picture. Kumar took 1 hour to draw
the same picture. Who took more time to draw? How much more
time did he take ?
2) Thread and metre scale are provided to you, using them try to measure
the length of the given curved line AB.
B
A
VII.Answer the following questions

1. Define measurement and unit.
2. What is the significance of standard units?
3. What are fundamental quantities? Why are they called so?
4. What are the SI units of length, mass, and time? Mention their symbols.
5. Expand the following
(i) FPS (ii) CGS (iii) MKS (iv) SI
Project
1. Measure the length and breadth of your classroom and write them in
foot, hand span, centimetre and metre.
2. Make a model of a sand clock using two ink bottles. With the
model of the sand clock you have made,
a) using a clock find the time taken for the sand to completely
flow down.
b) find your pulse rate with reference to your model.
Let us know
(( The length of the largest sea animal, blue whale measures 30metres
approximately.
(( Mass of the sun = 1.99 x 1030 kilograms
(( Mass of the earth = 5.98 x 1024 kilograms
(mass of the sun is 3,20,000 times heavier than the earth)
SCIENCE 133
Chapter - 4
Motion
We observe many objects in our daily life. Some of them move from one
place to another and some of them remain stationary.
Activity 1
On your way to school, observe your surroundings and classify the
objects under
Objects in motion Objects at rest
_____________ _____________
_____________ _____________
From the above activity we have learnt that some objects move and some
remain stationary.
Can we find out whether an object is at rest or in motion only by observing

them directly?
Activity 2
Do the earth, air etc. move ? If they move, how do we know it?
We may get more information through a small group discussion.
From the above discussion, we can

actually observe that some objects
change their position with time. In
some cases, though we can not see
the objects change their position, we
come to know their motion from the
effects they make.
If an object does not change its

position with respect to time, it is said
to be stationary or at rest.
If the object changes its position

with respect to time then it is said to
be in motion. Hence motion is defined
as the change of position of an object
with respect to time.
134 PHYSICS
How do we differentiate rest and motion?
Have you travelled in a bus? When Mukilan and Selvam said, Yes,
you look out from a moving bus, do we both saw you sitting and waving.
the trees, houses, lamp posts appear From the moving bus both you and
to be stationary or in motion? Share your house appeared to be moving
your experience in small groups. backwards.
Akilan had two friends, Mugilan What do we learn from this?
and Selvam. Akilan invited his friends
to his town for a circus show. The three An object may appear to be
friends went to the circus and enjoyed stationary for one observer and
themselves. Akilan returned home. appear to be moving for another. An
His friends reached the bus terminus object is at rest in relation to a certain
and got into a bus. The bus passed by set of objects and moving in relation
Akilans house. As Akilan was in the to another set of objects. This implies
sit-out, he waved to his friends. that rest and motion are relative.
The next day when Akilan met We have learnt about rest and
his friends in school, he said, When motion. Now discuss in small groups
I was in the sit-out, I saw you in the and do this activity.
moving bus.
SCIENCE 135
Chapter - 4
Activity 3
Are the following motions same 10. Wagging tail of a dog
or different type? Discuss in small
11. Children playing in a
groups and classify. playground
1. A sprinter running a 100 m race 12. Motion of flies and mosquitoes
2. A coconut falling from a tree 13. Children playing in a swing
3. Marching of soldiers 14. Flapping of elephants ears
4. The tip of hands of a clock 15. Movement of people in a bazaar
5. M
ovement of your hand when you 16. Motion of people on a carnival
write on a notebook day
6. R
evolution of the moon around 17. Motion of a spinning top
the earth
18. Motion of opening and closing of
7. T
he movement of a ball in a foot a draw
ball match
8. R
evolution of the earth around
the sun
9. C
hildren playing on a sliding
board
Moving in a straight line
Moving in a Moving in a
random manner Motion circle
Moving back and forth/

left and right
From the above activity, we have come to know that there are different types of motion.
Types of motion
falling from a tree? What type of path
Linear motion did they take during their motion?
Did you observe the vehicle moving Likewise, When an object moves
along a straight road and a coconut along a straight line, it is said to be in
136 PHYSICS
remains the same at any point of the

circular path.
linear motion. Motion of a freely falling
body and motion of a lift are examples From this, it is clear that if an object
for linear motion. moves along a circular path,it is said
to be in circular motion. Motion of the
Circular motion tip of hands of a clock and a point
marked on the blade of the fan are
Take a stone, tie a thread to it and some more examples for circular
whirl it with your hand and observe motion.
the motion of the stone. The stone is Rotational Motion
moving along a circular path, isnt it?
In this motion we can see, in any point If a body revolves about an axis, it
in the circular path the distance of the is said to be in rotational motion.
stone from the centre of the circle
Eg.Spinning top
(hand) remains the same, doesnt it?
Motion of a fan
Similarly, let us observe the motion Motion of a merry-go-round
of a child in the merry-go-round. Here
also, the distance between the child
and the centre of the merry-go-round
SCIENCE 137
Chapter - 4
Periodic motion
If an object repeats the same type

of motion at regular intervals of time it
is said to be in periodic motion.
Random Motion
When an object moves at
different speeds and in different
directions, it is said to be in random
motion.
Eg. A fish swimming in a tank
The movement of a football

during a game
Eg.
Multiple Motion
ff M otion of a child in a swing.
ff Motion of the pendulum in a Can a body perform more than one
wall clock. type of motion at a time? We ride a
ff Motion of the string of veena bicycle. What type of motion does the
while plucking wheel perform? What type of forward
ff Motion of the moon revolving motion does the cycle perform?
around the earth The motion of the wheels of a
ff Motion of the earth revolving bicycle is rotational, whereas the
around the sun motion of the bicycle is linear. The
wheels of a bicycle perform rotational
as well as linear motion
simultaneously. Similarly, a rolling ball
and a drilling machine perform more
than one type of motion
simultaneously.
Can you think of any

Rotationa
other object performing

more than one type of
motion simultaneously?
Explain.
l motion
Linear motion
138 PHYSICS
Science Today
Robot
Issac Asimov invented robot. It is
he who named the machine as robot
(derived from Philippines language).
Robot is a human machine. We
programme (electronic signals) the
robot to do the work we want it to do.
The machinery parts of robot

follow and implement the commands
already programmed. Robots are
run by heavy batteries. Robots brain
is nothing but an electronic chip. The Robot
movements of robot are controlled
How nice would it be to have a
by electronic chip or computer.
robot to do our homework?
Nowadays well designed robots
are used for complicated and Imagine and draw the various
minute clinical surgeries. Very soon activities, a robot can do in your
we may have robots in our homes to school.
do household work.
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer.
1.Movement of a branch of a tree in air is an example for ________________

a) Linear Motion b) Circular Motion
c) Periodic Motion d) Rotational Motion
2.The motion of a rolling ball is ____________ motion
a) Circular b) Linear
c) Rotational d) Multiple
3. W
hen a bicycle is in motion, the mouth which is used to fill the air will
perform__________
a) Random motion b) Periodic motion
c) Circular motion d) All of these
SCIENCE 139
Chapter - 4
II. Look at the pictures and answer the following .
After 5 seconds
1. From the given pictures, identify objects which are,

In Motion 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________
At Rest 1.______________ 2.______________ 3.______________
2. Classify the following pictures based on the kind of motion. Among them
identify the pictures which work on more than one kind of motion.
III. Fill in the blanks .

1. The movement of the needle in a sewing machine is _____________
(linear motion, random motion)
2.
The rotation of an object about an axis is _____________
(linear, rotational motion)
3. Motion is defined as the change of _____________ of an object with
respect to time. (position, mass)
IV. Give reasons for the following.
1. Name the organ in your body which works in periodic motion.
2. Is there any difference between a child who rides on a merry-go-
round and a child who takes part in a 50m race?
140 PHYSICS
3. Name the types of motion possessed by children playing in a playground.
Give reasons.
4. What is the name of the instrument in the given picture?
Specify its uses. What type of motion does it perform while
in operation?
5. You are given a thread with a spherical bob attached to
its one end. How many different kinds of motion could you
demonstrate with this?
V. Answer the following.
1. When do you say that an object is in motion?
2. Distinguish between linear motion and circular motion.
3. What is rotational motion? Give example.
4. What is periodic motion? Give example.
Do it yourself
Spread a large sheet of white paper on the
ground and keep a little sugar on it. Ants are
likely to be attracted to the sugar and you will
find many ants crawling on the sheet of paper
soon. For any one ant, try and make a small
mark with a pencil near its position when it has
just crawled on to the sheet of paper. Keep
marking its position often a few seconds as
it moves along on the sheet of paper. After
some time, shake the paper free of the sugar
and the ants, and connect the different points
you have marked with arrows to show the
direction in which the ant was moving. Each point you have marked shows
where the ant moved to, in intervals of a few seconds.
Motion seems to be some kind of a change in the position of an object
with time, isn't it?
further reference
Webliography:
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/motion/types-
motion.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/measurement
www.arvindguptatoys.com
SCIENCE 141
Magnetism 5
Because the magnets are attached
You might have seen magnets.
to the pin-holder and the refrigerator.
Have you ever enjoyed playing with
them? Already we know that magnet
attracts pins, iron pieces and iron
particles in sand. Cranes are used to
lift heavy iron loads. Powerful magnets
are used in cranes.
Powerful electromagnets are used
to operate electromagnetic trains, lifts
and escalators.
Discovery of magnets
Why do the pins stick to the pin

holder placed on headmaster's /
headmistress's table?
How magnets were discovered? It

is an interesting story.
There was a region called Asia
Minor, where there was a town called
Magnesia. It was full of mountains,
rocks and plateaus. The only
occupation for the people was grazing
the cattIe. There was a shepherd
Why does the door of the named Magnes. In those days there
refrigerator get stuck automatically was no school in the town. So he went
when it is very close to the refrigerator. along with others to graze the cattle.
142 PHYSICS
Magnetism
After leaving the cattle to graze in regions of the world. Even before
the plains, he used to sit and take rest that the Chinese made compass for
on a big rock with his grazing stick. their navigators by using these rocks
One day, as he was sitting on the rock with attractive property. As it was
he dozed off. discovered by Magnes, they called it
When he woke up, he found the Magnet and also Magnetite.Magnetite
iron - clad stick standing erect without was the ore with attracting property
any support. His nail-studded shoes found in that region.
were sticking to the rock. Magnes
Magnetites are natural magnets.
thought that the rock was God. The
They are called magnetic stones.
whole town looked at this scene with
wonder. Natural magnets do not have a
The people witnessed that the rock definite shape. When a magnet is
freely suspended, it always comes to
attracted not only his stick but also
rest in north- south direction. That is
their iron-clad sticks. People came
why they are called leading stones or
to know that there were many rocks
lode stones.
with attracting property in several
SCIENCE 143
Chapter - 5
After learning the method of changing the piece of iron into magnet
(magnetization) we have been making and using several kinds of magnet.
Such man-made magnets are called artificial magnets. Here some of the
shapes of artificial magnets that we use in our daily life .
Bar magnet Horse shoe magnet Ring magnet
What type of substances are attracted by magnets?

Shall we find out whether pen cap, plain pins, pencil, blade, nail, chalk piece,
iron ball, plastic scale, wooden scale and coin are attracted by magnet or not?
Shall we discuss in small groups and list them?
Substances attracted Substances not
by magnets attracted by magnets
We understand that magnet Does magnet have poles?

attracts certain substances and do Of course, it is an interesting
not attract some other substances. question. It is better to find it out
Substances that are attracted by ourselves. To perform a simple
by magnet are called magnetic experiment, it is sufficient to have iron
substances. filings and a magnet.
Iron, cobalt, nickel are magnetic When some iron filings are spread
substances. on a sheet of paper and a bar magnet
Substances that do not get is placed over it, all the filings do not
attracted by magnet are called stick to the bar magnet uniformly, but
non-magnetic substances. we find more iron filings sticking to
Paper, plastic are called both ends of the magnet. Likewise,
non- magnetic substances.
144 PHYSICS
Magnetism
more iron filings will stick to both ends Magnetic compass
of a horseshoe magnet.
The ends of a magnet have the A magnetic compass is a circular

strongest magnetic force. So most of disc on which a small needle is pivoted
the iron filings cling to the ends of the at its centre. Different directions
magnet. They are called poles of the (North, South, East, and west) are
magnet. marked on the compass.This needle
Which is north pole? Which is south can rotate freely and always point in the
pole? north-south direction.
The poles of a magnet are easily The magnetic needle always rests
found by freely suspending the in north-south direction. By using this
magnet as shown in the diagram. magnetic compass we can find out
different directions
Shall we make our own magnet?
There are several methods of
making artificial magnets.Let us learn
the simplest one.
Take a nail / a piece of Iron and
place it on a table.
A freely suspended magnet always
comes to rest in north-south direction. Now take a bar magnet and place
North seeking pole is called north one of its poles near one edge of the
pole. South seeking pole is called nail / piece of Iron and rub from one
south pole. end to another end without changing
the direction of the pole of the magnet.
The Magnetic compass has been
designed by using this directive Repeat the process for 30 to 40
property of the magnet. times.
SCIENCE 145
Chapter - 5
are brought closer, they pull towards
each other.
Like poles repel each other.
Unlike poles attract each other.
Do magnets lose their
properties ? When?
Bring a pin or some iron filings Magnets lose their properties if they
near a nail /a piece of Iron to check are heated or dropped from a height
whether it has become a magnet. or hit with a hammer.
If not, continue the same process for
some more time. When heated
Shall we find out what happens when
two magnets are brought closer? It is
very easy to understand this.
Attraction? or repulsion?
When we bring two north poles of
two bar magnets closer as shown in
the figure they move away from each
other. Similarly when the south poles
of two bar magnets are brought closer
they too move away from each other.
When a north pole of one magnet
and a south pole of another magnet
When dropped
146 PHYSICS
Magnetism
Storage of magnets
When hammered Improper storage can also

cause magnets to lose their
properties. To keep them safe,
bar magnets should be kept in
pairs with their unlike poles on
the same side. They must be
separated by a piece of wood
and two pieces of soft iron
should be placed across their
ends.
For a horse-shoe magnet a
single piece of soft iron can be
used as a magnetic keeper
across the poles.
Bar magnet Horse shoe magnet
Horse shoe
magnet
Soft iron
Bar magnet
Soft iron
Wooden
piece
Soft iron
Let us know
Magnets lose their properties if we keep it near the cassettes, mobiles,
televisions, compact disks and the computer. These materials may also get
damaged.
Fact File
1.Electromagnets are used in giant wheels.
2.In 1600, English scientist William Gilbert proposed that earth behaves like
a giant magnet.
SCIENCE 147
Chapter - 5
Science today
Shall we learn about electromagnetic train?
Electromagnetic train is also called as suspension train. In France, it
is called flying train. It does not require diesel or petrol .
The technology in which the property of magnetic attraction and
repulsion used gave birth to super fast electromagnetic trains.
How does the electromagnetic train work?
Electromagnetic trains do not have wheels.Powerful electromagnets
are attached to the bottom of the train as well as on the track. The north
pole of the electromagnet on the track faces upwards and the north pole
of the electromagnet on the train faces downwards. The north pole in
the track repels the north pole on the train and levitates the train. The
electric current that changes constantly allows a change in polarity of
electromagnets. This change in polarity pushes and pulls the train.
Electromagnetic train runs faster than ordinary train. Another
significance of electromagnetic train is that it does not make a noise. We
can see electromagnetic train in Japan, China, France, Germany and
America.
Write any 5 differences between a

train and an electromagnetic train.
(First difference is given)
1. Electromagnetic trains do not have

wheels, whereas ordinary trains
have.
2. ___________________________
3. ___________________________
4. ___________________________
Electromagnetic train 5. ___________________________
148 PHYSICS
Magnetism
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer
1. It is a natural magnet
a) Bar magnet b) Magnetite
c) Ring magnet d) Horse-shoe magnet
2. An object that is attracted by magnet.
a) wooden piece b) plain pins
c) eraser d) a piece of paper
3. The people who made mariners compass for the first time.
a) Indians b) Europeans
c) Chinese d) Egyptians
4. A freely suspended magnet always comes to rest in the _____________
direction
a) North - east b) South - west
c) East - west d) North - south
5. Magnets lose their properties when they are
a) used b)stored
c) hit with a hammer d) cleaned
6. Mariners compass is used to find the
a) speed b) displacement
c) direction d) motion
II. Circle the odd ones and give reasons .
1. Bar magnet, magnetite, ring magnet , horseshoe magnet
2. Iron nail, pins, rubber tube , needle
3. Lift, escalator, electromagnetic train, electric bulb
4. Attraction, repulsion, pointing direction, illumination
III. Think and answer
1. You are provided with a bar magnet without labelling the poles
of the magnet and iron filings. Using this.
a) How will you identify the poles of the magnet?
b) Which part of the bar magnet attracts more iron filings? Why?
2. You are provided with an iron needle. How will you magnetize it ?
SCIENCE 149
Chapter - 5
3. Two bar magnets are given in the figure A and B. By the property of attraction,
identify the North pole and the South pole in the bar magnet (B)
A B
4. Take a glass of water with a few pins inside. How will you take out the pins
without dipping your hands into water?
IV. Answer the following
1. What are artificial magnets? Draw some artificial magnets and name
them and label the poles.
2. Explain the attraction and repulsion between magnetic poles.
3. Write the properties of magnets that you know.
4. When does a magnet lose its magnetic property?
V. Write down the names of substances.

Chalk piece
Substances Substances
attracted by not attracted by
magnets magnets
Plain pins
Let us think over
With the help of your teacher find the direction in which the flagpole, principal's
room, laboratory and playground are located in your school.
further reference
Webliography:
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/magnetism.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magnetite
150 PHYSICS
I can, I did
Students Activity Record
Subject:
Sl. Lesson Topic of the

Date Activities Remarks
No No. Lesson
151
152
SOCIAL SCIENCE 153
Chapter - 1
154 HISTORY
Prehistoric Period
SOCIAL SCIENCE 155

Chapter - 1
156 HISTORY
Prehistoric Period
SOCIAL SCIENCE 157

Chapter - 1
158 HISTORY
Prehistoric Period
SOCIAL SCIENCE 159

160 HISTORY
Indus Valley Civilization
SOCIAL SCIENCE 161

Chapter - 2
162 HISTORY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 163

Chapter - 2
164 HISTORY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 165

Chapter - 2
166 HISTORY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 167

168 HISTORY
Ancient Tamilnadu
SOCIAL SCIENCE 169

Chapter - 3
170 HISTORY
Ancient Tamilnadu
The Ancient Three Tamil Kingdoms:

The Chera Kingdom:
Chera kingdom included the
whole of present Kerala and
North West - of Tamilnadu.
Chera flag. Their capital was Vanchi

(Karur),the ports were Thondi and
Musiri and their emblem was Bow and
Arrow.
The Chola Kingdom:
The Chola kingdom included
present Trichy, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai,
Nagapattinam and some parts of the
South Arcot. The famous Chola kings
were Karikal Cholan and Killivalavan.
Karikalan who ruled over two

thousand years ago conquered Eelam.
He built Kallanai on the banks of river
Cauvery with the help of captives which
is still in use. He was called Karikal
Peruvalathan.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 171

Chapter - 3
Their capital was Uraiyur, their

port was Kaviripoompattinam and their
emblem was Tiger.
The Pandya Kingdom:
The Pandya kingdom included

the places from Kanyakumari to
Madurai. The Pandyan king
M u d a t h i r u m a r a n a n d
Thalaiyalanganathu Cheruvendra
Neduncheziyan who defeated the
combined forces of seven chieftains,
lived in the Pandya kingdom. The one
who played an important role in
Silapathigaram by saying, Yano
Arasan; Yanae Kalvan (I am not a
king, I am the culprit) and established
truth was also a renowned Pandya
king. Their capital was Madurai, their
port was Korkai (Tuticorin) and their
emblem was Fish.
Ezhini, Pegan and Aay.
yan
172 HISTORY
Ancient Tamilnadu
SOCIAL SCIENCE 173

Chapter - 3
174 HISTORY
Ancient Tamilnadu
. Land and areas around the land. Who am I ?

. Mountain and areas around the mountains. Who am I ?
. Forests and areas around the forests. Who am I ?
. Sea and areas around the sea. Who am I ?
. Draught stricken area. Who am I ?
SOCIAL SCIENCE 175

176 GEOGRAPHY
The Earth and the Solar System
SOCIAL SCIENCE 177

Chapter - 4
178 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 179

Chapter - 4
180 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 181

Chapter - 4
182 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 183

Chapter - 4
184 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 185

Chapter - 4
186 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 187
Chapter - 5
188 CIVICS
Family and Society
SOCIAL SCIENCE 189

190 CIVICS
Society and School
SOCIAL SCIENCE 191

Chapter - 6
192 CIVICS
Society and School
SOCIAL SCIENCE 193

Chapter - 6
194 CIVICS
SOCIAL SCIENCE 195
Chapter - 7
196 ECONOMICS
Economics - An Introduction
SOCIAL SCIENCE 197

Chapter - 7
198 ECONOMICS
199
STANDARD SIX
TERM II
VOLUME 2
MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
A Publication Under

Revised Edition - 2013, 2015

Textbook Printing
Price : Rs.
ii
CONTENTS
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
Everyday Arithmetic
1. Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation 2
Algebra
2. Constants, Variables and Expressions 16
Measurements
3. Measures of Time 23
Geometry
4. Angles 34
Practical Geometry
5. Constructing and Measuring Angles 40
Answers 42
SCIENCE (45 - 82)
Biology
1. Cell Structure 47
Chemistry
2. Separation of Subtances 59
Physics
3. Types of Energy 70
iii
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
History
1. The Vedic Period 84
2. Jainism and Buddhism 90
Geography
3. Rotation and Revolution of the Earth 97
Civics
4. Villages and Cities 105
5. Republic 108
iv
MATHEMATICS
Standard Six
Term II
1
Chapter - 1
1. Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation
In this chapter we are going to learn about arithmetical concepts like ratio,
proportion and variation which we consciously or unknowingly use in our daily
activities.
1.1 Introduction
We buy a pen say for 10 rupees and a pencil for 2 rupees. We say that the cost
of a pen is 5 times the cost of a pencil.
Divya is 5 years old while her sister is ten years old. Her sisters age is 2 times
that of divya or divya s age is 1 th the age of her sister.
2
In the above cases we are comparing 2 quantities of the same kind (i.e.,) cost
in rupees and age in years respectively. The comparison of 2 quantities of the same
kind by means of division is termed as Ratio.
1.2 Ratio
Ratio is a way to compare two or more quantities of the same kind
The ratio of two non-zero quantities a and b is written as a : b. It is read as
a is to b
The ratio is represented by the symbol :
a and b are called as the terms of the ratio. a is called as the antecedent and
b is called as the consequent
The ratio is represented in numbers and it does not have any unit.
Order in a ratio is important. a : b is different from b : a.
For example : there are 15 boys and 12 girls in a class.
The ratio of boys to girls is 15 : 12 while the ratio of girls to boys is 12: 15.
When two quantities a and b are compared they must be in the same unit .
For example: If a = 1m 20 cm and b = 90 cm then a must be written as 120 cm
and b= 90 cm
and the ratio a : b is 120 : 90
2 EVERYDAY ARITHMETIC
Ratio, Proportion and Direct Variation
Example : 1
The following table gives us information about Ishwarya and krithika.
S.No. Information Ishwarya krithika
1. Age 17 years 15 years

2. Height 1 m 36 cm 123 cm
3. Weight 31 kg 29 kg
4. Studying Time 4 hours 180 min
5. Speed of cycling 10 km/hr 15 km/hr
6. Playing Time 2 hours 1 hour
From the table we compare the ratios of the same kind and write the ratios as
1. The ratio of the age of Ishwarya to the age of Krithika is 17 : 15
2. The ratio of the age of Krithika to the age of Ishwarya is 15: 17
3. The ratio of the weight of krithika to Ishwarya is 29 : 31
4. The raio of studying time of Ishwarya to Krithika is 4 : 3
From the above table we see that the playing time of krithika is half of that of
Ishwarya.
We write the ratio of playing time of krithika to that of Ishwarya as 1 : 2 or
it can be expressed as a fraction 1 .
2
If the terms of a ratio have common factors we can reduce it to its lowest
terms by cancelling the common facto`.
For example from the table the ratio of speed of cycling of Ishwarya to Krithika
is 10 :15 .
The common factor is 5 and we can re write it as 2 : 3
Example : 2

Fraction Reduced
S.No. Quantity Ratio form
form form
15
1. Ratio of 15 men and 10 women 15 : 10 10
3:2
500
2. Ratio of 500 gm and 1 kg 500 : 1000 1000
1:2
125
3. Ratio of 1 m 25 cm and 2m 125 : 200 200
5:8
MATHEMATICS 3
Chapter - 1
Example : 3
1. A student has 11 note books and 7 textbooks. Find the ratio of the notebooks
to that of the text books.
Solution : Number of note books = 11
Number of text books = 7
Ratio of the notebooks to the text books = 11 : 7
Example : 4
The cost of a pen is `.8 and the cost of a pencil is `.2.50
Find (1) The ratio of the cost of a pen to that of a pencil
(2) The ratio of the cost of a pencil to that of a pen.
Solution : The Cost of a pen = `.8.00 = 8.00x100 = 800 paise
The Cost of a pencil = `.2.50 = 2.50x100 = 250 paise
Ratio Fraction Reduced
S.No. Quantity
form form form
800
1. Ratio of the cost of a pen to that of a pencil 800 : 250 250
16 : 5
250
2. Ratio of the cost of pencil to that of a pen 250 : 800 800
5 : 16
Example : 5
In a Village of 10,000 people, 4,000 are Government Employees and the remaining
are self-employed. Find the ratio of
i) Government employees to people of the village.
ii) Self employed to people of the village.
iii) Government employees to self-employed.
Solution :
Number of people in the village = 10,000
Number of Government employees = 4,000
` Self employed = 10,000 4,000 = 6,000
Fraction Lowest
S.No. Quantity Ratio form form of
form the Ratio
Government employees to 4000
1. 4000 : 10000 10000
2:5
people of the village.
Self employed to people of the 6000
2. 6000 : 10000 10000
3:5
village.
Government employees to self 4000
3. 4000 : 6000 6000
2:3
employed.
Do These
1. Express the following ratios in the lowest form:
(i) 3:5 (ii) 15:25 (iii) 22:55 (iv) 24:48
2. Express the following ratios in the lowest form:
(i) 1kg to 500g (ii) 24cm to 4m (iii) 250ml to 3litres
(iv) 45min to 2hrs (v) 30paise to 3Rs (vi) 70students to 2teachers
3. Sundar is 50 years old, his son is 10 years old. Write down the ratio between
their ages.
(i) 5 years ago (ii) At present (iii) After 5 years
4. Match the following ratios:
Column A Column B
3:4 5:15
1:3 9:12
4:5 20:30
2:7 14:49
2:3 12:15
1.3 Equivalent Ratios
Let us divide an apple into 8 equal parts and share it between Raja and Vinod in
the ratio 2: 6
The ratio 2 : 6 can be written as 2 ; 2 = 1 . We know that 2 and 1 are called as
6 6 3 6 3
equivalent fractions. Similarly we call the ratios 2: 6 and 1: 3 as equivalent ratios.
From a given ratio a : b , we can get equivalent ratios by multiplying the terms a
and b by the same non-zero number.
For example
1: 2 = 2 : 4 = 3: 6
3: 5 = 9 : 15 = 12: 20
Example : 6
Write any 5 equivalent ratios for 5 : 7
Solution :
Given ratio = 5 : 7
The ratio in fractional form = 5
7
5
The equivalent fractions of are 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 55
7 14 21 28 35 77
` The equivalent ratios of 5 : 7 are 10 : 14, 15 : 21, 20 : 28, 25 : 35 and 55 : 77
MATHEMATICS 5
Chapter - 1
Exercise : 1.1
1) Say whether the following are true or false
i) The ratios of 4 pens to 6 pens is 4 : 6
ii) In a class of 50 students, the ratio between 30 girls and 20 boys is 20 : 30
iii) 3 : 2 and 2 : 3 are equivalent ratios
iv) 10 : 14 is a equivalent ratio of 5 : 2
2) Choose the correct answer :
i) The fractional form of 3 : 4 is ________
(1) 4 (2) 3 (3) 1 (4) 3.4
3 4 3
ii) The equivalent ratio of 7 : 8 is ________
(1) 14 : 16 (2) 8 : 9 (3) 6 : 7 (4) 8 : 7
iii) Simplified form of 16 : 32 ________
(1) 16 (2) 32 (3) 1:2 (4) 2:1
32 16
iv) If 2 : 3, 4 : _ are equivalent ratios, then the missing term is
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 6
v) The ratio of 1 cm to 2mm is
(1) 1:20 (2) 20:1 (3) 10:2 (4) 2:10
3) Simplify the following ratios :
(i) 20:45 (ii) 100:180 (iii) 144:216
4) Write 4 equivalent ratios for the following :
(i) 3:5 (ii) 3:7 (iii) 5:9
5) Write the ratio of the following and simplify :
(i) The ratio of 81 to 108 (ii) The ratio of 30 minutes to 1 hour and 30 minutes
(iii) The ratio of 60 cm to 1.2 m.
6) Seemas monthly income is `.20,000 and her savings is `.500. Find the ratio of
i) the monthly income to the savings
ii) the monthly income to the expenses
iii) savings to the expenses.
7) Out of 50 students in a class, 30 are boys. Find the ratio of
i) Boys to the total number of students
ii) Girls to the total number of students
iii) Boys to the Girls
8) From the given figure, find the ratio of
i) Number of triangles to Number of circles
ii) Number of circles to Number of squares
iii) Number of triangles to Number of squares
iv) Number of circles to total number of figures
v) Number of triangles to total number of figures
vi) Number of squares to total number of figures
9) Length and breadth of a rectangular field are 50 m and 15 m respectively.

Find the ratio of the length to the breadth of the field.
10) Out of 30 students in a class, 6 like football, 12 like cricket and remaining
like tennis. Find the ratio of
i) Number of students liking football to number of students liking tennis.
ii) Number of students liking cricket to number of students.
11) There are 102 teachers in a school of 3300 students. Find the ratio of the
number of teachers to the number of students.
12) Fill in the following blanks : 15 = = 10 = (Are theses equivalent
18 6 30
ratios?)
1.4 Comparison of Ratios
Since we can express ratios as a fraction ,so any given ratios can be
compared by the method used for fractions.
Let us recall when we had to compare fractions we converted the fractions to
have the same denominator.
Example : 7
Compare 3:5 and 4:7
We have to compare 3 and 4
5 7
The L.C.M of denominator 5 and 7 is 35.
3 = 3 # 7 = 21 4 = 4 # 5 = 20
5 5 7 35 7 7 5 35
21 is greater than 20
35 35
` 3 is greater than 4
5 7
Hence 3:5 is greater than 4:7
Example : 8
Divide `. 280 in the ratio 3:5
3:5 means the first quantity is 3 parts and the second quantity in 5 parts.
The Total number of parts = 3 + 5 = 8
8 parts = `.280 Parts Amount
8 280
` 1part = 280 =35
8 3 ?
` 3 parts = 3 # 35 = Rs.105 5 ?
and 5 parts =5 # 35 =`.175
MATHEMATICS 7
Chapter - 1
Example : 9
The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 4:7. If the breadth is
77cm, find the length?
Breadth = 77cm
The ratio of length to breadth is 4:7 Parts Measurements
Breadth = 7 parts 7 77
1 ?
7parts = 77cm 4 ?
1part = 77 cm = 11cm
7
length = 4 parts
4parts = 4 # 11 cm = 44cm
` Length of the rectangle = 44cm.
Example : 10
In a village of 1,21,000 people, the ratio of men to women is 6 : 5
Find the number of men and women?
Solution : Number of people in the village = 1,21,000
Ratio of men to women =6:5
Total number of parts = 6 + 5 = 11 Parts No. of people
11 parts = 1,21,000 11 121000

6 ?
1, 21, 000
` 1 part = = 11, 000 5 ?
11
` Number of men in the village = 6 # 11,000 = 66,000
` Number of women in the village = 5 # 11,000 = 55,000
Exercise 1.2
1. Which is greater (i) 2:3 (or) 3:4 (ii) 4:5 (or) 5:7
2. Which is smaller (i) 3:4 (or) 4:5 (ii) 3:7 (or) 7:9
3. (i) Divide `. 400 in the ratio 3:5
(ii) Divide 5kg 500gm in the ratio 5:6
(iii) Divide 2m 25cm in the ratio 5:4
(iv) Divide 5hours in the ratio 1:5
4. If `.6,600 is divided between Arun and Anand in the ratio 6:5, who will
get more and how much more?
5. The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 7:2. If the length is
49cm. Find the breadth?
6. The ratio of expenditure and savings in a family is 5:3. If the expenditure

is Rs3,500. What is the savings?
7. Rahim and Bhashir decides to share the gift money of competition in the
ratio 7 : 8. If they receive `.7,500. Find the share of each.
8. There are 1,00,000 voters in the city. If the ratio of male to female voters is
11 : 9, find the number of men and women voters in the city.
1.5 Proportion
When two ratios expressed in its simplest form are equal they are said to be in
proportion.
Proportion is represented by the symbol = or ::
If the ratio a: b is equal to the ratio c : d then a,b,c,d are said to be in proportion.
Using symbols we write as a: b = c: d or a: b :: c: d
Example : 11
1. Show that the ratios (i) 2 : 3, 8 : 12, (ii) 25 : 45, 35 : 63 are in proportion.
Solution : Ratio form Fraction form Simplified form
i) 2:3 2 2:3
3
8:12 8 = 2 2:3
12 3
` 2:3, 8:12 are in proportion
ii) 25:45 25 = 5 5:9

45 9
35:63 35 = 5 5:9
63 9
` 25:45, 35:63 are in proportion
Note : In the above example (ii), multiply 45 by 35 and 25 by 63
We get 25 # 63 = 45 # 35 = 1575
If a : b and c : d are in proportion then a # d = b # c
The proportion is written as a : b :: c : d
In a proportion, the product of extremes is equal to the product of means.
Example : 12
Show that 12 : 9, 4 : 3 are in proportion.
Solution : The product of the extremes = 12 # 3 = 36
The product of the means = 9 # 4 = 36
` 12 : 9, 4 : 3 are in proportion
(i.e.) 12 : 9 :: 4 : 3
MATHEMATICS 9
Chapter - 1
Example : 13
Find the missing term in 3 : 4 = 12 : ____
Solution :
The product of the extremes = The product of the means
Therefore 3 # ____ = 4 # 12 ; By dividing both sides by 3
we get the missing term = 4 # 12 = 16
3
Example : 14
Using 3 and 12 as means, write any two proportions.
Given 3 and 12 are means
So, __:3 = 12 : __
The product of the means 3 # 12 = 36
The product of Extremes must be 36
36 can be written as 2 # 18 or 4 # 9 etc,
` 2:3=12:18 4:3=12:9
Two proportions are 2:3::12:18 and 4:3::12:9
Do These
1. Using 4 and 20 as means, write two proportions.
2. Using 6 and 15 as means, write two proportions.
Example : 15
If the cost of a book is `.12, find the ratio of 2, 5, 7 books to their cost.
What do you observe from this?
No. of Fraction Simplified
Total Cost Ratio
books form form
2
2 2 # 12 = 24 2 : 24 24
1 : 12
5
5 5 # 12 = 60 5 : 60 60
1 : 12
7
7 7 # 12 = 84 7 : 84 84
1 : 12
From the above table, we find that the ratio of the number of books to the cost of
books are in proportion.
1.6 Direct Variation

Two quantities are said to be in direct variation if an increase (or decrease) in one
quantity results in increase (or decrease) in the other quantity. (i.e.) If two quantities
vary always in the same ratio then they are in direct variation.
Example : 16
Shabhana takes 2 hours to travel 35 km. How much distance she will travel in 6
hours?
Solution : When time increases the distance also increases.
Therefore, they are in direct variation
Time (hrs) Distance (km)
2 : 6 = 35 : 2
Time (hrs) Distance (km)
35
2 35
missing term = 6 # 35 = 105 6
6
?
?
2
Shabana has travelled 105 km in 6 hou`.
Example : 17
The cost of uniforms for twelve students is `.3,000. How many students
can get uniform for `.1250.
Solution :
No. of students Cost of the uniform
`.
12 3,000
? 1,250
When money spent decreases the number of uniform also drecreases.
They are in direct variation
12 : = 3000 : 1250
Missing Term = 12 # 1250 = 5
3000
5 students can be given uniform for `.1,250.
Example : 18
Verify whether the following represents direct variation.
Numbers of books 10 8 20 4
Cost (in `.) 25 20 50 10
Arrange the data in ascending order.
Numbers of books 4 8 10 20
Cost (in `.) 10 20 25 50
MATHEMATICS 11
Chapter - 1
Here the ratios are 4 = 2 , 8 = 2 , 10 = 2 , 20 = 2

10 5 20 5 25 5 50 5
` 4 = 8 = 10 = 20
10 20 25 25
Here all the ratios are equal.
` They are in direct variation.
Exercise : 1.3
1) State whether the following ratios are in proportion.
i) 1:5 and 3:15 (Yes / No)
ii) 2:7 and 14:4 (Yes / No)
iii) 2:9 and 18:81 (Yes / No)
iv) 15:45 and 25:5 (Yes / No)
v) 30:40 and 45:60 (Yes / No)
2) Choose the correct answer :

i) Which of the following pair of ratios form a proportion.
(1) 3:4, 6:8 (2) 3:4, 8:6 (3) 4:3, 6:8 (4) 4:8, 6:3
ii) Find the missing term if 2:5 = ___ : 50
(1) 10 (2) 20 (3) 30 (4) 40
iii) If the cost of 6 balls is `.30 then the cost of 4 balls is
(1) `.5 (2) `.10 (3) `.15 (4) `.20
iv) If 5,6,10 _____ form a proportion (in the same order), the missing term is
(1) 60 (2) 50 (3) 30 (4) 12
v) When you divdide 100 in the ratio 3 : 2, we get _____
(1) 30, 20 (2) 60, 40 (3) 20, 30 (4) 40, 60
3) Verify whether the following represent direct variation or not.

i) Time (in hrs) 2 5 4 3
Distance (in kms) 80 200 160 120
ii) Age (in yrs) 2 6 4 8
Weight (in kg) 3.5 10.75 15 23
iii) Principal (in Rs) 300 450 250 600
Interest (in Rs) 18 27 15 36
4) Complete the table if they are in direct variation.

i) 8 10 15 4 2
16 - - - -
ii) 5 - 12 15 10
- 28 48 - -
iii) - 20 - 15 10
45 - 60 - 15
5) Sarath buys 9 cricket bats for `.1,350. How much will Manoj spend to buy
13 cricket bats at the same rate.
6) If a person reads 20 pages from a book in 2 hours, how many pages will he
read in 8 hours at the same speed?
7) If 15 people can repair a road of length 150 metres, how many people are
needed to repair a road of length 420 metres.
8) The rent for a room for 2 months is `. 9200 what will be the rent for one year
for that room.
9) The cost of 15 chairs is `. 7500. Find the numbers of such chairs that can be
purchased for `.12,000?
10) The cost of 10 kg rice is `.400. Find the cost of 3 kg rice?
11) A car needs 12 litres of petrol to cover a distance of 156 km
How much petrol will be required for the car to cover a distance of 1300 km?
1.7 Proportion - Application.

You would have seen models of cars , aircrafts, houses etc. We see that
their dimensions have been suitably reduced and they look exactly like the actual
cars or aircrafts or buildings. How are the dimensions of these models calcu-
lated?
Take your atlas and look at the map of India showing railway route or
look at the road map of Chennai. We see that in the corner of the map it is written
scale : 1 cm = 200 km. What does this mean? It means if the distance between
Chennai and Delhi is say 11 cm the actual distance between the two cities is 11 x
200 = 2200 km.
We see that Ratio and proportion have a number of applications. you can
find many more examples of applications of ratio and proportion. Try to find a
few more.
MATHEMATICS 13
Chapter - 1
Let the actual length of a rectangular garden be a metres. and let b be

the length of the garden in a diagram. Then ratio between the actual length and
the length in the diagram be a : b
Example : 19
A map is drawn to the scale of 1cm to 200km.
(i) What is the representive fraction.
(ii) If the distance between Nellai and Chennai is 3cm on this map, what is the
actual distance between the two places?
Note the drawn length and the actual length are not in the same unit.
Therefore convert them into the same unit.
Now 200 km = 200 # 100000 cm [ a 1km = 100000cm]
= 2,00,00,000cm
(i) The representive fraction = 1
20000000
(ii) The distance between Nellai and Chennai (on the map) = 3 cm
The actual distance between Nellai and Chennai = 3 # 200 = 600 km
Exercise 1.4
1. A map is drawn in the scale 1cm to 1000km

a) Express this as a representive fraction.
b) What is the actual distance represented by 3.5cm in the map?
c) What distance on the map will represent an actual distance of 2100km?
2. A scale used in a map is 1cm to 500m.

i) Express as a representive fraction.
ii) What is the actual distance represented by 5.5cm on the map?
iii)What distance on the map will represent an actual length of 2500m?
3. Fill in the blanks .

Scale Actual Length Drawn Length
i) 1 cm = 200m 4cm
ii) 1 cm = 250m 1750m
iii) 1 cm =_____m 3700m 5cm
4. The scale of a graph is 1 cm = 200 km. (The distance 1 cm in the graph denotes
200 km in actual length). What would be the length of 3600 km on the graph?
Activity
,, Draw a rough sketch of a rectangular field of length 400m and breadth 250m
by taking a suitable scale.
,, Look at the India map showing railway routes.
Note the scale on the map and find the actual distance between
1. Chennai and Calcutta 2. Chennai and Mumbai 3. Chennai and Delhi
Project
,, Collect recipes of 2 dishes and find out how you can use them to explain
ratio and proportion.
,, ollect information about the height ,weight, study hours and play time of
C
two of your friends and express your data as ratios.
,, ollect data regarding number of students in your school and in your class ,
C
number of boys and girls in your class and in your school. Find out as many
ratios as possible from your data.
Points to remember
The comparison of two quantities of the same kind is called a ratio.

When the terms of ratio are multiplied by the same number, we get
equivalent ratios.
The equality of two ratios is called a proportion.
In a proportion, the product of extremes = product of means.
If two quantities vary in the same ratio, then they are in direct variation.
MATHEMATICS 15
2. Constants, Variables and Expressions
2.1 Introduction
We have so far dealt with numbers and shapes. We have learnt the fundamental
operations on numbers and have learnt to apply them in real life situations. The study
of numbers, their operations, properties and application is a branch of mathematics
called Arithmetic. In this chapter we are going to start learning about another branch
of mathematics called Algebra. It is an interesting branch of mathematics and one
which provides us with a powerful tool to solve puzzles and problems that occur in
science and social sciences.
Let us have a small game on numbers and learn to identify patterns .
The class may be divided into small groups and each group is asked to think of
a 2 digit number. Then the groups execute the following steps.
Check
Step 1 : Multiply the two digit number by 2.
1. 38 # 2=76
2. 76+4=80
Step 2 : Add 4 to the result 3. 80 # 5=400
4. 40020=380
Step 3 : Multiply the result by 5
Step 4: then subtract 20 from the result
Step 5: divide the result by 10.
All the groups will find that the final result they get is the same number they
had thought of.
Let all the groups compare the number they get in step 4 .
For example if there are 5 groups and the result they get are 230, 420, 380,
370,180.
They should observe the pattern that had resulted and should be able to conclude
that the result in the fourth step is always the product of the number they had taken
and 10.
16 ALGEBRA
Constants, Variables and Expressions
Do it Yourself
Think of a 3 digit number (All the three digits should not be same).
Form the largest and smallest number with the digits
Subtract the smaller number from the larger number.
Keep repeating the step till you get the same number in 2 succesive steps.
Repeat the steps with another 3 digit number.
The constant number you get is called as Kaprekar constant.
Exercise : 2.1
1) Find the missing number in the sequence. 5, 10, 15, _, 25, 30.
(i) 20 (ii) 2 (iii) 22 (iv) 23
2) Choose the next three shapes from the pattern
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv)
3.
First number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Second number 10 20 30 40 50 60
What is the pattern obtained from the table?
(i) Second number = 10 + first number. (ii) Second number = 10 first number.
(iii) Second number = 10 ' first number. (iv) Second number = 10 # first number.
MATHEMATICS 17
Chapter - 2
2.2 Introduction of constants and variables through patterns

Latha made the following triangular patterns with the match sticks she had.
1. 2. 3. 4.
To find out the total match sticks used for the above formation she prepared
the following table.
Numbers of
1 2 3 4 ....
triangles
Number of match 3 6 9 12 ....
sticks used. 3 # 1 3 # 2 3 # 3 3 # 4 ....
From the table we observe that the number of match sticks required changes
with the number of triangles formed.In each case the value of the number of
matchsticks is dependent on the number of triangles. If we represent the number of
triangles by the letter x we can write the relation as
Number of matchsticks required = 3 x x which is written as 3x

The above relation is a rule to find the number of matchsticks when x takes
values 1,2,3 .
x is an example of a variable.
When x = 2, number of matchsticks = 3 2 = 6
When x = 3 , number of match sticks = 3 3 = 9.
Hence if we need to know the number of matchsticks needed to form say 15
triangles, we need not draw the pattern or a table. We can take x = 15. Then number
of matchsticks = 3 15 = 45.
Therefore the quantity that takes different numerical values is called as a
variable. variable does not have a fixed value , its value keeps changing.
We represent variables using small case letters of the alphabet, ,b,c
x,y,z.
18 ALGEBRA
From the pattern on triangles we see that the number of match sticks used to
form a triangle remains same irrespective of the number of triangles formed.
Such a quantity which takes a fixed numerical value is called as a constant.
Example : 1
1. 2. 3.
4. 5.
Number of E
1 2 3 4 5 ....
formation
Number of 5 10 15 20 25 ....
match sticks
used 5 #1 5 #2 5 #3 5 #4 5 #5
Law obtained from the above table.
Number of match sticks used = 5 # (Number of E formation)
Number of E formation is denoted as the variable x.

Therefore, number of match sticks used = 5 # x = 5 x
Note :
Step 4 of the game at the beginning can now be written as
Result = 10 y where y is the 2 digit number initially taken.
MATHEMATICS 19
Chapter - 2
Example : 2
Look at the pattern of the Asoka tree given. The base is always formed with
two match sticks. The top portion of the tree differs in multiples of 3.
1 2 3 4 5
Number of
1 2 3 4 5 ....
top portions
Number of
3 6 9 12 15 ....
match sticks
needed for
the top portion 3#1 3#2 3#3 3#4 3#5 ....
Number of
match sticks
2 2 2 2 2
needed for
the base
Total num-
ber of match (3 # 1)+2 (3 # 2)+2 (3 # 3)+2 (3 # 4)+2 (3 # 5)+2 ....
sticks used
Law obtained from the above table,

Number of match sticks used = ( 3 # Number of top portions) + Number of
match sticks used for the base
If the number of triangular formations is denoted as the variable x,
Number of match sticks used = (3 # x) + 2 = 3x + 2
20 ALGEBRA
Exercise 2.2
1. Choose the correct answer:
a)
First
16 26 36 46 56 66
number
Second
10 20 30 40 50 60
number
Choose the law in which the above pairs are based on?
1) Second number = first number + 6
ii) Second number = first number 6
iii) Second number = first number ' 6
iv) Second number = first number # 6
b)
First number 1 2 3 4 5
Second number 9 10 11 12 13
Choose the law in which the above pairs are based on?
i) Second number = first number ' 8 ii) Second number = first number -8
iii) Second number = first number + 8 iv) Second number = first number # 8
2. If a box contains 40 apples, the total number of apples depends on the

number of boxes given. Form an algebraic term (Consider the number of
boxes as x).

3. If there are 12 pencils in a bundle, the total number of pencils depends
on the number of boxes given . Form an algebraic term (Consider the
number of bundles as b).
MATHEMATICS 21
Chapter - 2
4. From the following patterns given below, form an algebraic term.

i)
ii)
iii)
Project
,, Make one square, two squares, three squares ... ten squares using match sticks
and listout how many match sticks are required for each squares.
Points to remember
A
variable denotes the quantity that can take different numerical value.
The result changes in a rule when the variable changes its value.
Variables are denoted by small letters a, b, c, ... x, y, z...
Expressions can be related using variables.
In arithmetic and geometry, formulae are obtained using variables.
22 ALGEBRA
3. Measures of Time
Introduction
The measurement of time began when people started to observe that certain
events like rising and setting of sun, change of seasons, waxing and waning of the
moon etc. happened at regular intervals. You have learnt in your geography lessons
that the earth rotates about its axis and this rotation causes day and night. This regular
change was most obvious and was observed byastronomers. This led to the invention
of variety of devices to measure the duration of events and the intervals between
them based on the se regular changes. The time interval between successive rising of
the sun was called a day.
Study of devices measuring time is called horology
Variety of devices has been designed to measure time from early civilisations.
Egyptians and Indians have used shadow clock and water clock, Chinese have used
rope clocks and oil clocks, and Europeans have used oil, candle and sand clock. In
course of time more clocks to measure time accurately have been invented.
Shadow Clock Candle Clock Rope Clock Water Clock Sand Clock
The division of the day into 24 hours, an hour into 60 minutes and a minute into 60
seconds, probably came from the Babylonians. They divided the circular path of the
sun across the day sky, into 12 equal parts, awarded the night cycle 12 hours and
concluded a 24 hour day.
3.1 Units of time
Second, minute, hour, day, week, month and year are all units of time. Let us
learn the relationship between the units.
MATHEMATICS 23
Chapter - 3
1 minute = 60 seconds 60 seconds = 1 minute

1 hour = 60 minutes = 60 # 60 seconds
1 sec = 1 minute
= 3600 seconds 60
1 day = 24 hours = 1440 minutes (24 # 60) 60 minutes = 1 hour
= 86,400 seconds (24 # 60 # 60) 1 minute = 1 hour
60
Example : 1
Convert 120 Seconds into minutes
a 60 seconds = 1 minute
Solution:
120 seconds = 120 # 1 = 120 = 2 minutes 1 second = 1 minute
60 60 60
120 seconds = 2 minutes
Example : 2
Convert 360 minutes into hours
60 minutes = 1 hour
Solution :
360 minutes = 360 # 1 = 360/60 = 6 hours ` 1 minute = 1 hour
60 60
360 minutes = 6 hours.
Example : 3
Convert 3 hours 45 minutes into minutes
Solution : 1 hour = 60 minutes
3 hours = 3 # 60 = 180 minutes
3 hours and 45 minutes = 180 minutes + 45 minutes
= 225 minutes.
Example : 4
Convert 5400 seconds into hours
Solution : 3600 seconds = 1 hour
5400 Seconds = 5400 # 1 hour 1 hour
3600 ` 1 second =
3600
= 9 = = 1 1 hours.
3
6 2 2
5400 seconds = 1 1 hours.
2
Do it yourself
1) Convert the duration of the lunch break into seconds.
2) Convert play time in the evening into hours.
Example : 5
Convert 2 hours 30 minutes 15 seconds into seconds.
Solution : 1 hour = 3600 seconds & 2 hours = 2 # 3600 = 7200 seconds
1 minute = 60 seconds & 30 minutes = 30 # 60 = 1800 seconds
2 hours 3 minutes 15 seconds = 7200 + 1800 +15 = 9015 seconds.
24 MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
We normally denote time from 12 mid-night to 12 noon as a.m. (Ante meridiem) and
the time from 12 noon to 12 mid-night is noted as p.m. (post meridiem).
Note : We denote 4 hours and 30 minutes as 4 : 30 (or) 4 . 30. Even though we are
using the decimal point it is not a usual decimal number.
9.00 hours in the
morning is denoted
as 9.00 a.m. and 4.30
hours in the evening is
denoted as 4.30 p.m.
Exercise 3.1
1. Fill in the blanks
i) 1 hour = -----------------minutes
ii) 24 hours = -----------------day
iii) 1 minute = -----------------seconds
iv) 7 hours and 15 minutes in the morning is denoted as-------------------------
v) 3 hours and 45 minutes in the evening is denoted as--------------------------
2. Convert into seconds

i) 15 minutes ii) 30 minutes 12 seconds
iii) 3 hours 10 minutes 5 seconds iv) 45 minutes 20 seconds
3. Convert into minutes

i) 8 hours ii) 11 hours 50 minutes
iii) 9 hours 35 minutes iv) 2 hours 55 minutes
4. Convert into hours

i) 525 minutes ii) 7200 seconds
iii) 11880 seconds iv) 3600 seconds
3.2 Railway time

Study the following table. What do you observe?
MATHEMATICS 25
Chapter - 3
Train Name of the Place of Departure Arrival

Sl.No. Destination
Number Train Departure Time Time
Kanyakumari
1. 2633 Egmore Kanyakumari 17.25 hrs. 6.30 hrs.
Express
Muthunagar
2. 2693 Egmore Tuticorin 19.45 hrs. 6.15 hrs.
Express
Nellai
3. 6123 Egmore Nellai 19.00 hrs. 8.10 hrs.
Express
Pandian Madurai
4. 2637 Egmore 21.30 hrs. 6.15 hrs.
Express Junction
Rock Fort
5. 6177 Egmore Trichirappalli 22.30 hrs. 5.25 hrs.
Express
Vaigai
6. 2635 Egmore Madurai 12.25 hrs. 20.10 hrs.
Express
Pallavan
7. 2605 Egmore Trichirappalli 15.30 hrs. 20.50 hrs.
Express
We see that in the departure and arrival time we see time written as 21.30
hours, 17.25 hours etc. It is different from what we generally use like 5.30 a.m. or
5.30 p.m. The railways follow a 24 hour clock to avoid any confusion between am
and pm.
In a 24 hour clock, 12 o clock midnight is taken as zero hour. 1 o clock in the
afternoon will be 13 hours , 2 o clock as 14 hours ,.. and 11 o clock
as 23 hours.
In the following examples you will learn how to convert time in 12 hour
format to a 24 hour format and vice versa.
Example : 6
Convert the following into 24 hour format.
i) 8 a.m. ii) 12 noon iii) 5.30 p.m.
i) In this case when the time is before noon the time is same in the 12 hour
and 24 hour format. ` 8 a.m. = 8.00 hours
ii) 12 noon = 12 hours
iii) for time in the afternoon add 12 to the given time
` 5.30 pm will become 5.30 + 12 = 17.30 hours.
Example : 7
Convert the following into 12 hour format
i) 6.00 hours ii) 23.10 hours iii) 24 hours
26 MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
i) If the number is less than 12 it will be taken as am and the time remains same
` 6.00 hours = 6 .00 a.m.
ii) If it is greater than 12, 12 will be subtracted from the given time and it will be
taken as p.m.
23.10 12 = 11.10 p.m.
iii) 24 hours = 24 12 = 12 midnight
Exercise 3.2
1. Express in 24 hour format.
(i) 6.30 a.m. (ii) 12.00 midnight (iii) 9.15 p.m. (iv) 1.10 p.m.
2. Express in 12 hour format.
(i) 10.30 hours (ii) 12.00 hours (iii) 00.00 hours (iv) 23.35 hours
3.3 Calculating time interval

Deepa said to her friend Jancy that she studied for 3 hours from 8.00 a.m. to
11.00 a.m. How did Deepa calculate the duration of time as 3 hours?
Example : 8
Find the duration of time from 4.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m.
Solution :
4.00 pm = 4 + 12 = 16 hours.
4.00 am = 4 hours
` Duration of time interval = 16 4 = 12 hours
Example : 9
Cheran Express departs from Chennai at 22.10 hours and reaches Salem at 02.50
hours the next day. Find the jouney time.
Solution :
Arrival at Salem = 02.50 hrs.
Departure time form Chennai = 22.10 hrs.
(previous day)
Journey time = (24.00 22.10) + 2.50 = 1.50 + 2.50 = 4.40
` Journey time = 4 hours 40 minutes.
Example : 10
A boy went to school at 9.00 a.m. After school, he went to his friends house and
played. If he reached back home at 5.30 p.m. find the duration of time he spent out
of his house.
MATHEMATICS 27
Chapter - 3
Solution :
Starting time from home = 9.00 a.m.
Duration between starting
time and 12.00 noon = 12.00 9.00
= 3.00 hours
Reaching time (home) = 5.30 p.m
` Duration of time he spent out of his house = 3.00 + 5.30 = 8.30 hours.
Exercise 3.3
1. Calculate the duration of time
(i) from 3.30 a.m to 2.15 p.m. (ii) from 6.45 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
2. Nellai Express departs from Tirunelvelli at 18.30 hours and reaches Chennai
Egmore at 06.10 hours. Find the running time of the train.
3. Sangavi starts from her uncles house at 10.00 hours and reaches her house at 1.15
p.m. What is the duration of time to reach her house?
3.4 Leap Year
Rama was celebrating his birth day happily. His friend Dilip was sitting aloof
at a corner. Rama asked Dilip why are you sad?. Dilip replied I cant invite you
every year for my birthday. When Rama asked why, Dilip said I can celebrate
my birth day only once in 4 years. Rama exclaimed why is that so?
Because my birthday falls on 29th February replied Dilip.
Satish asked 29 February! what are you talking Dilip? But February has only
28 days. Yes Satish, generally it is 28 days. But once in 4 years February has 29
days. We call that year as a leap year. There are 366 days in a leap year and 365 days
in an ordinary year Dilip said.
Why do we have an extra day in a leap year?
I dont know. Let us ask our teacher replied Dilip.
Both went to meet their teacher and expressed their doubt. The teacher explained
the reason as follows:
You know that the earth takes one year to make one complete revolution around
the sun and 365 days make 1 year. But in fact the earth takes 365.25 days to make one
revolution.
This extra 0.25 day x 4 gives one full day. This extra one day is added to the month of
February once in 4 years. Every year that has 366 days it is called a leap year. Therefore
in a leap year February will have 29days.
28 MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
1day = 24 hours
1 week = 7 days
Know yourself 1 year = 12 months
1. Which century are we in? 1 year = 365 days
2. Which is a millennium year? 1 leap year = 366 days
10 years = 1 decade
100 years = 1 century
How will you identify a leap year? 1000 years = 1 millennium
A year which is divisible by 4 is a leap year. For example the years 1980, 2012,
and 2016 are all leap years.
100, 200 are divisible by 4. Are they leap years?
No. We have a second rule which states that years which are multiples of 100
though they are divisible by 4 have to be divisible by 400 then only the years will be
leap years.
100, 200, 300 are not leaping years while 1200, 1600, 2000 are all leap years.
Example : 11
Which of the following are leap years?
(i) 1400 (ii) 1993 (iii) 2800 (iv) 2008
solution : (i) Divide 1400 by 400 3
1400 ' 400 gives 400 1400
1200
Quotient 3, Remainder 200
` 1400 is not a leap year 498 200
4 1993
(ii) Divide 1993 by 4 16
1993 ' 4 gives Quotient 498 remainder 1 39
36
` 1993 is not a leap year.
33
32
1
(iii) Divide 2800 by 400 7
2800 ' 400 gives Quotient = 7, Remainder = 0 400 2800
502 2800
` 2800 is leap year.
4 2008 0
20
(iv) Divide 2008 by 4
08
2008 ' 4 gives Quotient = 502, Remainder = 0 08
` 2008 is leap year. 0
MATHEMATICS 29
Chapter - 3
Example : 12
Find the number of days from 15th August to 27th October.
Solution : Note :
There are 31 days in August.
Since it is given from 15th
Number of days in August = 31 14 = 17 days
August Substract 14 days
Number of days in September = 30 days
Number of days in October = 27 days (Prior to 15th) from 31 (The
Total = 74 days total number of days of the
month)
Example : 13
Convert 298 days into weeks.
Solution : 1 week = 7 days.
298 days = 298 weeks 1 day = 1 week.
7 7
` 298 days = 42 weeks and 4 days.
Example : 14
Find the number of days between 12th January 2004 and 7th March 2004.
Solution :
Find whether the given year is a leap year or not.
2004 ' 4
Quotient = 501, remainder = 0.
` 2004 is a leap year and has 29 days in February.
Number of days in January = 3112 = 19 days

Number of days in February = 29 days
Number of days in March = 6 days
Total Number of days = 54 days
` Number of days between 12th January 2004 and 7th March 2004 are 54 days.
Exercise 3.4
1. Fill in the blanks.
(i) 1 week = _________ days.
(ii) In a leap year, February has _________days.
(iii) 3 days = _________ hours.
(iv) 1 year = _________ months.
(v) 1 hour = _________ seconds.
30 MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
2. Which of the following are leap years?

(i) 1992 (ii) 1978 (iii) 2003 (iv) 1200 (v) 1997
3. Find the number of days from 4th January 1996 to 8th April 1996.
4. Find the number of days from 5th January 2001 to 28th April 2001.
5. Find the number of days between 26th February 2000 and 7th June 2000.
6. Find the number of days between 20th February 2004 and 27th May 2004.
7. Convert into weeks.
(i) 328 days (ii) 175 days
Example : 15
An office functions from 10 in the morning till 5.45 in the evening with a
lunch break in the afternoon from 12.45 to 1.30. If the office works for 6
days a week, find the total duration of working hours in a week.
Solution :
hrs. min.
The closing time of the office = 17 45 5.45 p.m. = 17.45 hrs
The opening time of the office = 10 00
1.30 p.m. = 13.30 hrs.
-----------
Time in between = 07 45 Hrs. Min.
Lunch break [13:30-12:45] = 00 45 12 90
----------- 13 30
Working hours for 1 day = 07 00 12 45
----------- 0 45
` Total working hours for 6 days = 7 # 6 hrs.
= 42 hrs.
` Total duration of working hours in a week = 42 hrs.
Example : 16
A clock is fast by 5 seconds per hour find the time that it will show at 4 p.m.
if it was adjusted to correct time at 6 a.m.
Solution :
4 p.m. = 16.00 hrs.
6 a.m . = 06.00 hrs.
-----------
Duration of time = 10.00 hrs.
-----------
MATHEMATICS 31
Chapter - 3
In 1 hr, the clock runs fast by 5sec.
In 10 hrs, it runs fast by 10 # 5sec. = 50sec.

Hence, the clock will show 50sec more than the correct time at 4 p.m.
(i.e.) at 4 p.m., the clock will show 4 hrs 00 Min 50 sec in the afternoon.
Do These
1. A bank functions from 9 in the morning till 3.30 in the afternoon with a
lunch break in the afternoon from 12.30 to 1.15. If the bank works for 6
days in a week, find the total duration of working hours in a week.
2. A clock is slow by 6 seconds. per hour. If it was adjusted to correct time at

5.a.m. find the time the clock will show at 3.00.p.m.
Activity
,, List your daily routines in 24 hour timings and convert them into 12 hour
timings.
,, Make them to find out the leap years between 1980 to 2012.
,, Divide the class into different groups. Ask them to compare their ages and
find out the eldest. Compare all the groups and find the eldest and youngest
in the class.
,, Find out the years of your birthday and family members as ordinary year or
a leap year.
Do These
1. Convert the following into seconds:

i) 2 minutes = sec
ii) 5 minutes 7 seconds = sec
iii) 2.5 minutes = sec
iv) 3.5 hrs = sec
32 MEASUREMENTS
Measures of Time
2. Convert the following into minutes

i) 30 seconds = min.
ii) 2.4 hrs = min.
iii) 1 hr. 16 min. = min.
iv) 2 days 1 hr. = min.
3. Convert the following into hours.

i) 90 minutes = hrs.
ii) 2.25 days = hrs.
iii) 2 days 14 hrs = hrs.
iv) 1 week 2days = hrs.
4. Calculate the time interval for the following

i) 4.45 p.m. to 9.50 p.m. Ans : hrs. mins.
ii) 7.15 a.m. to 7.25 p.m. Ans : hrs. mins.
iii) 2.05 p.m. to 6.45 a.m. the next day. Ans : hrs. mins.
iv) 5.36 a.m. yesterday to 9.38 p.m. today. Ans : hrs. mins.
Points to remember
Seconds, minutes, hours, day, week, month and year are the units of time.
12.00 midnight to 12.00 noon is forenoon.
12.00 noon to 12.00 midnight is afternoon.
12 hours in forenoon and 12 hours in afternoon together gives 24 hours of

railway timings.
An ordinary year has 365 days. But a leap year has 366 days.
MATHEMATICS 33
4. Angles
4.1 Introduction
Mark a point O on a sheet of paper. From O
draw two rays OA, OB as shown in the figure.
In this figure both the rays start from a single point

O. An angle is formed at O. Two rays OA, OB are
called as arms (or sides) of the angle. The common
point O is called as the vertex of the angle. The angle
is represented by a small curve as shown in the figure 1.
The figure formed by two rays with the same initial

point is called an angle.
The angle shown in fig. 1 is represented as +AOB

or +BOA . We read it as angle AOB or angle BOA.
Vertex of the angle is always written in the middle.
Sometimes the angle is represented as +O .
Observe the adjacent figure (fig.2)
fig.2
We know that rays are named by two points - one
at its start and one on the remaining portion. So, OA, OB
represent the same ray. Likewise OC, OD also represent
the same ray. Therefore, the angles can be represented
by the following ways.
+O, +COA, +DOA, +COB, +DOB, +AOC, +AOD, +BOC, +BOD
In fig.3, with O as the centre, OA rotates in the

anticlockwise direction and reaches OB .
The rotation made by the ray is called the measure of fig.3
that angle.
34 GEOMETRY
Angles
Right angle
Fold a piece of paper as shown in the

figure and unfold it. We get two intersecting
line segments. Name these as AB and CD.
These line segments make four angles at
the point of intersection O. We see that
the four angles
+AOC, +BOC, +DOB, +AOD are equal.
The measure of the
angle at 3 o clock = 90o.
Each of them is called a right angle.

Right angle measures 90o. In the fig. +XOY is a right angle
Straight angle
An angle whose measure is 180o is
called a striaght angle.
Measure of the angle

at 6 o clock = 180o.
Acute angle
An angle whose measure is greater than

0o but less than 90o is called an acute angle
Example : 2o, 10o, 37o, 80o, 89o.
Measure of the
angle at 11.55.
MATHEMATICS 35
Chapter - 4
Obtuse angle
An angle whose measure is greater than 90o and less
than 180o is called an obtuse angle
Example : 91o, 96o, 142o, 160o, 178o.
Measure of the
angle at 8 o clock.
Zero angle
If both the rays coincide, the angle formed is 0o.
Measure of the
angle at 12 o clock.
The angle traced out by the minute hand in one hour or 60 minutes = 360 degree
Hence angle traced out by the minute hand in one minute = 360 = 6 degree
60
Let number of minutes = m then the rule for calculating the angle traced in
m minutes = 6m
If m = 5 minutes then angle traced by the minute hand in 5 minutes = 6 5 = 30
degree
Exercise 4.1
1. State whether the given angles are acute, right or obtuse angle.
(i) 45o (ii) 138o (iii) 100o (iv) 175o
2. Classify the type of the angle formed by the hour hand and minute hand of a clock
for the following timings:
(i) 12.10 (ii) 4.00 (iii) 9.00 (iv) 7.45
3. Name the angles and write its kind.
(i) (ii)
36 GEOMETRY
Angles
Activity
1. Through how many degrees does the minute - hand turn in 15 minutes?
2. Through how many degrees does the minute-hand turn in 30 minutes?
3. Through how many degrees does the minute-hand turn in 1 hour?
4. Through how many degrees does the hour-hand turn in 3 hours?
5. Through how many degrees does the hour-hand turn in 6 hours?
6. Give some examples for right angle from your environment?
4.2 Complementary angles and Supplementary angles
Complementary angles
In the figure given +AOB = 90c, we know that it is a

right angle. The other angles are
+AOC = 30c, +COB = 60c. Sum of +AOC and +COB
is 90o.
(i.e) 30o + 60o = 90o

30o and 60o are complementary angles.
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 90o then they
are called complementary angles.
For Example :
When a ladder is leaning on a wall, the angles made by
the ladder with the floor and the wall are always complementary.
Example : 1
The complement of 40o = 90o 40o = 50o
Supplementary angles
In the given figure the angle formed by AB with O is a
straight angle (ie) 180o.
Here +AOC = 50c, +COB = 130c.
Moreover the sum of these two is 180o.
(i.e.) 130o + 50o = 180o
130o and 50o are supplementary angles.
MATHEMATICS 37
Chapter - 4
If the sum of measures of two angles is 180o then they

are called supplementary angles.
Example : The angles formed at the centre point of a
see-saw are always supplementary angles.
supplement of 40o = 180o 40o = 140o supplement of 78o = 180o 78o = 102o
supplement of 110o = 180o 110o = 70o supplement of 66o = 180o 66o = 114o
Exercise 4.2
1. Find the complementary angles for the following.
(i) 37o (ii) 42o (iii) 88o (iv) 0o (iv) 16o
2. Find the supplementary angles for the following.
(i) 6o (ii) 27o (iii) 88o (iv) 104o (v) 116o (vi) 146o (vii) 58o (viii) 179o
3. Find the measures of the angle from the figure.
+BOC = ______
4. State whether true or false.
(i) Measure of a striaght angle is 180o.
(ii) If the sum of the measure of two angles is 90o, then they are called
complementary angles.
(iii) Complement of 26o is 84o.
(iv) If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180o, then it is called a right
angle.
(v) The Complement of an acute angle is an acute angle.
(vi) The supplement of 110o is 70o.
5. State whether the given angles are complementary or supplementary
(i) 25o, 65o (ii) 120o, 60o (iii) 45o, 45o (iv) 100o, 80o
6. (i) Find the angle which is equal to its complement?
(ii) Find the angle which is equal to its supplement?
7. Fill in the blanks
(i) Supplement of a right angle is ................
(ii) Supplement of a acute angle is ................
(iii) Supplement of a obtuse angle is ................
(iv) Complement of an acute angle is ................
38 GEOMETRY
Angles
Project
,, Use paper folding method to form different angles and list them.
,, From your home or school environment identify different angles and

classify as acute, obtuse or right angle. For example angle formed at the
corner of a room = 90 degree.
,, Make a model of a clock and trace different angles of your choice.
Try These
1. State the type of angle (acute, right, obtuse or straight) for the following:
i) 45o Type of angle : ii) 62o Type of angle :
iii) 90o Type of angle : iv) 105o Type of angle :
v) 180o Type of angle : vi) 32o Type of angle :
vii) 155o Type of angle : viii) 162o Type of angle :
2. Calculate the complementary angles for
i) 15o complementary angle = degrees
ii) 79o complementary angle = degrees
iii) 56o complementary angle = degrees
3. a and b are complementary angles. If a = b find the value of a.
a= degrees
4. x and y are complementary angles. If x = 2y find the values of x and y.
x= degrees, y = degrees
5. Calculate the supplementary angles for
i) 56o supplementary angle = degrees
ii) 92o supplementary angle = degrees
iii) 105 supplementary angle =
o
degrees
6. a and b are supplementary angles. If a = 2b find the values of a and b.
a= degrees, b = degrees
7. x and y are supplementary angles. If x = 5y find the values of x and y.
x= degrees, y = degrees
MATHEMATICS 39
5. Constructing and Measuring Angles
5.1 Constructing and Measuring Angles

We have studied the concept of an angle and the different kinds of angle in the
previous chapter. We shall now learn how to measure and draw the given angle.
The unit for measurement of an angle is degree and an angle is measured with
the help of the protractor.

Example : 1
Construct an acute angle of 60o.
Sept 1 : Draw a line segment PA.
Sept 2 : (i) Place the protractor on the line
segment PA
(ii) Place the mid point of the protractor
at point P as shown in the figure.
Sept 3 : (i) On PA from the right start counting
from 0o in the ascending order
(anticlock wise direction and
finally mark a point Q using a
sharp pencil at the point showing
60o on the semi-circular edge of
the protractor.
(ii) Remove the protractor and join PQ
(iii) We get the required angle m+APQ = 60c
Example : 2
Construct an obtuse angle 125o
Follow the procedure given in example 1 for
step 1 and step 2
Sept 3 : (i) On PA from the right start counting from
0o in the ascending order (anticlock wise
direction ) and finally mark a point Q
using a sharp pencil at the point between
120o and 130o showing 120o on the semi-
circular edge of the protractor.
(ii) Remove the protractor and join PQ
(iii) We get the required angle m+APQ = 125c
40 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
Constructing and Measuring Angles
Exercise 5.1
1. Draw and name the following angles.
(i) 65o (ii) 35o (iii) 110o (iv) 155o (v) 69o
2. Draw and measure the angle formed by the hour and minute hand of a clock at
(i) 9 o clock (ii) 4 o clock (iii) 7 o clock (iv) 2 o clock
3. Measure and name the angles for the following figures.
4. From the given figure measure and 5. Measure the following six angles
write m+ABC, m+BCD, m+CDE in the figure given below.
1. m+AOB
2. m+AOC
3. m+AOD
4. m+BOC
5. m+BOD
6. m+COD
6. Measure and name the angles in the following figure.
Do These
1. Draw different angles and measure them.
2. Draw angles for different measures as you like.
MATHEMATICS 41
ANSWERS
Exercise 1.1
1. (i) True (ii) False (iii) False (iv) False
2. (i) 2 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 4 (v) 3
3. (i) 4 : 9 (ii) 5 : 9 (iii) 2 : 3 4. (i) 6 : 10, 9 : 15, 12 : 20, 24 : 40
(ii) 6 : 14, 12 : 28, 15 : 35, 30 : 70 (iii) 10 : 18, 15 : 27, 30 : 54, 40 : 72
5. (i) 3 : 4 (ii) 1 : 3 (iii) 1 : 2 6. (i) 40 : 1 (ii) 40 : 39 (iii) 1 : 39
7. (i) 3 : 5 (ii) 2 : 5 (iii) 3 : 2
8. (i) 1 : 2 (ii) 4 : 3 (iii) 2 : 3 (iv) 4 : 9 (v) 2 : 9 (vi) 1 : 3
9. 10 : 3 10. (i) 1 : 2 (i) 2 : 5 11. 17 : 550 12. 5, 12, 25 yes
Exercise 1.2
1. (i) 3 : 4 (ii) 4 : 5 2. (i) 3 : 4 (ii) 3 : 7
3. (i) 150, 250 (ii) 2k.g 500g, 3kg. (iii) 1m 25c.m, 1m. (iv) 50 min, 6hr 10min.
4. Arun got `. 600 more than Anand
5. 14c.m, 6. `. 2,100 7. `. 3,500, `. 4,000
8. 55,000, 45,000
Exercise 1.3
1) (i) yes (ii) No (iii) Yes (iv) No (v) Yes
2) (i) 1 (ii) 2 (iii) 4 (iv) 4 (v) 2
3) (i) yes (ii) No (iii) No
4) (i) 20, 30, 8, 4 (ii) 20, 7, 60, 40 (iii) 30, 30, 40, 22.5
5) Rs. 1950 6) 80 7) 42 8) `. 55,200 9) 24 10) 120 11) 100
Exercise 1.4
1) (i) 1 (ii) 3,500 k.m. (iii) 2.1 c.m.
10, 00, 00, 000
2) (i) 1 (ii) 2,750 k.m. (iii) 5 c.m.
50, 000
3) (i) 800 m. (ii) 7 c.m. (iii) 740 m 4) 18 c.m.
Exercise 2.1
1) (i) 20 2) (ii) 3) (iv) Second number = 10 x First number
42 ANSWERS
Exercise 2.2
1) a) (ii) b) (iii) 2) 40x 3) 12b
4) (i) 6x (ii) 6y (iii) 7z
Exercise 3.1
1) (i) 60 (ii) 1 (iii) 60 (iv) 07.15 a.m. (v) 3.45 p.m.
2) (i) 900 seconds (ii) 1812 seconds (iii) 11,405 seconds (iv) 2720 seconds
3) (i) 480 minutes (ii) 710 minutes (iii) 575 minutes (iv) 175 minutes
4) (i) 8 hours 45 minutes (ii) 2 hours (iii) 3 hours 18 minutes (iv) 1 hour
Exercise 3.2
1) (i) 6.30 hours (ii) 0 hour (iii) 21.15 hours (iv) 13.10 hours
2) (i) 10.30 a.m. (ii) 12 noon (iii) Midnight 12 (iv) 11.35 p.m.
Exercise 3.3
1) (i) 10 hours 45 minutes (ii) 10 hours 45 minutes
2) 11 hours 40 minutes 3) 3 hours 15 minutes
Exercise 3.4
1) (i) 7 (ii) 29 (iii) 72 (iv) 12 (v) 3600
2) (i), (iv) 3) 96 4) 114 5) 101 6) 96
7) (i) 46 weeks and 6 days (ii) 25 weeks
Exercise 4.1
(i) Acute angle
1. (ii) Obtuse angle (iii) Obtuse angle (iv) Obtuse angle
(i) Acute angle
2. (ii) Obtuse angle (iii) Right angle (iv) Acute angle
(i) +AOB Straight angle
3. +DOB Obtuse angle +BOA Straight angle
+ AOD Acute angle +DOC Acute angle +AOC Right angle
(ii) +AOB Acute angle +AOC Acute angle +AOD Right angle
+BOC Acute angle +COD Acute angle
Exercise 4.2
1) (i) 53o (ii) 48o (iii) 2o (iv) 90o (v) 74o
2) (i) 174o (ii) 153o (iii) 92o (iv) 76o (v) 64o
(vi) 34o (vii) 122o (viii) 1o
3) 50o
4) (i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) False (v) True (vi) True
5) (i) Complementary (ii) Supplementary (iii) Complementary (iv) Supplementary
6) (i) 45o (ii) 90o
7) (i) Right angle (ii) Obtuse angle (iii) Acute angle (iv) Acute angle
MATHEMATICS 43
44
SCIENCE
Standard Six
Term II
45
Note to the teacher
As we present this revised edition of the Science Textbook, we would like to

express our deepest gratitude to the learners and the teaching community for
their enthusiastic responses.
- Authors
46
Cell Structure 1
What is a building made up of?
Activity 2
What is our human body made up of? We Observe
Just as a building that is made up
of many bricks, the human body is If there is a microscope in your
also made up of several small units school laboratory, observe the
called cells. The Cell is the basic cells of an onion peel under it with
structural and functional unit of all the help of your teacher.
living organisms.
Do you know who saw the cell first?
Can you see a cell with your It was Robert Hooke, an optic seller.
naked eye? No, cells are very minute In those days, glass bottles were
and cannot be seen with our naked closed with lids made of cork. He cut
eyes. They can be observed only thin sections of the cork and observed
through a scientific instrument called
them through his hand-made lens and
'microscope'. saw many small identical hexagonal
Activity 1 chambers. Robert Hooke named
We Observe these chambers 'cells' in 1665. In
Latin, the word 'cellula' means "a
To show the parts of a compound
small chamber". He became a famous
microscope.
scientist by showing the cell magic
Eyepiece lens through his lens.
When we observe the cells of an
onion peel and the bricks on the wall,
we will find that they are similar in
Adjustment structure.
knob
Objective lens
Stage
Arm
Mirror
Base The wall of a building
compound microscope
Not only human beings, but other

organisms like plants and animals are
also composed of cells.
cells of an onion peel
SCIENCE 47
Chapter - 1
Can we see the inner parts of a cell? A cell that does not contain
The same question arose in the membrane-bound organelles and
minds of Robert Hooke and the a well defined nucleus is called a
biologist Robert Brown. Robert Brown Prokaryotic cell i.e. a simple cell.
was a school teacher and he was e.g. Bacteria.
studying the structure of a cell. He
invented an advanced microscope
with a higher degree of magnification
through which very small objects
could be viewed with greater clarity.
With the help of that microscope,
he examined the cell and found that A cell that contains a well defined
there is a different world within a cell. nucleus,a nuclear membrane and
The cell is like a small factory membrane-bound cell organelles is
with nearly twelve to thirteen cell called a Eukaryotic cell, i.e. a complete
organelles, which are involved in cell. e.g. cells of plants an animals.
various specified tasks. The plant and animal cells are
Classification of Cells : not alike. They vary in their size and
structure according to their functions,
The cells of plants and animals are
but both the cells are similar in their
not similar. Bacteria and some algae
basic organisation.
are made up of a single cell. They lack
membrane-bound organelles. Now, let us observe an animal cell.
Structure of an Animal cell

Plasma membrane
Mitochondrion
Centriole
Endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Ribosome
Nucleus
Lysosome
Golgi bodies
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
48 BIOLOGY
Cell
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Plant cell Animal cell
(( Cell wall
Protoplasm Plasma membrane Protoplasm
(( Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Nucleus
(( Mitochondrion (( Nuclear membrane (( Mitochondrion (( Nuclear membrane

(( Golgi bodies (( Chromatin reticulum (( Golgi bodies (( Chromatin reticulum
(Dictyosomes) (( Nuclear sap (( Endoplasmic reticulum (( Nuclear sap
(( Endoplasmic reticulum (( Nucleolus (( Ribosome (( Nucleolus
(( Ribosome
(( Lysosome
(( Lysosome
(( Vacuole
(( Vacuole
(( Centrosome
(( Plastids
SCIENCE
Cell Structure
The cell and its components
49
Chapter - 1
Each cell is a small factory by itself. J.E. Purkinjee coined the term
Let us learn the specific function of protoplasm. 'Proto' means 'first' and
each component of an animal cell. 'plasma' means 'colloid'.
Shall we enter a busy cell factory
and explore it?
Cytoplasm :
I hear someone calling me........ "Hello! I am cytoplasm. I am
located inbetween the plasma
Plasma membrane : membrane and the nucleus.
"Hi! The Animal Cell welcomes I am made up of carbohydrates
you. I am the plasma membrane, and proteins. Organelles and
enveloping the cell. I give shape to lipid droplets are present in me.
the cell. I act as a guard. I control the
entry and exit of materials. Come on Nucleus :
my friends, come and introduce "I am the control centre of the
yourselves." cell, but I need not be present at the
"Please come inside.The centre. I am known as the nucleus.
Protoplasm is waiting for you." I am spherical in shape. I have the
nucleoplasm, the nucleolus and the
Protoplasm: chromatin reticulum. I am enclosed
"I am a colloid, found inside by the nuclear membrane. I carry the
the plasma membrane. I have two genetic characters from generation to
components of the cell namely the generation".
cytoplasm and the nucleus. My name
is protoplasm".
Fat Cell White Blood Cell
Muscle Cell
Neuron
50 BIOLOGY
Cell Structure
Nuclear membrane
Chromatin reticulum Nuclear sap
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Mitochondria- (singular -
Mitochondrion )
"We are involved in cell respiration.
We help in the oxidation of food
materials that you eat and provide
energy. We do not rest. We are also
known as the Powerhouses of the
cell."
Golgi bodies
Outer membrane Endoplasmic reticulum :
Inner membrane "Hello! I am the endoplasmic
reticulum. I help in transportation of
Cristae materials from one part of the cell to
another."
Mitochondrion
Golgi bodies:
"Hi, come on! We are tubular
structures, involved in the secretion of Endoplasmic reticulum
digestive enzymes and the formation
Ribosomes :
of lysosomes.We separate proteins
from the ingested food and give "Please come. Take a look at us!
strength to the cells and the body. We are granular structures. We are
In plant cells, we are known as called the Protein factories of the cell.
Dictyosomes." We help in protein synthesis."
SCIENCE 51
Chapter - 1
Lysosomes :
"Are you interested in knowing
about us? We are spherical yellow
coloured bodies. We help in cell
protection. We destroy the pathogens centrosome
that enter the cell. We are called the
Suicidal bags of the cell. In addition to Vacuoles :
this, we help in cell digestion."
"Wait! please don't avoid us.
We are vacuoles. We are light blue
in colour and appear like bubbles.
We store cell sap. We maintain
intracellular pressure. Oh! this work is
very difficult."
Did you meet all the workers in the
Lysosome animal cell factory? Now, let us learn
Centrosome : about the plant cell.
"Let me introduce myself. I am the Plant cell :
centrosome. you can see me only in Have you ever wondered about
the animal cell. I look like a stick and the different features of a plant cell?
I am a microtubule. I am found near Let us examine a plant cell and see
the nucleus. I have centrioles in me. I how it differs from an animal cell.
play an important role in cell division We see that:
i.e., formation of new cells."
Structure of a plant cell
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Plasma membrane
lysosome
Vacuole
Endoplasmic Nucleus
reticulum Ribosome
Mitochondrion
52 BIOLOGY
Cell Structure
yy T he centrosome is absent in the shape to the cell. It is made up of
plant cell. cellulose. Its function is to protect the
yy Plants are more rigid than animals inner organelles and to give shape to
due to the presence of the cell the cell.
wall. Plastids :
yy They have plastids. These organelles are found only
yy They have larger vacuoles. in plant cells. They contain pigments.
Cell wall : Based on the pigments, they are
classified into three types.
It is an outer layer, which gives
Type Pigment Functions

Chloroplast Chlorophyll - green pigment gives green colour to
the stem and leaves
Chromoplast Carotene - orange pigment gives colour to flowers
Xanthophyll - yellow pigment and fruits
Leucoplast No pigments - colourless found in roots and

underground stems
Activity
Activity :3
3 We Do
We divide ourselves as various components of the cell factory and enact

their functions.
Let us now list the differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Sl.No. Plant cell Animal Cell
1. Presence of cell wall Absence of cell wall
2. Presence of plastids Absence of plastids
3. Centrosome is absent Centrosome is present
4. Vacuoles are large in size Vacuoles are small in size
All activities like eating, drinking, jumping, playing, breathing, thinking and
even sleeping are due to the functioning of the cells. Each cell is a small factory.
The brain has several million cells.
When the cells, the so called small factories get affected and injured,
diseases are caused and we visit a doctor.
e.g. cancer, hereditary diseases, diabetes, etc.
SCIENCE 53
Chapter - 1
Activity 4 We Do
Making a cell model Organelles Materials we use
We shall divide ourselves into Nucleolus bindhi
groups and make the structure of Chromatin
a plant cell using easily available colour thread
reticulum
materials. We shall build the model of Nuclear
a cell and learn about cell organelles. bangle pieces
membrane
Materials required : Cytoplasm paste, sand
A thick cardboard from any old Endoplasmic
colour thread
notebook, a white sheet of paper, reticulum
paste, broomsticks, colour thread, Ribosome mustard
sand, broken pieces of bangle, Lysosome broken chickpeas
bindhi, groundnut shells, green gram,
Golgi bodies bangle pieces,
cowpeas, broken chickpeas, pepper,
peas, mustard, cardamom, colour (dictyosomes) pepper
papers. Mitochondria groundnut shells
green gram/peas/
Method we follow: Plastids
yy We take a thick cardboard and paste cardamom
a white sheet of paper over it. Vacuoles bits of paper
yy We draw the outline of the Plasma
thread
plant cell (from the textbook) on membrane
the white sheet. Cell wall broomstick
yy We draw the nucleus at the centre
of the plant cell.
yy We make the organelles by pasting
the materials as listed in the given
table.
We label the parts one below the other, by sticking black threads.
We have learnt
The structure of a plant cell and the difference between a plant cell and
an animal cell.
Facts at a glance
1. There are about 6,50,00,000 cells 4.
In animals, the nerve cell is the
in the human body. longest cell.
2. Bones are made up of a special 5.
In animals, the bone cell is the
type of dry cells. toughest cell.
3.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) 6.
Mature Red Blood Cells of
discovered that blood contains mammals do not contain a nucleus.
RBC (Red Blood Cells).
54 BIOLOGY
Cell Structure
Activity
Activity:55 We Do
We divide ourselves into groups. We discuss and present the structure
of a cell, the functions of the cell components and their names with the
help of the model we have made.
Having learnt the various components of the cell, shall we now learn their
functions too?
Cell organelles and their functions
S.
Cell components Functions
No
yy It gives shape to the cell.
yy It selects the substances required by the cell and
Plasma transports them in and out.
1.
membrane yy It controls the movements of substances in and out
of the cell.
yy It protects the cell.
2. Cytoplasm yy It distributes the nutrients within the cell.
yy It controls all the activities of the cell.
3. Nucleus yy It carries the hereditary characters from one
generation to another.
4. Mitochondria yy They provide energy to the cell.
yy They secrete enzymes and hormones.
5. Golgi bodies yy They store protein.
yy They help in the formation of Lysosome.
Endoplasmic yy It helps in transportation within the cell.
6.
reticulum yy It helps in protein synthesis.
7. Ribosomes yy They synthesize protein.
yy It destroys the germs that enter the cell.
8. Lysosome
yy It helps in intracellular and extracellular digestion.
9. Centrosome yy It helps in cell division.
yy They control intracellular pressure.
10. Vacuoles
yy They store cell sap.
yy They help in photosynthesis.
11. Plastids
yy They give colour to flowers and fruits.
12. Cell wall yy It gives shape and protection to the plant cell.
SCIENCE 55
Chapter - 1
EVALUATION
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. The structural and functional unit of the living organism is ________.
a) nucleus b) cell c) mitochondria d) ribosome
2. The instrument used to magnify things placed on a slide is______.
a) telescope b) microscope c) binocular d) periscope
3. Select the prokaryotic cell from the given cells.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4. The ________ is the powerhouse of the cell.

a) mitochondria b) ribosome c) lysosome d) nucleus
5. The organelle which is known as suicidal bag is the ________.
a) dictyosome b) ribosome c) centrosome d) lysosome
6. The spherical organelle which controls the activities of the cell is ________.
a) golgi bodies b) ribosome c) nucleus d) lysosome
7. The organelle that involves in destroying the germs which enters the cell is
______.
a) dictyosome b) ribosome c) centrosome d) lysosome
8. The organelle which is found only in the animal cell is _______.
a) mitochondria b) centrosome c) plasma membrane d) chloroplast
9. The cell of a /an _______contains a large vacuole.
a) onion peel b) bacteria c) nerve d) muscle
10. The longest cell is the ________.
a) bone cell b) nerve cell c) cell of a muscle d) blood cell
II. Who am I?
1. I'm a tiny organelle. Cell respiration occurs in me. I'm also called the 'Powerhouse
of the cell'. Who am I?
56 BIOLOGY
Cell Structure
2. I help in Photosynthesis. I am found only in plants. Who am I?
3.I give shape and protection to plants. I'm made up of cellulose. I'm found only
in plants. Who am I?
4. I help in cell division. I'm seen only in the animal cell. Who am I?
5.
Im a colloid, found inbetween the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
I distribute the nutrients within the cell. Who am I ?
III. Pick the odd one out:
1. nucleus, nucleolus, chromatin reticulum, plasma membrane
2.
Robert Hooke, Anton
Van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden and Schwann,
Newton
3. lysosome, centrosome, ribosome, chromosome
4. cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole, centrosome
IV. Match:
Cell Organelles Other names Functions

Mitochondria Suicidal bag protein synthesis
transfer of hereditary
Ribosome Powerhouse of the cell
characters
Lysosome Control centre of the cell production of energy
Nucleus Protein factory of the cell cell destruction
V. Draw and label:

1. Nucleus (nuclear membrane, chromatin reticulum, nuclear sap, nucleolus)
2. Mitochondria (outer membrane , cristae, inner membrane)
VI. Draw the following diagram of the animal cell and label the parts:
SCIENCE 57
Chapter - 1
VII. Answer the following questions based on the given diagram:
1. Name this organelle.
2. How is this organelle known in a plant cell?
3. What is the function of this organelle?
VIII. Explore and answer:

1. T
he leaves appear green due to the presence of a green pigment called chlorophyll.
A ripened mango appears yellow. Give reason.
2.Nucleus is known as the control centre of the cell. Give reason.
IX. Fill in the empty bubbles:
Lysosome
Nucleus Cytoplasm
Nuclear
membrane Vacuole
Plant cell
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography:
www.enchanted learning.com
www.biology4 kids.com
www.teacher vision.fen.com
www.diffen .com
www.wiki.answers.com
58 BIOLOGY
Separation of Substances 2
Ibrahim loves science and participates in all science competitions.
Last week, he won the first prize at the Science Talent
Search Competition. Ibrahim found the competition interesting
and challenging. Each participant was provided with
(i) an empty bucket (ii) a bucket full of water (iii)
a bag of sand (iv) gravel (v) a sieve.
The contestants were asked to fill the empty
bucket with the given water, sand and gravel.
They should use up the entire material. The
participant who filled the bucket without the water
overflowing was declared the winner.
Some of them first poured water into the empty
bucket and then added the gravel. Immediately
the water overflowed.
Some put the sand in the bucket first and then poured the water on it. The
bucket became full and the gravel could not be added.
Are you eager to know what Ibrahim did?
First, he put the gravel in the empty bucket. Then he put the sand gently
over it and poured the water slowly over it. The bucket became full but did
not overflow. He used his knowledge of science to fill the bucket with the
materials given .
Then, Ibrahim was asked to separate the mixture. How did he do that?
First he drained out the water slowly from the bucket. Then he spread the
wet sand and gravel mixture on a newspaper and dried it. Next he poured the
mixture of gravel and sand in the sieve. The sand fell through and the gravel
remained on the mesh. Thus he separated all the three components.
Discuss and give reasons why the others lost to Ibrahim

In the above competition, Ibrahim What do we understand from this?
used methods of separation like
decantation and filtration. We need to use various methods
of separation:
We drink water after it is boiled
and filtered. We know that before ff to remove unwanted substances
cooking, rice is rinsed in water. While ff to remove substances which are
preparing tea, we separate tea leaves harmful to our body
by filtration. We purify rava and wheat ff to obtain the substances which are
flour by sieving. We clean rice and useful to us in a pure state.
pulses by winnowing.
SCIENCE 59
Chapter - 2
Let us learn about the different
methods of separation we adopt in
our daily life.
Methods used to separate mixture
of solids:
Solid mixtures can be separated
using methods like hand picking,
winnowing, sieving and magnetic
separation.
Hand picking ________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Hand picking method can be

applied, when the quantity is small
and are of reasonable size.
Winnowing
Farmers allow the mixture of grain
How do we separate vegetables and husk to fall from a height. Grains,
at home? We separate them into being heavier fall down and form a
their kinds like tomatoes, chillies etc. heap. Husk, being lighter is carried
by using our hands. Separation is away by wind and forms a separate
easy as they differ in size, colour and heap.
shape. The method of separating lighter
The method of separating the particles from heavier particles with
substances based on size, colour the help of wind is called winnowing.
and shape using hands is called
hand picking.
1. W
hich method does the woman
in the picture follow to separate
the substances?
2. M
ention some substances
that can be separated by this
method.
Lighter particles present in a
mixture can be separated by
winnowing.
60 CHEMISTRY
Separation of Substances
Sieving: Magnetic separation :
We can separate the impurities Insert a magnet into a heap of
like bran, husk, stone, worms, stalk sand and take it out. If iron particles
and tiny insects from flour by sieving. are present in the heap of sand, we
It allows the fine particles to pass can see them clinging to the ends of
through the pores, while the coarser the magnet.
particles remain in the sieve. Magnetic separation is used
to separate mixtures containing
components, which are attracted by a
magnet.
Can we separate iron substances
from water, using a magnet?
Components of a mixture can be

separated by the method of sieving Activity 1 I Do
only when they differ in their size.
I need : Beaker, water, bell pins and
At construction sites, you would
a magnet
have seen the separation process of
pebbles and stones from sand. It is I take a beaker and fill half of it
done by sieving using a sieve. with water.
I drop some pins into it.
I hold a magnet over the surface
of water or by the side of the beaker.
My inference:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
SCIENCE 61
Chapter - 2
Shall we complete the table?
Physical state of the

Method of
Mixture components
separation
(Solid, Liquid, Gas)
Paddy and chaff
Ragi and pulses
Sand and stones
Rava and iron particles
Methods of separation of solid subtances are allowed to settle

insoluble solids from liquids down as sediments. This is known as
sedimentation. The clear liquid above
Can we separate a mixture of the sediment is called super natant
sand and water by using methods liquid.
like hand picking, sieving, winnowing
or by magnetic separation? No, we e.g. a mixture of sand and water
cannot separate them. Why? It is Decantation
because water is in liquid state and
Transferring the clear liquid
the methods used to separate solid
(super natant liquid) into another
mixtures cannot be used here. The
container using a glass rod is called
method of separation depends on
decantation.
the nature of the substances to be
separated.
Hence, we can separate insoluble
solids from liquids by using the glass rod
method of sedimentation, decantation
and filtration.
Sedimentation beaker
The mixture of insoluble solids
and liquid is taken in a beaker and the Decantation
Filtration
Observe the liquid obtained by
decantation and see whether it
water contains suspended impurities. Try
(super natant to filter the impurities using a clean
liquid) cotton cloth. As there are tiny pores in
sand the cloth(like the pores in a sieve), the
(sediment) clear water passes through the pores
Sedimentation and the suspended impurities like sand
62 CHEMISTRY
remain on the cloth. In the laboratory, Methods of separation of solid
we use a filter paper instead of a cloth substances dissolved in liquids
to purify water. There are tiny pores in
Evaporation and condensation
the filter paper also.
processes are used to separate solid
Let us filter the mixture in the substances dissolved in liquids.
laboratory using a filter paper.
Activity 2 We Observe
Take a filter paper and fold it like
a cone. Fix it inside a glass funnel. Take a small amount of salt
Fix the funnel on a stand and place a solution in a beaker and place it over
beaker below it. Pour the impure liquid a wire gauze on a tripod stand. Heat
containing suspended impurities into the solution well. After complete
the funnel. The liquid drains through evaporation of water, see what is left
pores of the filter paper. The clear in the beaker.
liquid that is collected in the beaker Our observation and
is known as filtrate. The dust particles inference:
that remain on the filter paper is called
"residue". ______________________________
_____________________________
Evaporation
We have separated salt from water
filter first second
by evaporation method.
paper fold fold
Evaporation is a process in which
a liquid changes into vapour on
heating. Evaporation method is used
to separate dissolved solids from
liquids.
cone filter paper cone in Salt pan

the funnel
Do you know?
One litre of sea water contains about
stand 3.5 grams of salt. Sea water not only
contains common salt but also more
filtrate than 50 other mineral salts. These
salts are industrially important.
SCIENCE 63
Chapter - 2
Condensation
Take a mixture of sand and salt in a
beaker. Add water to this mixture and
stir. The salt gets dissolved. How can
we separate the components from
this mixture? salt water
ice cubes
Filter this solution using a filter
paper. The sand can be separated
from the salt solution by filtration.
I should get both salt

and water back. What
shall I do for this? Condensation water
Need for applying more than one
Set up the apparatus as shown in method of separation
the picture. Take the salt solution in
The various substances that we use
a conical flask and heat it strongly.
in our daily life, reach our hands only
The water vapours pass through the
after undergoing different methods of
delivery tube and get collected in a test
separation and purification.
tube. The test tube is placed inside a
pack of ice cubes. The water vapours For example, in the preparation
get cooled and condense into water. of sugar from sugarcane juice, the
The salt remains as residue in the methods of separation like filtration,
conical flask, once all the water gets evaporation and crystallization are
evaporated. When the vapours of a used. More than one method of
substance get cooled, they condense separation are used to extract metals
into liquid. This process is known as like iron, gold, aluminium and copper
condensation. in pure state, from their ores.
Shall we complete the table?
Physical state of the
Mixture Method of separation components
(Solid, Liquid, Gas)
sand and water
rava and water
salt and water
Do you know?
Evaporation and Condensation are the basic processes involved
in the water cycle. Formation of rain involves these two reverse
processes.
64 CHEMISTRY
Activity 3 We Do
We are going to separate iron filings, salt and chalk powder from the
given mixture.
We need: bar magnet, beaker, water, filter paper, funnel, tripod stand, glass
rod, watch glass, matchbox, wire gauze, bunsen burner.
1. We take the mixture in a watch glass and stir it using a bar magnet.
Our observation Substance separated
2. We take the remaining portion of the mixture containing salt and chalk
powder in a beaker. Then we add water and stir it well using a glass
rod. We allow the liquid to remain undisturbed.
Our observation :
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. We fold the filter paper into a cone and keep it inside a funnel.
4. We keep the funnel on a tripod stand and place a beaker below it.
5. We transfer the liquid mixture slowly into the funnel using a glass rod.
6. We take the beaker containing salt water and place it over a wire
gauze on a tripod stand. We heat the solution strongly using
a bunsen burner.
SCIENCE 65
Chapter - 2
Our inference:
S.No. Separated substance Method used for separation
Facts at a glance:
1. Crude oil is a mixture from which nearly eighty six substances like
petrol, kerosene and naphtha are obtained.
2. Air is a mixture of gases.
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. A suitable method to separate lighter impurities from a mixture is _____.
a) winnowing b) hand picking
c) evaporation d) magnetic separation
2. In a mixture, solids of different sizes can be separated by _____.
a) magnetic separation b) winnowing
c) sieving d) evaporation
3. The method used to separate seeds from fruit juice is _____.
a) filtration b) sieving
c) crystallization d) winnowing
4.Separation of common salt from the sea water is done by _____.
a) sieving b) evaporation
c) magnetic separation d) winnowing
5. The method used to separate substances that differ in colour, size and
shape from a solid mixture is _____.
a) magnetic separation b) decantation
c) hand picking d) sieving
II. Encircle the odd one and give reason:
1. hand picking, evaporation, winnowing, sieving
2. filtration, sedimentation, decantation, condensation
66 CHEMISTRY
3. evaporation, magnetic separation, condensation, crystallization
4. filter paper, sieve, funnel, glass rod
III. R
eplace the underlined in the following statements with suitable methods
of separation:
a) We can segregate different kinds of vegetables by winnowing.

b) Lighter particles present in a mixture can be separated by magnetic
separation.
c) The method of converting liquid into vapour by heating is known as
condensation.
d) S
ieving method is used to remove a magnetic substance from
a mixture.
IV. D
raw and label the apparatus used in the laboratory for the
process of filtration.
V. Explore and answer:

1. Amudhas family gets water from the nearby pond which is turbid in
nature. Suggest certain methods to purify and convert this water into
safe drinking water.
2. We do not apply the same method of separation to separate a mixture of
chalk powder and water, a mixture of green peas and groundnuts, and
iron objects from garbage. Why?
3. Why is separation of substances necessary in our daily life?
4. You are given a sample of salt solution. You are asked to separate the
salt from it. Filtration method cannot be applied here. Why? Mention the
correct method of separation.
5. Differentiate the following:
a. filtrate and residue
b. winnowing and sieving
6. While preparing lemonade, how will you remove the seeds of the fruit
from the juice? We add ice cubes to get chilled juice. When will you add
sugar to the juice, before or after adding ice cubes? Why? When can you
dissolve more amount of sugar?
7. A mixture contains saw dust and some iron nails. Which method will the
carpenter use to collect the iron nails from the saw dust?
8. During winter season, we see dew drops on grass and plants. Can you
give reason for this?
SCIENCE 67
Chapter - 2
9. Can we separate tiny white stones from 100kg of rice by the method of
hand picking? Give reason for your answer.
VI. Fill in the empty boxes and bubbles with suitable answers:
Crystallization Filtration
Separation Separation
of dissolved Separation of of insoluble
solids from solids from
substances
liquids liquids
Separation of
Sieving
solid mixture
VII. Find the terms that denote different methods of separation hidden in this
word puzzle:
P W X N C B A T I M C F I L T I Q F O
Q R A C O N D O L I N I A I E X Y I E
L T C R N Y S N I X Y L O Q U I D L V
T O L Z D E C A N T A T I O N A C T A
S J S I E V S O L U T H Y X O U V E P
M I X E N W A T E R V A P O U R T R O
T L R E S I D U E E X T L M O S Q P R
I S E V A P T I O S I E V I N G O A A
C R Y S T A L L I S A T I O N N G P T
L I Q U I D V A P T N I O I A Q R E I
I L T S O L U T I O N L E O T X Y R O
Q M A G N E T I C S E P A R A T I O N
68 CHEMISTRY
VIII. O
bserve the pictures given and arrange them in proper order based on
the activities they indicate. Encircle the methods of separation found in
them.
Sowing Ploughing Winnowing Hand picking
Cooking Thrashing Eating Harvesting

1. _____________________________ 2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________ 4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________ 6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________ 8. _____________________________
Projects:
1. L
ist the various methods of separation used in our day-to-day life. Describe
each process and mention the places they are used in. Explain their
significance.
2. Discuss in groups on how salt is obtained from sea water. Collect relevant
pictures and stick them in your scrapbook. Find out the places of salt pans
in Tamilnadu.
. FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/separation_process
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574279_2/evaporation.html.
SCIENCE 69
Types of Energy 3
A students' Science Conference (( A few students rode a bicycle to

was held on the terrace of a multi- reach the spot.
storeyed building. Many high school ((
Some took a bus to reach the
students took part in this conference. place.
They used different modes of transport
to reach the venue. Some students used the lift to reach
the terrace, while others climbed the
(( One student flew by a mini
stairs.
helicopter and landed on the
terrace. In each case, a different type of
energy has been used. Before we
(( A few students travelled by a motor
discuss various types of energy, let us
boat to reach the destination as
learn what energy is.
the building was located close to
a river.
70 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
We need energy to perform both mental and physical activities like thinking,
reading, analysing, running, walking, cycling, climbing, playing and jumping.
How do we perform these activities? Don't we need energy to do these activities?
Where does this energy come from? We obtain energy from the food we eat.
When we are tired and hungry, we lack energy to do our work.
The bus, the boat and the helicopter get the energy to run from fuel. Have
you seen ants and bees working busily? They need energy to do work and they
get that energy from the food they eat.
Energy in day-to-day activities
Activity
Activity1
1(Teacher) We Observe
Take a pinch of baking soda in a small bottle and add a few drops of lime
juice or vinegar to it. Close the bottle lightly with a cork. What do you see?
What happens to the cork after sometime?
We see bubbles form inside the bottle and the cork is soon ejected from
the mouth of the bottle. Why does this happen? It is because of the formation
of bubbles, which indicate that a gas has evolved. The gas pushes the
cork out.
SCIENCE 71
Chapter - 3
Activity 2 I Do
List out a few sources from which we get energy to carry out our daily
activities:
My list
Sl.No Activity Required energy
1 To dry clothes heat energy from the sun.
2 To run a bus energy from diesel or petrol.

3
4
I have inferred
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Based on the above activity, we

can define energy as the capacity or stretched
ability to do work. The unit of energy rubberband
is joule.
There are many different types of
energy.
Some of them are: compressed
spring
Mechanical energy, chemical
energy, light energy, sound energy,
electrical energy, heat energy, wind
energy. Let us learn more... Similarly, things like a compressed
spring or a stretched rubberband
1. Mechanical energy: have potential energy due to its
Mechanical energy is the energy configuration.
possessed by an object due to its Hence, the energy possessed
movement or position. There are by an object by virtue of its position
two types of mechanical energy. or configuration is called potential
i) Potential energy ii) Kinetic energy. energy.
i) P
otential energy: Water stored in ii) K
inetic energy: A flowing river,
a dam, a rock on top of a mountain a moving bus, a galloping horse
and water stored in a tank possess or a freely falling stone possess
potential energy due to its position. mechanical energy due to their
motion.
72 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
The energy possessed by a body Mechanical energy
by virtue of its motion is called kinetic
energy.
Potential energy and kinetic energy
are interconvertible. This property
is used to generate electricity in
hydro-electric power stations.
When water is stored in a dam, Uses:
the stored water contains potential
i)
Mechanical energy can bring
energy. When this water is allowed
a moving body to rest or can make
to flow down, it changes into kinetic
a body at rest to move.
energy.This kinetic energy of water
is used to rotate the turbines and ii) Using wind energy, we can generate
generate electricity. electricity through windmills.
We also observe that the 2. Chemical energy
mechanical energy of the rotation of Energy that is stored in the bonds
turbines is converted into electrical of chemical compounds is called
energy in a generator. chemical energy. Chemical energy is
released during a chemical reaction,
often in the form of heat and light.
A type of energy is released, when
wood, charcoal, petrol etc., are burnt.
This is because of a chemical reaction
that takes place when they burn.
The food we eat undergoes
chemical reaction and releases
energy to enable us to work.
Chemical
energy
"Heat is a form of
In Mettur and Bhavani-
energy" - James Joule.
sagar, electricity is
The unit of energy (joule)
generated using
is named after him.
hydroelectric power.
SCIENCE 73
Chapter - 3
Uses:
1. The chemical energy stored in the
food of plants and animals is used
for their growth and function.
2. A battery or an electric cell converts
chemical energy into electrical
energy.
3.While using fuels, chemical energy
is converted into heat energy and Wind mill- (Electric power generation)
light energy. at Kayathar (Thirunelveli),
3. Electrical energy Aralvoimozhi (Kanyakumari) and also
in Coimbatore, Tirupur Districts.
Do you know how a fan rotates or
an electric bulb glows, when we switch
them on? In an electric bulb, electrical kerosene or LPG for cooking? What
energy is converted into light energy energy is released when you burn
and in an electric fan, electrical energy wood, kerosene or LPG?
is converted into mechanical energy. The chemical energy stored in
In a windmill, the wind energy (kinetic wood, kerosene and LPG is converted
energy) is converted into electrical into heat energy. Rub your hands
energy. together and feel your palm. They feel
Uses: warm because friction causes heat.
Due to friction and chemical reaction,
1.
In industries, electrical energy is
heat energy is produced. Discuss with
used to operate machines and is
your friends and find out the various
also used in telecommunication.
other sources of heat energy.
2. In cities, electrical energy is used
to run electric trains.
Electrical energy
Heat energy
4. Heat energy
Activity 3 We Observe
Can you guess what the primary
source of heat energy is? It is the Sun. Hold a magnesium ribbon with
What fuel do you use for cooking tongs and burn it. Observe the
in your houses? Do you use wood, energy changes that occur in it.
74 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
Uses:
1.
We get rain due to evaporation
of water from water bodies. It is
because of the heat energy from
the sun.
2.
In a thermal power station, of
electricity is generated from the heat
energy obtained by burning coal.
3.
In an electric stove, electric iron
etc., electrical energy is converted
into heat energy.
5. Solar energy
The energy obtained from the sun
is called solar energy. What are the
types of energy obtained directly from
the sun? Can you list them?
Uses: Different ways of using
1. Solar energy is directly used in solar solar energy
heater, solar cooker etc., Do you know?
2. Solar cells are used in artificial ln 212 BC, the Greek scientist,
satellites, watches, calculators and Archimedes used magnifying
is used to operate solar vehicles. glasses to burn Roman warships
Can we convert one type of energy with solar energy.
Activity 4 We Do
Let us know how energy is obtained directly from the sun.
We need :
Magnifying lens and bits of paper.
1. Using the magnifying lens, focus the sunlight
on the bits of paper.
2. Observe what happens to the bits of paper,
after sometime.
We observed and inferred
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
Share what you have observed in this activity with your friends.
SCIENCE 75
Chapter - 3
into another? 5.
During photosynthesis, plants
Look at the pictures given below. convert light energy from the sun
What do we understand from them? into chemical energy and store it.
We know that most forms of energy 6. In electric doorbells and horns of
are obtained from the sun. automobiles, electrical energy is
converted into sound energy.
1. In Tamilnadu, at Neyveli and
Ennore, thermal power stations, 7. In a torch light, the chemical energy
coal is burnt to generate electricity. of the cell is first converted into
Here the chemical energy of coal is electrical energy and then into light
first converted into heat energy and energy.
then into electrical energy. From the above examples, we
2. The loudspeaker converts electrical have learnt that one type of energy
energy into sound energy. can be converted into another type
of energy. When one type of energy
3.
When water stored at a height
is used, an equal amount of another
flows down, its potential energy is
type of energy is released.Therefore
converted into kinetic energy, which
in any conversion of energy, the total
rotates the turbine of a generator
amount of energy will not change.
and generates electrical energy.
Hence, we say that energy can
4.
When wood, charcoal, petrol,
neither be created nor be destroyed,
diesel and other fuels are burnt,
but can be transformed from one form
chemical energy is converted into
into another. This is called the Law of
heat energy.
Conservation of Energy.
76 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
Moreover
Activity in any conversion of energy the total amount of energy
5 Wewill
Do not be
changed.
We shall form small groups and discuss the various uses of solar energy
in our daily life to list them hereunder.
My list
1. To get salt from sea water 2. For rain
3. ____________________ 4 . ___________________
5 . ____________________ 6. ___________________
Activity
Activity6
6 We Do
Discuss in small groups how diesel and petrol can be consumed

economically . Present a report.
For example, let us see how energy conversion takes place, when an electric
motor pumps water.
To operate the electric motor, electrical energy is used. This electrical energy
is converted into kinetic energy, sound energy and heat energy.
Electrical energy Kinetic energy + Sound energy + Heat energy

(To operate the (to lift water) (released when electric motor works)
electric motor)
Activity 7 We Do
A man carried a heavy load on his head to his house located
on top of a hill slope. He left the load by the side of his house and
took rest for sometime.When he came back, he noticed that the
load had rolled down to the bottom of the hill.
1. From where did the man get the energy to lift the load?
2. What energy did the load possess when it was placed on the mountain?
3. From where was the energy obtained for the load to roll down the slope?
4. What energy did the load possess while rolling?
5. What energy did the load possess on reaching the ground?
6. W
rite down the energy changes that occurred in the above activity,in
sequential order.
SCIENCE 77
Chapter - 3
We answer
Shall we discuss and answer the above questions related to this event?
Our answers
1 . ___________________________________________________
2 . ___________________________________________________
3 . ___________________________________________________
4 . ___________________________________________________
5 . ___________________________________________________
6 . ___________________________________________________
We have learnt
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer :

1. Energy required to dry clothes quickly is ______.
a) solar energy b) sound energy
c) kinetic energy d) potential energy
2. "Heat is a form of energy". This was discovered by _______.
a) Volta b) James Joule
c) Thomas Alva Edison d) Galileo
3. Which of the following requires electrical energy?
a) windmill b) industry
c) bicycle d) parachute
4. The _______energy cannot be used to run vehicles.
a) solar b) chemical
c) electrical d) sound
78 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
5. When charcoal is burnt, chemical energy is converted into______energy.
a) heat b) sound
c) mechanical d) solar
II. Tick the correct answer:

1. Energy obtained by wind energy in wind farms
(Chemical energy / Electrical energy)
2. Energy possessed by a rustling leaf
(Kinetic energy / Chemical energy)
3. Energy possessed by a person landing from a parachute
(Kinetic energy of wind / Chemical energy in food)
4. Energy produced by rubbing the two palms of your hands
(Heat energy / Electrical energy)
III. Match the following:

1. Electric bell : Electrical energy
Solar cooker : ______________
2. The sailing of yacht : ______________
Air filled in a balloon : potential energy
3. For the growth of living things : Chemical energy in food
To run vehicles : Chemical energy in__________
IV. Say true or false:

1. Energy is the capacity or the ability to do work.
2. Potential energy and kinetic energy are types of mechanical energy.
3. Electrical energy is released during chemical reaction.
4. Heat energy can be produced by friction.
5. One type of energy cannot be converted into another type of energy.
V. What type of energy do the following possess?

1. sun 2. charcoal 3. water in a lake
4. solar cell 5. waterfalls 6. compressed spring
7. fuel 8. moving cloud 9. firewood
SCIENCE 79
Chapter - 3
VI. Find out the energy conversion that takes place in the following:
1. Torchlight _________ _________
2.
Radio _________ _________
3. Iron (box) _________ _________
4. Generator _________ _________
VII. Explore and answer:

1. We know that we need energy to ride a bicycle, to play cricket or to do any
kind of work. How do we define the energy used in these activities and
what is the unit of measurement?
2.
The coconut in the picture possesses
three types of energy. Can you find out
what they are?
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
3. What type of energy is stored in each of the objects shown in the pictures
given below? In which way is this energy useful to us?
Diesel can Gas cylinder Plant

(1) (2) (3)
1.__________________________________________________
2.__________________________________________________
3.__________________________________________________
4. We know that the water stored in Mettur dam and Bhavanisagar dam is
used to generate electricity. List the conversion of energy that occurs in
the hydroelectric power stations.
80 PHYSICS
Types of Energy
5. Observe the pictures given below and write down the energy possessed
by the stone at each level.
a stone is thrown upwards.... ....when the stone falls down
energy stored
in the muscles the stone at
a particular when the stone
height falls down
stone moves
up
when the stone
hits the ground
Chemical energy
_________ _________ _________ Heat energy
VIII. Answer the following:

1. Differentiate potential energy from kinetic energy.
2. Explain the Law of Conservation of Energy with an example.
IX. Project work

Write down the names of the gadgets used in your house, the changes in
energy that happens and their uses in the tabular column given below.
Name of the
S.No Change in energy Use
gadget
Electric energy into light
1. Electric bulb to get light
energy
2.
3.
4.
5.
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography:
http://www.tutorvista.com
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com
http://www.wikipedia.org
SCIENCE 81
I can, I did
Subject:

No No. Lesson
82
STANDARD SIX
TERM II
83
HISTORY
84 HISTORY
The Vedic Period
a
s
a called
SOCIAL SCIENCE 85
Chapter - 1
During this period

Brahmanas, Upanishads and
Aranyakas were also written.
86 HISTORY
The Vedic Period
priests, rituals and sacrifices. It was

against these meaningless rituals and
costly sacrifices, Buddhism and
Jainism originated.
Thus Aryan civilization was one

of the ancient civilizations, which
flourished in India. But it varied from
the Dravidian civilization.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 87
Chapter - 1
88 HISTORY
The Vedic Period
State whether the following statements are True or False
Raja Griham
SOCIAL SCIENCE 89
90 HISTORY
Jainism and Buddhism
Epics -
Sillapathigaram,
being.
Vallayapathi and Soodamani.
Literature and Grammar works-
Yapperungalaviruthi,
Neminatham,
Nannool,
Agaporulvillakam,
Naladiar,
Nanmanikadikai,
Pazhamozhi,
Thinaimalai Noorthiyampathu and
Tamil Nigandu.
Sravanabelagola is at Karnataka.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 91
Chapter - 2
-
483 B.C. He was born at Lumbini Vanam
near Kapilavastu in Nepal. His father
Suddhodana belonged to the Sakya
Buddhism
92 HISTORY
Later Buddhism split into Hinayana and

Mahayana.
Buddhism
SOCIAL SCIENCE 93
Chapter - 2
Do you Know?
Properly
94 HISTORY
State whether the following statements are True or False
SOCIAL SCIENCE 95
Chapter - 2
Sravanabelagola
96 HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY
3.
was an
Indian astronomer. He explained
scientifically that the Earth rotates on its
own axis.
In olden days, Sunrise is marked

as the beginning of a day. At present a
day begins at 12 midnight.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 97
Chapter - 3
1/4
23o vertical
23o
the
98 GEOGRAPHY
Rotation and Revolution of the Earth
when we divide year 2000, the

remainder is zero.
A.D. . by the
SOCIAL SCIENCE 99
Chapter - 3
When we are asked where does

the Sun rise? immediately answer that
the Sun rises in the east.
that
On March 21st and Sep 23rd the

duration of day and night is equal
throughout the Earth - i.e. 12 hrs of
day and 12hrs of night. Hence they
are called equinoxes. March 21st is
referred to as Spring equinox and Sep
23rd as Autumnal equinox.
100 GEOGRAPHY
sunset,
SOCIAL SCIENCE 101

Chapter - 3
After reaching a
certain stage the temperature remains constant. It will take
102 GEOGRAPHY
Let us draw an outline of an ellipse
outcome
when
SOCIAL SCIENCE 103

Chapter - 3
Complete the following tabulation.
Summer
Rainy
Winter
104 GEOGRAPHY
CIVICS
4.
se
of the people are not improving.

Ghandhiji mentioned that Villages are
the backbone of India. factories
s
villages find it difficult to live in cities in

initial Stages.
activities are done by machines.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 105

Chapter - 4
, construction industries and

manufacturing industries.
Dindigul,Tanjore
106 CIVICS
Villages and Cities
The Government has introduced the scheme Sarva

Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) to enable all children in the age
group of 6 to 14 years to attend school upto 8th standard. In
order to help these students to continue their Secondary
Education, the Government has also implemented the
Rashtriya Madyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA). As a result
of these programmes, the number of dropouts from schools
has been reduced.
Give
Give
highlight
in
picture of a
SOCIAL SCIENCE 107

5.
Indians wanted to have their

own rule.
and .
It is a system of modern
Government in which people rule
themselves through their elected
representatives. Indian adults above 18
years become eligible to vote. These
people have enacted a constitution for
them through their representatives.
Now people are governed by
constitutional law. Therefore India is
called Republic.
108 CIVICS
Republic
in
or District
Revenue conducts
m).
.
Maintaining law and order is the
duty of the District Collector while
prevention of crimes is the duty of
his
Departmental officers below the

collector provide requirements of the
people like drinking water electricity,
food supply and transport. The The executive head of the Indian
administrative officers are in various Government is the Prime Minister.
stages at Taluk, Block and Village level.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 109

Chapter - 5
function. Discuss with the officials there and

gather information. Explain and discuss in
classroom.
This is called _____.
110 CIVICS
Republic
mock
4. Which of the following departments do you like to serve?

i. Administration
ii. Judiciary
iii. Politics
iv. Police
v. Military
5. Write down the names of the persons who occupy the following positions.
i. President
ii. Vice President
iii. Prime Minister
iv. Chief Justice of Supreme Court
v. Governor
vi. Chief Minister
vii. Chief Justice of High Court
viii. District Collector
ix. Member of Parliament
x. Member of Legisative Assembly
SOCIAL SCIENCE 111

112
STANDARD SIX
TERM III
Volume 2
MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
NOT FOR SALE
A Publication Under

Revised Edition - 2013, 2014, 2015

Textbook Printing
Price : Rs.
ii
CONTENTS
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
Number System
1. Integers 2
Algebra
2. Expressions and Equations 14
Measurements
3. Perimeter and Area 21
Geometry
4. Triangles 33
Practical Geometry
5. Construction of Perpendicular Lines and Parallel Lines 39
Statistics
6. Data Handling 43
Answers 58
SCIENCE (62 - 121)
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
Biology
1. Diversity of Organisms 64
2. Our Environment 78
Chemistry
3. Chemistry in Daily Life 88
Physics
4. Light 100
iii
UNIT TOPIC PAGE No.
History
1. Rise of Kingdoms 123
2. India After Mauryas 130
Geography
3. The Earth We Live in 137
4. Maps and Globe 146
Civics
5. Local Self-Government 158
6. Democracy, Human Resources and

Women Empowerment 164
iv
MATHEMATICS
Standard Six
Term III
1
1. INTEGERS
1.1 Problem in a Number Game

Malliga and Victor are playing a game with two dice. As usual one
of the dice has the face numbers from 1 to 6. But the other dice has only the
symbols + and . According to the rule of the game, if the faces of the dice
show + in one and 3 in other, the coin is to be moved 3 steps forward and if the
faces show and 2 the coins is to be moved 2 steps backward. Also as per the
rule of the game one has to throw the dice twice in each round. The winner is
the person who is at the foremost place at the end of 5th round.
Malliga played first. She got + and 3 in his

first throw and and 2 in the second throw. So, she
moved the coin 3 steps forward and 2 steps backward
then she placed the coin in the box 1. Then Victor
played and he got + and 5 in first throw, and 3 in
second throw. So he placed the coin in box2.
Initial Position Numbers in first Numbers in Final Position

of the coin throw second throw of the coin
Malliga 0 +, 3 , 2 1
Victor 0 +, 5 , 3 2
They continued to play. At the end of the 5th round the position is as follows.
Initial Position Numbers in first Numbers in Final Position

of the coin throw second throw of the coin
Malliga 7 , 3 , 2 2
Victor 4 , 6 +, 3 ?
Victor had a problem to continue. He tried to go 6 steps backward from 4. But

after 0 it is not possible. So, he went 3 steps forward and he kept the coin in box 3. He
declared that he was the winner.
But, Malliga did not accept it. She said, you are wrong. If you
are not able to move -6 from 4, you must move + 3 first and then 6.
Your coin will be in box 1. So, I am only the winner.
2 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
Can you guess the winner?

How to solve this problem?
Note : The solution is given in the last page of this unit.
What is the real problem in this game? We shall understand it by the number line. To
find 73,We should move 3 units left from 7. The answer is 4.
But, to find 4-6, we cannot move 6 units left from 4. Because there are no numbers
before 0. Can we find the answer if we move beyond 0 leftwards?
1.2 Integers - Introduction
The numbers on left of 0 are decreasing as they are increasing on right of 0. We represent
the numbers on left of zero with the symbol . The numbers can be written on left side
of the number line as we write the Natural numbers on the right side.
Since the numbers on left of 0 are less than 0 they are called negative integers. The
numbers on right of 0 are called positive integers.
Usually, positive integers are not proceeded with + sign. The numbers + 5 and 5 are one
and the same. But negative integers are preceeded withsign.
We use many such numbers in our daily life.

A shopkeeper sells an article and gains Rs.500. It is represented as +500 Rupees gain.
If an article is sold with loss of Rs.200, It is represented as -200 rupees loss.
The average temperature of Tamilnadu = + 30cC
The average temperature of Antartica = - 25cC
Positive integers, zero and Negative integers altogether constitute Integers.
MATHEMATICS 3
Chapter - 1
1.3 The position of integers on Number line.

First let us learn the method of marking numbers on the Number line.
-5 is marked on the number line after moving 5 units to the left of 0.
Similarly +3 is marked on the number line after moving 3 units to the right of 0.
Example : 1
Represent -3 and +4 on the number line.
Do it Yourself
Represent on the number
Here, smaller numbers alone are line :
considered on the number line. But the +7, 2, 6, 1, 8, 10
number line extends on both the sides.
We have learnt that 5>1 in integers.
5 > 1 and 5 lies to the right of 1

3 > 0 and 3 lies to the right of 0
0 > 2 as 0 lies to the right of 2
3 > 5 as -3 lies to the right of 5.
In other words,
Since 6 lies right of 8, we write 6 > 8
Since 2 lies right of -5, we write 2 > 5
4 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
So,
The numbers decrease as we more from right to left on the number line.
Every positive numbers is greater than a negative number.

Zero is less than a positive number.
Zero is greater than a negative number.
Is 0 negative? or Is 0 positive?
If not 0 is ......................
`Do it Yourself
Fill with proper symbols using < and >
1) 6 4 2) 5 0 3) 4 -6 4) -3 -1 5) -1 4
Example : 2
Solution
Find the predecessor and Predecessor Integer Successor
successor of the following. 8 7 6
-7, -3, 0, 4, 7 4 3 2
1 0 1
3 4 5
6 7 8
Example : 3
Using the number line, write the integer between -6 and -1. Which of them is the greatest?
Which of them is the smallest?
Solution
From the number line, the integers between 6 and 1 are 5, 4, 3, 2.

Since 2 lies right of 5, 2> 5.
greatest integer = 2
smallest integer = 5.
MATHEMATICS 5
Chapter - 1
Example : 4
On the number line, (i) How many units are to be moved from 2 to reach 3?
(ii) How many units are to be moved from 5 to reach 1?
Solution
(i) Represent the given number on a number line.
So, move five units left of 2 to reach 3.

(ii) Represent the given number on a number line
So, move four units right of 5 to reach 1.
Exercise 1.1
1. Say whether True or False.
(i) Zero is less than every positive number.
(ii) Towards the left side of 0, the numbers are getting decreased.
(iii) -5 is on the right side of -4 on the number line.
(iv) -1 is the least negative number.
(v) Every positive number is greater than the negative numbers.
2. Identify the greater and smaller integer from the following using number line.
(i) 7,3 (ii) -5, -3 (iii) -3, 2 (iv) 7, -3 (v) 1, -4 (vi) -4, -7
3. List the integers between the given number using number line
(i) 3, -3 (ii) -4, 2 (iii) -1, 1 (iv) -5, -2 (v) -4, 3 (vi) -2, 2
4. Answer the following using number line.

(i) What is the number when we move 3 units right of -2?
(ii) What is the number when we move 7 units leftward from 3?
(iii) How many units are to be moved from 5 to reach -3?
(iv) How many units are to be moved from -6 to reach -1?
6 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
1.4 Addition and subtraction of integers

We can add integers as we do in Natural numbers. But in integers we have already
+ and signs. So, we should differenciate the addition and subtraction operation signs
from the sign of the number. For Example : In (+5) + (+3) the second + sign represents
the operation addition. But first and third + signs represent the sign of the number
Addition of two positive numbers is easy. (+5) + (+3) and 5+3 are one and the
same. Since the answer for 5+3 is 8, we understand (+5) + (+3) = 8.
How to add two negative integers? On a number line, when 1 is added to any
number we get a number which lies in the immediate right of it. We know if 1 is added
to a number 3 we get a new number 4, which lies to the right side of 3.
What happens if (+1) is added to (1)? Is it not 0 (zero)! That is the required
number.
So, (1) + (+1) = 0. Using this concept we shall easily learn the addition and
subtraction of positive and negative integers.
1.4.1. Addition using colour balls

We can easily understand the addition and subtraction of integers using balls of two
different colours. Let us assume that blue ball represents (+1) and red ball represents
(1). The integers are represented using colour balls in the following table.
We can understand that addition is nothing but union.

(a) Add +7 and +4.
i.e, (+7) + (+4) = (+11)

(b) Add 3 and 5
i.e, (3) + (5) = (8)
MATHEMATICS 7
Chapter - 1
As we did earlier, we use the concept (1) + (+1) = 0. That is, a blue ball and a red ball
are coupled and can be removed.
Do it Yourself
(-2) + (+2) =
(-3) (-1) + (+1) =
(+3) (-5) + (+5) =
0 0 0 (-8) + (+8) =
(-3) + (+3) = 0
Sum of a positive number and its negative is zero

Hence they are called additive inverse of each other.
Here, 3 and -3 are additive inverse of each other.

Now let us consider red balls and green balls of different numbers.
(a) Add: (+4), (-2)

(+4) + (-2) = (+2) + (+2) + (-2)
= (+2) + 0
= +2
` (+4) + (-2) = +2 Do it Yourself
(-5) + (+2) =
(+4) + (-3) =
(b) Add: (4) + (+2) (-2) + (+7) =
(-4) + (+2) = (2) + (2) + (+2) (-3) + (-5) =
= (2) + 0
= 2
` (4) + (+2) = 2
We have added the numbers using colours balls. Now, we shall do addition using
number line.
8 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
1.4.2. Addition of integers using number line
Now we shall learn to add +4 and +2 using a number line.
Since to add (+4) and (+2) starting from 4 we should move 2 units towards right, and
we get +6.
` (+4) + (+2) = +6
Now we shall add -4 and +2.
Since to add (-4) and (+2), starting from-4 we should move 2 units towards right and
we get -2.
` (-4) + (+2) = (-2)
Do it Yourself
Now, we shall add -5 and +5.
(-5) + (+2) =
(-3) + (+6) =
(+1) + (+4) =
(-3) + (+5) =
Since to add (-5) and (+5), starting from-5 we should move 5 units towards right and
we get 0. So,(-5) + (+5) = 0
Note : Move towards right for positive numbers and towards left for negative numbers.
We have already learnt using colour balls, when we add a negative and a positive of
the same number (that is, additive inverse) we get 0. Just now we confirmed the same
using number line. Here 5 and -5 are additive inverse of each other.
Now, we shall add 2 and 4. That is, (2) + (4). Now we should start from 2. The
number to be added is 4. So, we should move towards left.
MATHEMATICS 9
Chapter - 1
Since (2) and (4) are to be added, we should start from (2) and move 4 units towards
left. We reach 6
` (2) + (4) = 6
Now, we shall add (+4) and (3) using a number line,
since (+4) and (3) are to be added,

we should start from 4 and move 3 units towards left. Do it Yourself
We reach (+1). (5) + (-2) =
` (+4) + (3) = +1 (3) + (+6) =

(+1) + (+4) =
(+3) + (5) =
1.4.3 Subtraction using colour balls

We have already learnt addition of integers. similarly subtraction also can be done. We
should find the additive inverse of the numbers to be subtracted and then it should be
added with the number.
Example : 5
Note
Find (+5) (+3) As (3) + +3 = 0
+3 is to be subtracted. Additive inverse of +3 is 3. Additive inverse of +3 is -3.
Given : (+5) (+3)
The answer will not be changed if we change it as (+5) + (3). But we know, how to do
(+5) + (3).
So, we understand (+5) + (3) = +2.

Hence the answer for the given problem (+1) (+1) (0) (0) (0) = (+2)
is the same.
(ie) (+5) (+3) = +2
10 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
Example : 6
Find (+5) (3).
Additive inverse of 3 is +3.
So, it is enough to find (+5) + (+3) instead of (+5) (3).
(+5) + (+3) = +8
So, (+5) (3) = +8
Do it Yourself
(i) ( 4) (3) (ii) (+7) (+2) (iii) (7) (+3) ( iv) (5) (+4)
1.4.4 Subtraction of integers using number line

To subtract an integer from another integer it is enough to add the additive
inverse of the second number.
Example : 7
Solve using number line : (1) ( 4).
Additive inverse of 4 = + 4.
Instead of subtracting as (1) ( 4) we can add it as (1) + (+ 4).
Starting from 1 move 4 units towards right
Now we reach +3. So (1) ( 4) = +3
Example : 8
Solve using number line : (1) (+ 4)
Additive inverse of + 4 = 4
Instead of subtracting as (1) (+4) we can add it as (1) + ( 4).
Starting from 1 move 4 units towards left.
Now we reach 5. so (1) (+ 4) = 5
MATHEMATICS 11
Chapter - 1
Exercise 1.2
1. Add using number line :
(i) 8+(4) (ii) (1) + (9) (iii) (5) +(7) (iv) 3+(6) (v) (+4) + (7)
2. Find using number line :

(i) What is the numer 4 more than 3? (ii) What is the number 3 less than 7?
3. Add :
(i) (10) + (+17) (ii) (+20) + (13) (iii) (50) + (20)
(iv) (+40) + (+70) (v) (+18) + (75) (vi) (+75) + (75)
(vii) (30) + (12) (viii) (30) + (22)
4. Simplify :
(i) 5 +(7) + (8) + (9) (ii) (13) + (12) + (7) + (18)
5. Find the answer :

(i) (+7) (3) (ii) (12) (+5) (iii) (52) (52) (iv) (+40) (+70)
6. A submarine reached a depth of 90 m. Another submarine was at a depth of

110 m. Express the depth as integers and find the difference in depth between
them.
7. Three cities A, B and C had an average temperature of -18 C, -23 C, and 5C

respectively. Which city was the coldest? What is the difference temperature
between
i) City A and B? ii) City A and C?
Activity
1) Frame 10 questions to get the sum of any two integers are +1.
2) Frame 10 questions to get the sum of any two integers are 0.
3) Frame 10 questions to get the difference of any two integers are 1.
4) Form a 5x5 square grid. Let the students to add & subtract any 5(+ve) nos
& 5(ve) nos from o to 9 and 1 to 9 to form addition / subtraction table.
5) Construct a monogram to find the sum/difference of any two integers.
12 NUMBER SYSTEM
Integers
Solution to problem in first page of this unit.

If the number line is extended and the negative numbers are to be added, then Malliga
will win the game. In the last round, Victor has to move the coin from 6 steps from
4 towards left and reaches -2 then move 3 steps towards right and reaches 1. But
Malligas coin is at box2. So, she is only the winner.
Points to remember
Positive integers, zero and negative integers altogether constitute the

integers.
In the number line, the numbers on the right of 0 are increasing and the
numbers on the left of 0 are decreasing.
If the sum of two numbers is zero, then they are additive inverse of each
other.
Sum of two positive numbers is positive. The sum of two negative numbers
is negative.
The sum of a positive number and a negative number is either positive or
negative or zero.
Subtracting an integer from another integer is same as adding the additive
inverse of the second to the first number.
Mathematical puzzles
1. Each row and column is a mathematical equation. Use the numbers 1 to 9 only
once to complete the equation.
(Remember that division and multiplication are performed before addition and
subtraction)
MATHEMATICS 13
2. EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONS
2.1 Role of Variables in the Number System

Commutative property of addition of two numbers.
1+2 = 2+1 = 3
4+3 = 3+4 = 7
4+5 = 5+4 = 9
...
When the numbers are added in any order the value remains the same. So, this can be
denoted using variables a + b = b + a where a and b are any two whole numbers.
Do it Yourself
If a,b,c are variables in the set of whole numbers,verify the following laws
1. a # b = b # a
2. a # (b+c) = (a # b) + (a # c)
2.2 Expressions
We have studied the following in the previous classes.
11 = (1 # 10) + 1,
12 = (1 # 10) + 2
20 = (2 # 10) + 0
...
In the above numerical expressions we have used only numbers 1, 2, 3 ...
To form numerical expressions we use addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division signs.
For Example : In the numerical expression (4 x 10) + 5 we have multiplied 10
with 4 and added 5 to the result.
More numerical expressions are :
(2 # 10) 7, 3 + (7 # 6), (5 # 40) + 8, (6 # 2) + 4
A variable can take any numerical value.

All operations +, , # , ' used for numbers are also applicable for variable.
14 ALGEBRA
Expressions and Equations
Example : 1
Write the algebraic expression for the following statements :
Situation Introduction of variables Algebraic expression
1. Length of a rectangle is Let the breadth of the Length of the
3 more than its breadth. rectangle be x units. rectangle is (x+3)units.
2. Raghu is 10 years Let the age of Sedhu be Raghus age is (x-10)
younger than sedhu. x years. years.
3. Ramkumar is 2 times Let the age of Ramkumars age is
as old as Nandhagopal. Nandhagopal be x year. (2x) years.
4. Cost of one pen is Rs.9
Let the Cost of one note Cost of one pen is
less than the cost of one
book be Rs.y. Rs.(y-9).
note book.
5. The diameter of a circle Let the radius of the Diameter of the circle
is twice its radius. circle be r units. is 2 r units.

Example : 2
Write the algebric expression for the following statements
Mathematical Algebric
Statements
operations expression
Addition Add 10 to a number x+10
Subtraction Subtract 9 from a number x9
Multiplication 5 times a number 5x
One fourth of a persons monthly
Division x
income 4
Less than 10 less than a given number x10
Greater than 15 more than a given number x+15
multiples 3 times Raghus age 3z

Example : 3
Write the following expression in words
3m + 4, 3m - 4, 3m , 4m .
4 3
Solution:
I. 3m + 4 Add 4 to 3 times a number.
II. 3m - 4 Subtract 4 from 3 times a number.
III. 3m One fourth of 3 times a number.
4
IV. 4m One third of 4 times a number.
3
MATHEMATICS 15
Chapter - 2
Exercise 2.1
1. Write an expression for the following statements
(i) Add 7 to x.
(ii) Subtract 10 from y.
(iii) Subtract 8 from 3y.
(iv) One half of one-third of a number.
2. Write the following expression in statement form
2y 5y
(i)2y + 5 (ii) 2y 5 (iii) (iv)
5 2
3. Write an expression containing y, 7 and a numerical operation.
4. If Mangai is z years old, answer the following (form algebraic expressions)
(i) What will be the age of Mangai after 5 years?
(ii) How old is Mangais grandfather, if he is 7 times as old as Mangai?
(iii) How old is Mangais father if he is 5 more than 3 times as old as
Mangai?
5. A rabbit covers a distance of 30 feet by walk and then runs with the speed
of 2 feet per second for t seconds. Frame an algebraic expressions for
the total distance covered by the rabbit.
6. The cost of 1 pen is Rs.10. What is the cost of y pens?
7. Sachin saves Rs.x every day. How much does he save in one week?
2.3 Formation and solving Equations

We can identify whether two numerical expressions are equal or not from the
following: 7+ (30 + 7) = (40 - 2) + 6
Is it true? Ans: Yes
Other than = sign, we can utilize the symbols like >, <, also,
1) 135 # (74 + 32) > 134 # (72 + 34)
2) (20 10) # 8 < (10 + 20) # 8
3) (5+7) # 6 5 + (7 # 6)
Check the above !
16 ALGEBRA
when we use equal to sign between two expressions we get an equation. (Both the
expressions should not be numerical expressions).
Instead if we use signs like > , <, it is an inequation. For example,
(1) 3x 7 = 10 (equation) (2) 4x + 8 > 23 (inequation) (3) 2x 1 < 11 (inequation)
Number of F
1 2 3 4 5 ........
Formation
Number of 4 8 12 16 20 ........
Example :
match
4 # 1 4 # 2 4 # 3 4 # 4 4 # 5 ........
sticks used
If variable x represent the number of sticks used in the formation of F, then,

we get the following equation from the above table.
x = 4, 2x = 8, 3x = 12, 4x = 16, 5x = 20
6 x = 24, 7x = 28, 8x = 32 ... ...
From the above table the value of x which satisfies the equation 3x = 12 is 4.
Now, let us solve the equation 3x = 12 by substitution method.
Equation Value of the Substituting the Solution / Not a
variable value of the variable Solution
x=1 3#1=3 (False) Not a Solution
x=2 3#2=6 (False) Not a Solution
x=3 3 # 3 = 9 (False) Not a Solution
3x = 12
x=4 3 # 4 = 12 (True) Solution
Result for the equation 3x = 12 is 4.
Example : 4
Write an algebraic expression for the following statement:
Statement Algebraic expression

1) 10 added to a number gives 20 y + 10 = 20
2) Two times a number is 40 2x = 40
3) 5 subtracted from a number gives 20 x 5 = 20
4) A number divided by 6 gives the quotient x =5
5 leaving no remainder. 6
5) 8 subracted from twice a number gives 10 2y - 8 = 10
6) 6 added to twice a number is 42 42 = 2x + 6
MATHEMATICS 17
Chapter - 2
Example : 5
Complete the following table
Value of the Substituting the value Solution /
Equation
variable of the variable Not a Solution
(i) x + 3 = 8 x=4 4 + 3 = 7 8 (False) Not a Solution
(ii) x - 4 = 7 x = 11 11 4 = 7 (True) Solution
(iii) 3x = 12 x=3 3 # 3 = 9 12 (False) Not a Solution
(iv) x = 6 x = 42 42 = 6 (True) Solution

7 7
Example : 6
Using the table find the value of the variable which satisfies the equation x + 7 = 12.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
x+7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 18 16 17 18
From the table, solution for x + 7 = 12 is x = 5.
Exercise 2.2
1. Choose the correct answer:
a) Which of the following is an equation?
(i) 3 + 7 = 8 + 2 (ii) x < 4 (iii) 3x + 1 = 10 (iv) 4 x 7 = 28
3
b) Which equation has y = 4 as solution?
(i) 2y + 3 = 0 (ii) y - 7 = 2 (iii) y + 3 = 7 (iv) y + 4 = 0
c) Which is the variable in the equation 2s - 4 = 10?
(i) 2 (ii) 10 (iii) -4 (iv) s
2. Match the following :
Equation Solution
a) y - 2 = 0 (i) y = 0
b) 2y = 6 (ii) y = 2
c) 2 = y + 2 (iii) y = 3
3. Complete the table :
Equation
x 8 = 12 x=4
x 8 = 12 x=6
x 8 = 12 x = 20
x 8 = 12 x = 15
18 ALGEBRA

Equation
y + 7 = 15 y=6
y + 7 = 15 y =7
y + 7 = 15 y =8
y + 7 = 15 y =9

S.No. Equation
(i) x-3=0 x=2
(ii) y+7=2 y = 2
(iii) n + 8 = -18 n = 28
(iv) 3 p = 10 p = 7
6. Using the numbers given in the brackets find the value of the variable which
satisfies the given equation.
(i) x + 7 = 12 (3, 4, 5, 6)
x 10 = 0 (7, 8, 9, 10)
(ii)
(iii) 3x = 27 (6, 12, 9, 8)
p
(iv) = 5 (21, 14, 7, 35)
7
(v) r = 2 = 2 (18, 19, 20, 21)

10
7. Find the value of y which satisfies the equation y 3 = 9.

8. Complete the following table and find the value of the variable that satisfies
3z = 30
z 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
3z 21 36
9. Complete the following table and find the value of the variable that
satisfies P = 3
4
P 4 8 12 16 20 24
P 2 5
4
MATHEMATICS 19
Chapter - 2
Activity
1) Write any 10 life situation statements. Convert them into mathematical statements,
by using variables.
2) Construct a slide ruler to find the solution of simple linear equations.
Mathematical puzzles
1. I am a number. Go round the corners of the given figure 4

times. When you add my value with the number of corners you
have crossed you get 46. Find my value.
2. I am a number. After crossing all the boxes given in the figure,

the total of my value and the number of boxes crossed is 60.
Find my value.
3. I am a two digit number. Moreover I am a multiple of 11. When

I am divided by 7, 1 leave no remainder. When 4 is added to the
quotient 15 is obtained. What is my value?
Points to remember
Variable has no constant value. It take various values according to the

given situation.
Variables are denoted by small letters a, b, c, ... x, y, z...
Expressions can be related using variables.
In arithmetic and geometry formulae are obtained using variables.
If we equate one expression with another expression we get an equation.
(One expression must be a non numerical expression)
Value of the variable that satisfies the equation is the solution for the
equation.
20 ALGEBRA
3. PERIMETER AND AREA
3.1 Perimeter
Rahman is a farmer. He has to fence his field.
What length of the Can you help Rahman?

Total length of the
barbed wire I should
boundaries should be found.
buy to fence my field?
The length of each boundary
is given in the figure.
I found the answer

The perimeter of a closed
I should buy 8 m + 12 m + figure is the total measure
10 m + 4 m = 34 m barbed of the boundry.
wire.
Example : 1
Find the perimeter of the following shapes.
Perimeter of the shape = Sum of the measure of all the sides.
8 + 5 + 3 + 2 = 18 cm 4 + 7 + 4 + 7 + = 22 cm 4 + 6 + 9 + 6 = 25 cm 4 + 4 + 7 = 15 cm
Example : 2
The distance between two consecutive points is 1 unit.
Find the perimeter of ABCDEF.
Solution :
The distance between A to B is 2 units. In the same way,
adding the lengths of all the sides, we get 2 + 1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 5 = 14units.
The perimeter of the given figure = 14 units.
MATHEMATICS 21
Chapter - 3
3.1.1 Perimeter of a rectangle and a square
We can find the perimeter of a rectangle ABCD easily as 4 + 3

+ 4 + 3 = 14 cm
But in general, the perimeter of rectangles with different lengths
and breadths is length + breadth + length + breadth
Perimeter = 2 # length + 2 # breadth

= 2 (length + breadth) We use the first letters l of length and b of
= 2 (l + b) units breadth in the formula
where l denotes the length and b Perimeter = 2 (l+b ) units
denotes the breadth. We can denote length and breadth by any
other letter also.
Example : 3
Find the perimeter of a rectangle, whose length is 5 cm and breadth is 3 cm.
Solution :
Perimeter = 2 (length + breadth) units
= 2 (5 + 3) = 2 # 8 = 16 cm
Perimeter of a square
Every square is a rectangle whose length and breadth are equal.

Perimeter = 2 # side + 2 x side
= 4 # side
= 4s where s is the side.
We use the first letter

s of the word side to
denote the side.
Example : 4
Find the perimeter of a square whose side is 20 cm.
Perimeter = 4 # side = 4 # 20 = 80 cm
22 MEASUREMENTS
Perimeter and Area
Exercise 3.1
1. Find the perimeter of the following shapes.
2. Find the perimeter of the following figure.

(Take the distance between any two consecutive points as 1 unit)
3. Draw different shapes with perimeter 8 units in the following dotted sheet.
4. Find the perimeter of a rectangle of length 4 cm and breadth 7cm.

5. The perimeter of a square is 48 cm. Find its side.
6. A farmer wishes to fence his field with 3 rows of wire. If the dimensions of the
field are 120 m by 68 m, find the total length of wire required?
7. Priya wanted to frame the drawing she had made on a card. The length and
width of the card was 25.4 cm and 9.6 cm respectively. Find the cost of the
frame if one cm of frame cost ` 1.50?
3.2 Area
In the figure, look at the books on the table. Every
book occupies a space. There is no space for the fourth
book. The space that each book occupies is the area of
that book.
The area of an object is the space occupied by it on a plane surface.
Only two dimensional and three dimensional objects will have area.
MATHEMATICS 23
Chapter - 3
Example : 5
How to calculate the area?

Count the number of green squares in each of the following shapes.
Shape 1 = 1 Square, Shape 2 = 9 Squares,

Shape 3 = 8 Squares, Shape 4 = 9 Squares.
Look at shape 1
The square of side 1 unit is called Unit square.
The area occupied by it is 1 square unit (1 sq. unit).
Area of unit square = 1 unit x 1 unit = 1sq. unit.
We have denoted the side of a small square as 1 unit. The area of the squares of sides in
mm, cm, m, km can be expressed as follows :
1 mm x 1 mm = 1 sq. mm
1 cm x 1 cm = 1 sq. cm
1 m x 1 m = 1 sq. m
1 km x 1 km = 1 sq. km
24 MEASUREMENTS
Perimeter and Area
Exercise 3.2
Look at the following table. Find the suitable unit (4) in to find the area of each.
Objects Square cm Square m Square km
Handkerchief
A page of a book
The door of a classroom
Area of the land surface of

chennai city
Saree
3.2.1 Area of different shapes

Activity
Take a rectangular piece of paper. Fold it diagonally and cut it into

two triangles.
Different shapes are formed by joining the sides

of the triangles in various ways.
They all are in different shapes.

What can be said about their areas?
All shapes will be equal

in areas as they are formed with the same two pieces of a paper.
Can you form two more shapes like this?
Area of these figures can be found by counting the number of unit squares in
them.
MATHEMATICS 25
Chapter - 3
Example : 6
Find the area of the given shape.

The area of each small square is 1 sq.cm. Activity
Therefore area of the shape = 10 full squares + 4 half squares Draw a few more
= 10 full squares + 2 full squares shapes on graph
sheets and to find
= 12 full squares
their areas.
= 12 sq.cm.
Exercise 3.3
1. Find the area of the given shapes

2. Draw two different shapes of area 10 square units on a dotted sheet.
3. Geeta drew two sides of a shape on a dotted sheet.

How did Raghu complete the shape? There can be many solutions for this.
In how many ways can you complete these shapes?
26 MEASUREMENTS
Perimeter and Area
3.3 Area of a rectangle, square and a triangle

Area of a rectangle
The area of a rectangle connecting the dots can be found as
15 sq.units by counting the number of small squares.
How to calculate the area of the rectangle without counting the

number of squares?
The length of the rectangle is the distance between A and B = 5 units

There fore, there are 5 small squares on the line AB
The breadth of the rectangle is the distance between B and C = 3 units.

There are 3 rows of 5 squares in each.
Now the area of the rectangle = Total number of squares.

= Number of squares in 3 rows.
=5+5+5
=5#3
= (length x breadth) sq. units
Usually we denote length as l, breadth as b

` Area of a rectangle = (l # b) sq. units
Example : 7
Find the area of a rectangle whose length is 8 cm and breadth 5 cm
Area of a rectangle = length # breadth = 8 cm # 5 cm = 40 sq. cm
Area of a square
We know that in a rectangle if the length is equal to the breadth, it is a square. They are
called the sides of a square.
` Length = breadth = side of the square
` Area of a square = length # breadth
= (side # side) sq.units
(Formula for area of the rectangle is also suitable for area of
square)
If you denote the side as s then the area of the square = (s # s) sq. units.
MATHEMATICS 27
Chapter - 3
Example : 8
Find the area of a square of side 7 cm.
Area of a square = side # side = 7cm # 7cm = 49 sq. cm.
Area of a right triangle
Take a rectangular shaped card-board and cut it through a

diagonal. We get 2 right triangles.
Area of a right triangle = half the area of the rectangle
= 1 # (length x breadth) sq. units
2
From this you know that

Area of a rectangle = Area of two right triangles.
The length and breadth of the rectangle become the base and height of the right triangle.
Length is used as the base and breadth is used as the height.
Hence, area of a right triangle = 1 # (base x height) sq.units.

2

If base is denoted as b and height as h, then the area
of a right triangle = 1 (b # h) sq.units.
2
Example : 9
Find the area of the following right triangle. A
Solution :
Area = 1 # base # height
2
12 cm
Base of triangle = 9 cm
B 9 cm C
Height = 12 cm
` Area = 1 # 9 # 12 = 9 # 6 = 54 sq.cm.
2
28 MEASUREMENTS
Perimeter and Area
Which of the following shapes has greater area?
Area of both the shapes are equal.

We get the second shape by
rotating the first shape.
The area of the shapes do not change when they are rotated or moved
from their places.
Example : 10
3 cm
Find the area of the following shape.
4 cm
7 cm
3 cm
6 cm
Solution : There are three methods to solve this problem.
I method II method
Area of (A) = 4 # 3 = 12 sq. cm. Area of (F) = 7 # 3 = 21 sq. cm.
Area of (B) = 6 # 3 = 18 sq. cm. Area of (E) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm. Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm.
3 cm 3 cm
4 cm
4 cm
7 cm
7 cm
3 cm
3 cm
6 cm
6 cm
MATHEMATICS 29
Chapter - 3
III method
Area of (C) = 4 # 3 = 12 sq. cm.
Area of (D) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Area of (E) = 3 # 3 = 9 sq. cm.
Therefore, area of the shape = 30 sq. cm.
3 cm
4 cm
7 cm
3 cm
6 cm
Activity
1. An old man divided the land which is mentioned in the picture 10 m 10 m
and gave it to his three sons equally. He asked them to fence
20 m
20 m
their land at their own cost. But the third son told that his father (1) (2)
made him only spend more than his brothers. Why did he say
like this? Did he say correctly?
10 m
2. Find the length and breadth of any 5 things, which are useful in 10 m
every day and find their area & perimeter. 20 m
3. Draw Square, Rectangle and Triangle in a graph sheet and find

the area & perimeter of each figure.
Exercise 3.4
1. Fill in the blanks :
Length of the Breadth of the Perimeter of Area of the
S.No
rectangle (l) rectangle (b) the rectangle rectangle
(i) 7 cm 5 cm - -
(ii) 10 cm - 28 m -
(iii) - 6m - 72 sq.m
(iv) 9m - - 63 sq.m
30 MEASUREMENTS
Perimeter and Area

2. Find the area of the following shapes.
3. Find the area of the following right triangles
4. A wire of length 24 cm is bent to form a square. Find the area of the

square formed.
5. Two wires of length 36 cm are bent to form a square and a rectangle.

Which of the two figures square and rectangle will have a greater area
and by how much?
6. Form a rectangular sheet of chart paper, measuring 60 cm by 40 cm.

How many squares of side 2 cm can be made?
7. A room is 4 cm long and 3 m 50 cm wide. How many square metres of

carpet is needed to cover the floor of the room?
MATHEMATICS 31
Chapter - 3
Activity
1. Using graph sheet construct different rectangles whose areas are equal. Find the
perimeter of each figure. Are the areas & perimeters same or not. Discuss.
2. By using sticks, make Squares, Rectangles, Triangles and paste it in the chart.
Mention their area and perimeter
Points to remember
The Perimeter of a closed figure is the total measure of the boundry.
The Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 # (l + b) units.
The Perimeter of a Square = (4 # s) units.
The area of an object is the space occupied by it on a plane surface.
The area of a rectangle = (l # b) sq. units
The area of a Square = (s # s) sq.units.
The area of a right angled triangle = 1 # (base # height).

2
The area of a shape do not change when they are rotated or move from
their places.
32 MEASUREMENTS
4. TRIANGLES
4.1 Triangles
We know angles and triangles. What is the relation between them?
We have already learnt that a three sided (line segments) closed plane figure is called a
triangle. Then we wonder why is it called a triangle?
When the three sides of a triangles meet, they also form three angles. So it is called a
triangle.
Find which of the following are triangles?
Types of triangles
Triangles are classified according to the measures of their sides and angles.
Measure the sides and angles of the following triangles and fill the table given
MATHEMATICS 33
Chapter - 4
sum of the
Measure of Nature of the Measure of Kinds of
Figure measure of
the angle angles the sides Triangles
the angles
1 60c, 60c, 60c 180c, Three angles 3 cm, 3 cm, Equilateral
are equal 3 cm triangles
2
3
4
5
6
7
In the above triangles, compare the sum of any two sides with the third side.
From this, we come to know
If the measure of three angles of a triangle are equal then its sides are also equal.
If the measure of two angles of a triangle are equal then its two sides are equal.
If the measure of two sides of a triangle are equal then its two angles are equal.
If the measure of the angles are different then the measure of its sides are also
different.
If the measure of the sides are different then the measure of its angles are also
different.
Sum of the three angles of a triangles is 180c.
Sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
The above points are applicable to all triangles.
Do it yourself
Using rubber bands in a
Geo-board try to form
various triangle and
observe their properties.
34 GEOMETRY
Triangles
Classification of triangles on the basis of sides :

If all the three sides of a triangle are equal then it is called an
equilateral triangle.
Example : Fig(1)
If any two sides of a triangle are equal then it is called an

isosceles triangle.
Example : Figures (3), (4), (5).
If all the three sides of a triangle are unequal then it is called a

scalene triangle
Classification of triangle on the basis of angles :

If each angle of a triangle is an acute angle, it is called an
acute angled triangle.
In a triangle, if any one angle is a right angle, then the triangle is

called a right angled triangle.
Example : Figures (3), (7).
In a triangle, if one angle is an obtuse angle, then the triangle is

called an obtuse angled triangle.
Example : Figures (4), (6)
A few questions may arise now.

1. What type of triangle is it if it has a right angle and an obtuse angle?
2. Is it possible for a triangle to have either two obtuse angles or two right
angles?
According to question (1) if a right angle and an obtuse angle is present in the same
triangle the sum of the angles will always be more than 180c (why?)
So, such a triangle is not possible.
MATHEMATICS 35
Chapter - 4
Example : 1
Write the type of triangle, based on their sides
(i) In ABC, AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm, CA = 6 cm
(ii) In PQR, PQ = 5 cm, QR = 4 cm, PR = 4 cm
Solution :
(i) All the three sides are unequal. So, ABC is a scalene triangle.
(ii) QR = PR = 4 cm. Two sides are equal. So, PQR is an isosceles triangle.
Example : 2
Can a triangle be drawn using measurements 4 cm, 10 cm and 5 cm? Give reason.
Solution :
10 + 4 = 14 is greater than 5.
10 + 5 = 15 is greater than 4.
4 + 5 = 9 is less than 10.
A triangle cannot be formed, because the sum of two sides is less than the third side.
Example : 3
Determine the kind of triangle if the three angles are
(i) 60c, 45c, 75c (ii) 20c, 90c, 70c (iii) 104c, 35c, 41c
Solution :
(i) Each angle is less than 90c. So, it is an acute angled triangle.
(ii) One angle measure 90c. So, it is a right angled triangle.
(iii) One angle is greater than 90c. So, it is an obtuse angled triangle.
Example : 4
Can we draw a triangle with angles 30c, 80c, 85c?
Solution :
The sum of the measure of the three angles is 30c + 80c + 85c = 195c
But the sum of the measure of the angles of a triangle is 180c.
Therefore a triangle cannot be formed using the given angles.
36 GEOMETRY
Triangles
Example : 5
Can 100c,120c be any two angles of a triangle?
Solution :
Sum of the given angles is 100c + 120c = 220c. This is greater than 180c, but the sum
of the measures of the angles of a triangle should always be 180c. Even though the
third angle is not known it is not possible to form a triangle with the given measures.
Therefore a triangle cannot have two obtuse angles.
Exercise 4.1
1. Fill in the blanks :
(i) The sum of the three angles of a triangle is ..........
(ii) In a equilateral triangle ................... sides are equal.
(iii) The triangle in which two sides are equal is called .................. Triangle.
(iv) If a triangle has one right angle it is called a .................. Triangle.
(v) In a triangle the sum of the measure of any two sides is ................... than
the third side.
(vi) Triangle can be classified into ................... kinds according to their sides.
(vii) Triangle can be classified into ................... kinds according to their angles.
2. What are six parts of a triangle?
3. Classify the triangle based on their angles.
S.No. +A +B +C Type
(i) 30c 45c 105c
(ii) 25c 90c 65c
(iii) 62c 45c 73c
(iv) 120c 30c 30c
4. Can we have a triangle whose degree measures as :

(i) 30c, 60c, 90c (ii) 40c, 100c, 40c
(iii) 60c, 70c, 20c (iv) 50c, 75c, 65c
(v) 90c, 90c, 0c
MATHEMATICS 37
Chapter - 4
5. Classify the triangles based on their sides
Sl. No. AB cm BC cm CA cm Type

(i) 5 2 5
(ii) 3 3 3
(iii) 6 7 3
(iv) 4 5 7

6. State if the following could be the possible lengths of the sides of a triangle.
(i) 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm (ii) 10 cm, 6 cm, 3 cm
(iii) 15 cm, 10 cm, 8 cm (iv) 12 cm, 20 cm, 8 cm
Activity
1) Using colour thread, straws or sticks, make different type of triangles
based on its sides & angles.
2) Draw different type of triangles and measure its sides & angles of each
triangle and then classify them.
3) Demonstrate the different types of triangle through Geo-board.
38 GEOMETRY
5. CONSTRUCTION OF PERPENDICULAR LINES AND
PARALLEL LINES
5.1 Construction of Perpendicular lines and parallel lines
Example : 1
Using a set square and a ruler construct a line perpendicular to given line at a point
on it.
Step 1 :
(i) Draw a line AB with the help of a ruler.
(ii) Mark a point P on it.
Step 2 :
(i) Place a ruler on the line AB
(ii) Place one edge of a set square containing the right angle along the
given line AB as shown in the figure.
Step 3 :
(i) Pressing the ruler tightly with the left
hand, slide the set square along the
ruler till the edge of the set square
touches the point P.
(ii) Through P, draw a line PQ along
the edge.
(iii) PQ is the required line perpendicular
to AB. Measure and check if
m+APQ = m+BPQ = 90c
Example : 2
Using a set square and a ruler draw a line perpendicular to the given line through a
point above it.
Step 1 :
(i) Draw a line PQ using a ruler
(ii) Mark a point A above the given line
MATHEMATICS 39
Chapter - 5
Step 2 :

(i) Place the ruler on the line PQ
(ii) Place one edge of a set square containing the right angle along the given
line PQ as shown in the figure.
Step 3 :
(i) Pressing tightly the ruler with the left hand, slide the set square along the
ruler till the edge of the set square touches the point A
(ii) Through A draw a line AO along the edge.
(iii) AO is the required line perpendicular to PQ
Measure and check : m+POA = m+QOA = 90c
Example : 3
Using a set square and a ruler draw a line parallel to a given line through a point at a
distance of 5cm above it.
Step 1 : (i) Draw a line XY using ruler and mark a
point A on it.
(ii) Draw AM = 5cm with the help of a set
square.
Step 2 :
Place the set square on the line segment XY.

(i) Place the set scale as shown in the figure.
Construction of Perpendicular lines and parallel lines
Example : 4
Step 3 :
(i) Pressing tightly the ruler, slide the set square along the ruler till the edge
of the set square touches the point M.
(ii) Through M, draw a line MN along the edge.
(iii) MN is the required line parallel to XY through M.
Exercise 5.1
1. Find the distance between the given parallel lines
2. Find the length of the perpendicular lines AB and CD
3. Draw a line segment measuring 5.6 cm. Mark a point P on it. Through P draw
line perpendicular to the given line.
4. Draw a line segment measuring 6.2 cm. Mark a point A above it. Through A
draw a line perpendicular to the given line.
MATHEMATICS 41
Chapter - 5
5. Draw a line segment measuring 7.1 cm. Mark a point M below the line segment.
Through M draw a line perpendicular to the given line segment.
6. Draw a line segment measuring 5.2 cm. Mark a point B above it at a distance of
4.3 cm. Through B draw a line parallel to the given line segment.
7. Draw a line segment. Mark a point Q below it at a distance of 5.1 cm. Through
Q draw a line parallel to the given line segment.
Activity
Try to make different shapes like this by using set squares and mark along the boundary
lines and name it.
For example
6. DATA HANDLING
6.1 Data
You must have seen your teacher writing information regarding attendance of
the students on the blackboard.
Information regarding number on Boys Girls Total
roll and attendance
Class : 6 Number on Roll 20 20 40
No. of students
Day : Monday 20 18 38
present
In the same way, the marks obtained by students of a class in a particular
examination, the maximum and minimum temperature of different places in a state are
collection of information in the form of numerical figures.
Any collection of information in the form of numerical

figures giving the required information is called a data.
6.1.1 Collection of data

To submit information to the Government, the data of the mode of transport
of 40 children of a school was collected.
They tabulated the same as follows.
S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of S.No. Mode of

transport transport transport transport
1 Bus 11 Bus 21 Bus 31 Bus
2 Train 12 Cycle 22 Cycle 32 Cycle
3 Cycle 13 Bus 23 Walk 33 Train
4 Bus 14 Walk 24 Walk 34 Bus
5 Walk 15 Walk 25 Walk 35 Bus
6 Walk 16 Walk 26 Bus 36 Walk
7 Train 17 Bus 27 Bus 37 Walk
8 Bus 18 Bus 28 Walk 38 Walk
9 Cycle 19 Train 29 Cycle 39 Train
10 Bus 20 Cycle 30 Bus 40 Bus
MATHEMATICS 43
Chapter - 6
6.1.2 Raw data (unclassified data)

It is difficult to find how many different modes of transports are used by the students.
How many of them use each mode? etc. from the above table. It is just a collection of data.
They are not classified to give specific information.
6.1.3 Classification of data
From the above unclassified data, we come to know that many students use bus,
cycle and train as a mode of transport or they come by walk.
From the information collected from students the modes of transport are listed
one below the other as shown in the table. A mark is made against each mode for each
student using it. Finally we count the number of marks to get the number of students
using each mode.
Bus |||||||||||||||| 16
Train ||||| 5
Cycle ||||||| 7
By walk |||||||||||| 12
Total 40
| is called a tally mark. It is difficult to count

if there are more number of tally marks.
Therefore to make it easier to count,
we change it as follows.
Mode of Tally Mark Number of

transport students
Bus |||| |||| |||| | 16
Train |||| 5
Cycle |||| || 7
By walk |||| |||| || 12
Total 40
44 STATISTICS
Data Handling
After 4 tally marks the fifth tally mark is entered as a cross line cutting across
diagnolly all the 4 tally marks as shown ( |||| ) and it is counted as 5. We can calculate
the number of students coming by bus as 5 + 5 + 5 + 1 = 16. In the same way we can
find the remaining data also.
The raw data is rearranged and tabulated to get classified or tabulated data.
Example : 1
Information was collected from 20 students of a class regarding competitions they
like to participate.
No. of the No. of the No. of the No. of the

Competition Competition Competition Competition
student student student student
Ball Ball
1 Cricket 6 Kabadi 11 16
Badminton Badminton
2 Kabadi 7 Cricket 12 Kabadi 17 Foot Ball
Ball
3 Foot Ball 8 Cricket 13 Foot Ball 18
Badminton
Ball Ball
4 Foot Ball 9 Kabadi 14 19
Badminton Badminton
5 Kabadi 10 Foot Ball 15 Kabadi 20 Foot Ball
Tabulate the above information using tally mark.

All the students have chosen any one of the games.
We can tabulate it as follows :-
Cricket ||| 3
Kabadi |||| | 6
Foot Ball |||| | 6
Ball Badminton |||| 5
Total 20
MATHEMATICS 45
Chapter - 6
Example : 2
The classified data of the number of students who were absent in a class room in a
particular week is given.
If each student is denoted by a tally mark, answer the following :-
Days No.of students (tally marks)

Monday ||||
Tuesday ||||
Wednesday ||
Thursday
Friday |
Saturday |||| |||
1. How many students were absent on each day of the week?
Answer : Monday - 5, Tuesday - 4, Wednesday - 2, Thursday - 0,
Friday - 1, Saturday - 8
2. Which day had maximum number of absentees?
Answer : Saturday
3. Which day had minimum number of absentees?
Answer : Thursday
Do it yourself
Ask the students to collect and tabulate the information about the different
types of houses in villages.
Type of house Tally mark Total no. of houses
Thatched house
Tiled house
Asbestos house
Concrete house
1) Which type of houses are more in number?

2) Which type of houses are less in number?
3) Are there two or more type of houses in the same number? If so, name
them.
46 STATISTICS
Data Handling
6.2. Drawing Pictographs:

Information is easily understood when represented by pictures.
Example : 3
The following pictures shows the number of people who visited the tourism trade
fair in 5 weeks.

Represents 10,000
First week
Second week
Third week
Fourth week
Fifth week
Question :
1. How many of them visited the fair in the 1st week?

2. Which week had maximum visitors?
3. Which week had minimum visitors?
4. Find the total number of visitors who enjoyed the fair?
Solution :
1. 40,000 people visited in the first week.

2. Maximum people visited in the fifth week
3. Minimum people visited in the fourth week
4. Total number of visitors in the fair = 2,50,000
MATHEMATICS 47
Chapter - 6
Example : 4
The manufacturing of cars in a factory during the years 2005 to 2009 is given in
the following table.
Year No. of cars
2005 2000
2006 3000
2007 1000
2008 4000
2009 5000
The following pictograph represents the above information.
Represents 1000 cars
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Pictograph of the manufacture of cars in a car factory during the years

2005 to 2009.
Questions :
1. In which year the minimum number of cars were manufactured?
2. Find the year in which the number of cars manufactured was 3000
3. Find the total number of cars manufactured upto 2008 (inclusive of2008).
4. Find the total number of cars manufactured in 2008 and 2009.
Solution :
1. Minimum number of cars were manufactured in 2007.
2. 3000 cars were manufactured in 2006.
3. 10,000 cars were manufactured up to 2008.
(2000 + 3000 + 1000 + 4000 = 10,000)
4. 9000 cars were manufactured in 2008 and 2009.
48 STATISTICS
Data Handling
Exercise 6.1
I. See the pictograph and answer the questions
represents 200 girls
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Pictograph of the total number of girls studied in a high school in the years
2006 to 2010.
Questions :
1. Find the year in which the minimum numbers of girls studied.
2. Find the year in which the maximum number of girls studied.
3. Find the year in which the number of girls studied was 600.
4. Find the difference between the maximum number of students and minimum
number of students.
5. Say true or false :
Equal number of girls studied in the year 2008 and 2009
II. See the pictograph and answer the following questions.
Each picture represents `10,000
Wood
Sand
Brick
Stone
Cement
Pictograph shows the expenses in constructing a house.
Questions :
1. What information is given by the pictograph?
2. How much did he spend for sand?
3. What is the total amount spent for bricks and stones?
4. State the item on which maximum amount was spent?
5. What is the total expense of constructing a house?
MATHEMATICS 49
Chapter - 6
III. See the pictograph and answer the questions.

represents 5 landings.
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Questions:
1. How many landings were there on Monday?
2. How many landings were there on Saturday?
3. On which day were there maximum landings?
4. On which day were there minimum landings?
5. The total number of landings during the week?
IV. See the pictograph and answer the questions.
represents 500 books.
School A
School B
School C
School D
Questions:
1. Which of the given school had the maximum number of books?
2. Which of the given school had the minimum number of books?
3. What was the number of books in school C?
4. The total number of books in the four schools
5. What is the information given by the pictograph?
50 STATISTICS
Data Handling
6.3 BAR DIAGRAM

Through bar diagrams the statistical data can be understood easily.
It can be used to compare two items easily.
A bar diagram consists of many rectangular bars.
The bars are drawn between the horizontal line and the vertical line. The interval
between the bars must be equal and the thickness of the bars must be same.
Example : 5
The total number of runs scored by a few players in one-day match in india is
given
Draw the bar diagram.
Players 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of runs 30 60 10 50 70 40
70
Represent the number of players on the horizontal line and represent the number of
runs on the vertical line
Scale - In vertical line 1 cm = 10 runs
Example : 6
The number of students in each class of a high school is given below.
Draw a bar diagram.

Class 6 7 8 9 10
No. of
450 400 425 400 350
students
MATHEMATICS 51
Chapter - 6
The number of students should be written on the vertical line and the classes 6 to 10
must be given on the horizontal line.
1 cm on the vertical line = 100 students.
Exercise - 6.2
1. Construct a bar graph to represent the following information. Number of
absentees in a week in a corporation high school are given
Class 6 7 8 9 10
Absentees 8 12 9 15 6
2. The number of students taking part in various games in a higher secondary

school are given below. Draw a bar diagram
Game Foot Ball Net Ball Basket Ball Cricket Athletics
No. of students 25 30 15 20 10
3. The savings of a student is given in the table. Draw a bar diagram.
Month June July August September October November December

Amount
20 35 25 15 10 40 30
(`)
4. Draw a bar diagram to represent the most popular television programmes.

Television Animal
Cartoon Games Pogo Tourism News
programme Planet
No. of
150 100 125 200 100 250
viewers
52 STATISTICS
Data Handling
5. The number of notebooks sold by a stationery shop on seven consecutive

days is given below. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Days Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Number of
250 150 200 100 350 50 300
Notebooks
6. The number of Mathematics books sold by a shopkeeper on six consecutive
days is given below. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Days Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Number of
40 30 50 20 70 75
Books sold
7. Number of persons in various age groups in a town is given in the following
table. Draw a bar graph to represent the information.
Age group 1-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-74 75 & above
Number of 1 lakh 1 lakh 1 lakh
2 lakhs 80 thousands 50 thousands
persons 50 thousands 20 thousands 40 thousands
6.4. Reading bar diagrams

Example : 7
The number of uniform sets a few 6 standard students have with them are given in
the table followed by a bar diagram.
Name of the
Lakshmi Amirtham Ayisha Selvan Latha
students
Number of
3 5 4 7 2
uniforms
From the above bar diagram, answer the following :-

1. What is the name of the student having maximum number of uniform?
(Selvan)
2. How many uniforms does Ayisha have? (4)
3. Who has the minimum number of uniforms? (Latha)
4. The information is given about ................. students. (5)
5. How many students have more than two sets of uniform? (4)
MATHEMATICS 53
Chapter - 6
Example : 8
The bar diagram is given to represent the names of the schools and the number of
the students who took part in an examination conducted by a Municipal Higher
Secondary School. Answer the following questions:
1. Name the school from which maximum number of students participated?

(Hr sec school 5)
2. How many schools took part in the examination? (6)
3. Name the school from which minimum number of students participated?
(Hr sec school - 4)
4. Name the school from which 350 students paricipated? (Hr sec school - 4)
5. How many students participated from Hr sec school - 6? (500)
Exercise 6.3
I. The bar diagram represents the number of shirts produced in a tailoring unit
in 6 days. Answer the following.
Questions :
1. On which day of the week the maximum number of shirts were produced?
2. What is the number of shirts produced on Tuesday?
3. On which days of the week, were equal number of shirts produced?
4. What is the information given by the bar graph?
5. How many shirts does one cm represent on the horizontal line?
54 STATISTICS
Data Handling
II. The marks scored by a student in half yearly examination are given below.
Answer the following questions :
1. What is the information given by the bar diagram?

2. How much did the student score in Science ?
3. Name the subject in which he has scored the maximum marks?
4. What is the total marks scored by him in both the languages together?
5. Form a table to show the marks scored by the student in all the 5 subjects.
III. The bar diagram represents the number of students using different modes of
transport. Answer the following questions.
Questions :
1. Which mode of transport is mostly used by the students?
2. What is the information given by the bar diagram?
3. How many students come by walk to school?
4. How many students were represented by 1 cm on the horizontal line?
5. Name the mode of transport used by minimum number of students?
MATHEMATICS 55
Chapter - 6
IV. The Bar graph represents the average temperature during the month of
April at vellore during the year 2007 to 2012. Answer the following
questions.
Questions:
1. What information is given by the bar graph?
2. What are the years mentioned in the bar graph?
3. Mention the years in which the temperature was maximum. What was the
temperature recorded?
4. What was the minimum temperature recorded and also mention the year?
5. Name the place for which the information is given?
V. The Bar graph represents the number of international matches played by

the hockey teams of different countries in a year. Read the graphs and
answer the following questions.
Questions:
1. How many matches did India play ?
2. Which country played the minimum number of matches?
3. Which country played the maximum number of matches?
4. How many more matches did India play than Australia?
56 STATISTICS
Data Handling
VI. The Bar graph represents the amount of wheat purchased by government
during the year 1998 to 2002. Answer the following questions.
Questions:
1. What information given by the bar graph?
2. In which year the wheat purchased maximum?
3. In which years the wheat purchased minimum?
4. The amount of wheat purchased during the year 1998-2002.
Activity
1) Select a paragraph from a newspaper, List out 2 letter words, 3 letter words,
4 letter words & 5 letter words. Represent the data in a table and draw a
pictograph.
2) Collect informations from your hamlet /village/ area regarding the number
of students studying in primary, middle, high school, higher secondary
schools, colleges. Represent the data in a table and draw a pictograph.
3) Collect the runs scored by 5 favourite players. Represent the data in a table
and draw a bar diagram.
4) List out the number and types of vehicles crossing your residence and draw
a pictograph for the data collected.
Points to remember
Data is a collection of numerical figures giving required information.
The information which is collected initially is called the raw data or unclassified
data.
The classified and tabulated information help us to get a better understanding
of the data collected.
Pictograph are used to represent information through pictures.
MATHEMATICS 57
ANSWERS
Exercise 1.1
1. (i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) False (v) True
2. (i) 7>3 (ii) -3>-5 (iii) 2>-3 (iv) 7>-3 (v) 1>-4 (vi) -4>-7
3. (i) -2,-1,0,1,2 (ii) -3,-2,-1,0,1 (iii) 0 (iv) -4,-3
(v)-3,-2,-1,0,1,2 (vi) -1,0,1
4. (i) 1 (ii) -4 (iii) 8 units (iv) 5 units
Exercise 1.2
1. (i) 4 (ii) -10 (iii) 2 (iv) -3 (v) -3
2. (i) 1 (ii) -10
3. (i) 7 (ii) 7 (iii) -70 (iv) 110 (v) -57 (vi) 0
(vii) -18 (viii) -52
4. (i) -3 (ii) 10
5. (i) 10 (ii) -17 (iii) 0 (iv) -30 6. -90, -110, 20
7. City B (i) 5oC (ii) 23oC
Exercise 2.1
1) (i) x+7 (ii) y-10 (iii) 3y-8 (iv) 3x
2
2) (i) Add 5 with twice y (ii) Subtract 5 from twice y
(iii) Divide twice y by 5 (iv) Divide 5 times y by 2
y
3) (i) y+7, 7y,y-7,7-y, , 7
7 y
4) (i) z+5 (ii) 7z (iii) 3z+5 (iv) 2t+30 (v) 10y (vi) 7x
Exercise 2.2
1) a) iii b) iii c) iv
2) a) ii b) iii c) i
3) Not a solution. Not a solution. Is a solution. Not a solution
58 ANSWERS
4) 6+7 =13 Not a solution. 7+7 = 14 Not a solution. 8+7 = 15
Is a solution. 9+7 = 16 Not a solution
5) i) 2-3 = -1 Not a solution ii) -2+7 = 5 Not a solution
iii) 28+8 = 36 Not a solution iv) 3-(-7) = 10 Is a solution
6) (i) 5 ii) 10 iii) 9 iv) 35 v) 20
7) y = 12
8) 15, 18, 24, 27, 30, 33, 39, 42, 45 ; z = 10
9) 1, 3, 4, 6 ; p = 12
Exercise 3.1
1) (I) 46 sq.cm (II) 21 cm (III) 28cm (IV) 24cm
(V) 21cm
2) 16 units 4) 22 cm 5) 12cm 6. 1128 m 7. ` 105
Exercise 3.2
1) sq.cm, sq.cm, sq.m, sq.km, sq.m
Exercise 3.3
1) a) 16 sq.units b) 8sq.units
Exercise 3.4
1) (i) 24 cm, 35 sq.cm (ii) 4cm, 40sq.cm (iii) 12m, 36m (iv) 7m, 32m
2) (i) 36 sq.m (ii) 75 sq.m 3) (i) 6 sq.cm (ii) 18 sq.cm
4) 36 sq.cm 5) Square has a greater area than the rectangle
6) 600 squares 7) 14 sq.m
Exercise 4.1
1) (i) 180o (ii) all three (iii) an isosceles (iv) right angled
(v) greater (vi) 3 (vii) 3
2) Three angles and three sides
MATHEMATICS 59
3) (i) obtuse angled triangle (ii) right angled triangle (iii) acute angled triangle
(iv) obtuse angled triangle
4) (i) yes (ii) yes (iii) no (iv) no (v) no
5) (i) isosceles triangle (ii) equilateral triangle (iii) scalene triangle
(iv) scalene triangle
6) (i) impossible (ii) impossible (iii) possible (iv) impossible
Exercise 6.1
I) 1) 2006 2) 2010 3) 2008, 2009 4) 600 5) true
II) 1) The pictograph shows the expenses in constructing a house.
2) ` 60,000 3) ` 70,000 4) Cement ` 70,000
5) Total expenses ` 2,30,000
III) 1) 35 2) 40 3) Tuesday 4) Sunday 5)310
IV) 1) School D 2) School A 3) 5000 4) 19000
5) The Pictograph shows the number of books in four Schools
Exercise 6.3
I) 1) Friday, 40 2) 25 3) Monday, Saturday
4) The bar graph shows the number of shirts produced in 6 days.
II) 1) The bar diagram shows the marks scored by a student in half-yearly examination.
2) 90 3) Maths 4) 130
Subject Tamil English Maths Science Social Science
5) Marks 70 60 100 90 65
III) 1) cycle
2) The bar diagram shows the number of students using different modes of transport
3) 150 4) 100 students 5) car
60 ANSWERS
I can, I did
Subject:

No No. Lesson
61
SCIENCE
Standard Six
Term III
62
Note to the teacher
As we present this reprint of the Science Textbook, we would like to express

our deepest gratitude to the learners and the teaching community for their
enthusiastic responses.
- Authors
63
Diversity of Organisms 1
Do you know which book was sold in large
number and paved way for the maximum criticism?
It was the book titled Origin of Species published
in the year 1859. It was written by a scientist
Charles Darwin. Why did it raise criticism?
Darwin sailed to several important islands

of the world in the ship H.M.S.Beagle, for more
than 10 years and gathered information. He said
that living organisms on the earth have evolved
gradually from one form to another over a million
years. He was the first person to explain why ape
and man, cat and tiger share common characters.
Mushrooms grow in our garden when it

rains. Why? Frogs croak when water stagnates.
Dragonflies fly before it rains. Fire flies glow during
night time. Are you not curious to know about the
various features of living organisms on the earth?
Darwin too was interested.
When he was young, he collected one hundred

and seventeen types of beetles. We too grow
peacock feather in our book. Can we rear a golden
beetle? There are many such forms on this earth.
When did life originate on this earth ? How was
the first formed organism? How did organisms
procure food? How did they grow? How do we
resemble our parents? How can the body be
healthy? How can food be produced? Biology, a
branch of science that answers these questions.
Biology is the science that deals with the study
of living organisms.
Botany and Zoology are the branches of
Biology.
SCIENCE 65
Chapter - 1
Organisms differ in their character, unicellular micro-organisms. Most of
habit, size, structure, nutrition the fungi and algae are multicellular
and habitat. This is known as micro-organisms.
Bio-diversity. Organisms exist in 1.1.1 Virus
different forms such as micro- We know many people suffering
organisms, plants, animals,worms, from diseases like swine flu, bird flu,
insects and birds. Shall we learn chikungunya, jaundice, polio, chicken
about micro-organisms? pox, rabies and AIDS.
How are these diseases caused?
1.1 Micro-organisms
These are caused by viruses.
ACTIVITY 1.1 WE OBSERVE We cannot see virus with our naked
Aim:
eyes. It can be seen only through an
electron microscope. Viruses cause
To observe micro-organisms.
many diseases in plants and animals.
Things we need :
They infect us if we are not aware
C
ompound Microscope, water, of them. The branch of science that
buttermilk, slide.
deals with viruses is called Virology.
Procedure:
ff Let us add 5 drops of water to a Virus
drop of buttermilk.
ff Place a drop of this mixture on the
slide.
ff
Observe it under a compound
microscope.
ff
Draw the diagram we have
observed.
Organisms that can be seen
only under a microscope are called Name of the
Disease
Virus
micro-organisms. They can be either
unicellular or multicellular. They Common Cold Rhino Virus
occur in air, water, land, food and Polio Polio Virus
even in other living organisms. The Chicken pox Herpes Virus
study of micro-organisms is called T o b a c c o Tobacco Mosaic
Microbiology. Mosaic Disease Virus (TMV)
Bacterium, virus, fungus, alga, AIDS HIV
protozoan etc. are micro-organisms. Rabies Rabdo Virus
Bacterium and protozoan are
66 BIOLOGY
Diversity of organisms
Robert Gallo
Electron In 1984, Robert Gallo

microscope discovered HIV which
causes AIDS.
Diseases caused by bacteria

Plants c itrus canker, blight
disease of tomato
Animals anthrax, tuberculosis
Man pneumonia,
tetanus, tuberculosis
Electron microscope was ACTIVITY 1.2 WE OBSERVE
invented by Ernst Ruska
and Max Knoll in 1931.
Aim: To identify the micro- organisms.
Some viruses are also useful. They Things we need:
are used in genetic researches. Compound Microscope, waste

Eg: Bacteriophage. water, slide, ink filler.
Procedure:
1.1.2.Bacteria ff Let us place a drop of waste
How are we affected with diphtheria water on the slide by using an
(a type of throat infection)and pyorrhea ink filler.
(dental disorder)? ff Observe it under a compound
How does milk get converted into microscope and draw the
curd? diagram.
Note: D
uring activity, avoid contact with
How does garbage become
the waste water.
manure?
It is surprising to know that there
These are caused by bacteria, a
are organisms made up of single
micro-organism, which was discovered
cell. All activities like ingestion,
by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1675.
digestion, respiration, excretion and
The branch of science that deals
with bacteria is called Bacteriology.
Beneficial activities of bacteria:
ff curdling of milk
ff decomposition of organic
wastes into manure.
ff fermentation of idly and dosai
flour
ff act as bio-fertilizer increasing
the yield. Bacteria
SCIENCE 67
Chapter - 1
reproduction are carried out by the
same cell. ACTIVITY 1.3 WE OBSERVE
Unicellular plants and animals Aim: To identify fungi.
belong to the kingdom Protista.
Things we need : Compound
Example: Chlamydomonas,
Microscope, bread affected with fungi,
Amoeba, Euglena, Plasmodium.
slide, forceps.
Procedure:
ff L
et us place a small piece of
Unicellular
animalcule bread affected with fungi on the
Amoeba slide using forceps.
ff O
bserve it under a compound
microscope and draw the
1.1.3 Fungi diagram.
1.1.4. Algae
Most of the fungi are multicellular
organisms. Penicillin is extracted from Algae are unicellular and
the fungus Penicillium notatum. It was multicellular organisms. They have
discovered by Sir Alexander Flemming chlorophyll pigment which helps
in 1928. Certain fungi cause diseases them to prepare their own food by the
like dandruff formation on our scalp. process of photosynthesis.
e.g.Chlamydomonas, Volvox,
Spirogyra.
Mushroom
We see small umbrella-like
structures growing on the bark
of trees, soil and wood during
rainy season. These are called Chlamydomonas
mushrooms. Chlamydomonas is a motile,
unicellular plant. It is an alga.
ffMicro-organisms are the most diversified organisms on earth.
ffA dot can be filled with 70,000 amoebae.
ff17,000 types of micro-organisms live in a human body.
68 BIOLOGY
Discuss with the students in the Have you seen flowering plants?
classroom and draw a few seeded What does the flower change into?
plants.
Have you tasted fruits? Discuss in
Algae which can be seen only small groups what is inside the fruit?
under a microscope (microscopic
algae) are called micro algae.
ACTIVITY 1.4 WE DO
e.g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox.
Algae which can be seen with Aim: T
o identify monocot and dicot
naked eyes are called macro algae. plants.
These are found in pond and sewage.
e.g. spirogyra. Things we need :
Some algae are used as food s oaked chick pea, ground nut,
for man and aquatic animals. They maize and paddy.
enrich the soil.
Procedure:
ff L
et us remove the seed coat
of soaked chick pea, ground
nut, maize and paddy. Try to
separate the cotyledons.
We learn:
ff P
lants that have seeds which
can be separated into two
cotyledons are called dicot
Algae plants.
1.2. Plants ff P
lants that have seeds which
cannot be separated into
Where do you find seeds of mango,
two cotyledons are called
guava and bean? Most of the plants
monocot plants.
that we see in our day-to-day life are
closed seeded plants.
In some plants, the seeds are Cant we say a plant is a dicot
exposed without any covering. These or monocot without seeing the
are naked seeded plants. These seed? Can it be identified only after
plants are found in snow-covered separating the cotyledons?
mountains and cool places.
Eg. Cycas, Pine.
SCIENCE 69
Chapter - 1
Reticulate
venation
parallel
Tap root system Fibrous root system venation
ACTIVITY 1.5 I DO
Aim:
To classify plants based on the root system.
Things I need : Plants with roots, grass and water.
Procedure :
ff I take plants with roots and some grass.
ff I wash the roots with water.
ff After observing the roots, I group the plants into A and B.
ff I observe the venation on the leaves.
I infer :
Part Dicot (A) Monocot (B)
Root
Venation
ff Group A plants have tap root system and reticulate venation.

ff Group B plants have fibrous root system and parallel venation.
You understand the correlation between the root system and the venation in
each group.
70 BIOLOGY
Plant Kingdom
Cryptogams Phanerogams
(non-flowering plants) (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta (naked seeded plants) (closed seeded plants)
Algae Fungi Monocot plants

e.g. cycas Dicot plants
e.g. chlamydomonas e.g. mushroom
e.g. mango tree e.g. coconut tree
SCIENCE
71
Chapter - 1
1.3 Animals of vermicompost is carried out
Based on the presence and extensively using this organism.
absence of backbone, animals Insects :
are classified as vertebrates and Insects like mosquito, housefly,
invertebrates. honeybee are found everywhere.
First, let us learn about some of They have compound eyes. They are
the invertebrates. both beneficial and harmful to us.
Worms :
Worms like tapeworm, hook
worm and roundworm live in the
small intestine of man. These cause
indigestion, stomach ache, dysentery,
stomatitis in man. Intake of well
cooked food and boiled water is good
for our health.
Mosquito
Molluscs: These are softbodied

organisms. They have muscular foot
which helps in slow movement. They
posses shell . Eg: Snail.
Ascaris
Earthworm:
It has segmented body. It feeds on
organic matter in the soil and is called
the friend of farmers. Preparation
Snail
Echinoderms:
Some of these are exclusively
marine. Eg: starfish, sea cucumber.
Their skin is covered with calcareous
spines. Using these spines they attack
their enemies. They can regenerate
the broken or lost parts.
Earth worm
72 BIOLOGY
Now let us see about vertebrate
animals.
Fishes: These are aquatic. The body
is covered with scales. Respiration
takes place through the gills.
Cobra
Fish
Frogs: These are amphibians which
can live both on land and in water.
The body is covered with moist skin.
Respiration occurs through lungs,
skin and gills. These are oviparous
(egg laying).
King Cobra
ff It is 5.5m long. It is the biggest
poisonous snake. A drop of its
Frog venom can kill 30 people.
Snakes: These belong to the class ff E
xcept for a few, most of the
reptilia. They respire through lungs. snakes are non-poisonous.
Heart is three chambered. These are ff K
illing of snakes leads to their
oviparous. extinction.
ffCrocodile is the only living
organism that cannot protrude its ff Crocodiles are colour blind.
tongue.
ff T
he tongue of a chameleon is
ff
Anaconda, the worlds biggest twice as long as its body.
snake is viviparous. (gives birth to
young ones)
SCIENCE 73
Chapter - 1
Birds: help of milk producing glands. They
Generally birds are have hairs, sweat glands and oil
the most attractive glands all over their body.
creatures in nature Monkey, elephant, bat, cat, rat,
because of their blue whale and man are examples of
appearance and mammals.
sweet voice. They More to know
are economically
ff
Blue whale is the largest living
beneficial to us in
many ways. They organism. Its weight is equal to the
have four chambered Ostrich
weight of 22 elephants. Its heart is
heart. They are oviparous. Their body of a size of a small car.
is covered with feathers. Respiration ff Dog was the first animal sent to
occurs through lungs. space. Its name was Laika. It was
Among the birds, ostrich lays the
sent by Soviet Russia.
largest egg. It is almost the size of
ff In cows, sweat glands are found on
a coconut.
Mammals: the surface of nose.
Their heart is four chambered. ff Man is the only living animal who
They feed their young ones with the can sleep with his back touching
the floor.
ff
The trunk of an elephant is the
modified form of nose and upper
lip. Tusks are the incisors of the
elephant.
There are a variety of plants and
animals on earth. They range from
microscopic unicellular organisms to
the largest blue whale. It is our prime
duty to preserve them from their
extinction.
umming Bird is the only bird that
H
can fly forwards, backwards and
sideways.
Elephant
Humming bird
74 BIOLOGY
EVALUATION
I. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct option

1. __________ discovered bacteria.
(Anton Van Leeuvenhoek / Alexander Flemming)
2. _________ is a motile plant.
(Amoeba / Chlamydomonas )
3. ________ is the friend of farmers.
(locust / earthworm)
4. __________ disease is caused by virus.
(Polio / Cholera)
5. Chicken pox is caused by ______________
( virus / fungi)
II.Choose the correct answer
1. Unicellular plant
a) Euglena b) Amoeba c) Chlamydomonas
2. To which class does man belong?
a) aves b) mammals c) reptiles
3. Which is a vertebrate?
a) jelly fish b) starfish c) eel
4. Which is a monocot plant?
a) mango b) jack fruit c) paddy
5. Which is the characteristic feature of a dicot plant?
a) tap root b) parallel venation c) fibrous root
III. Pick the odd one out based on their scientific character and circle it
1. Elephant, bat, cat, earthworm.
(based on backbone)
2. Crocodile, tortoise, frog, fish.
(based on habitat)
3. Mosquito, housefly, honey bee, bedbug.
(based on usage)
4. Amoeba, Euglena, Plasmodium, scorpion
(based on cellular organisation)
SCIENCE 75
Chapter - 1
5. Tapeworm, hookworm, earthworm, ascaris

(based on usage)
6. Tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, chicken pox
(based on causative organism)
7. Maize, sugarcane, coconut, mango.
(based on number of cotyledons)
IV. Find out who am I and circle me

1. I appear after the rains. I have no chlorophyll so I appear white. I am multicellular.
Who am I? (mushroom/alga)
2. Stagnant sewage water welcomes me. Human body is my vehicle. Their blood
is my food. I am simple in my appearance but pierce like a needle. Disease is
my partner. Who am I? (mosquito/housefly)
3. I live in water as well as on land, but I am not a tortoise. I hop, but not a rabbit.
My skin is moist. I am not a crocodile. Who am I? (frog/snake)
4. I am green in colour. I am found in moist areas. Who am I? (alga/chameleon)
5. I am long but not a rope. I creep but I am not a worm. I have no ear and legs,
but I moult. Who am I? (snake/eel)
V. FA (a): Choose any one project and submit the same

1.List out the different plants and animals that you see from morning to evening
next Sunday.
2. Write about your pet animal in five lines.
3. Collect information about rearing of honeybee and silkworm and write down
(direct observation/newspaper/news/books/library). Wirte down what you have
learnt?
4. Collect different kinds of seeds that you get. Write their names. Sow it in a small
container and water it. Observe how many seeds have germinated in a week.
5. Draw a picture of your favourite bird and colour it. Write a small poem about it.
6. Make one handicraft by using the feathers of birds and display it in the classroom.
76 BIOLOGY
VI. Answer the following

1. Mention a few advantages and disadvantages of micro-organisms.
2. Why do we call the earthworm the friend of farmers?
3. Write any two adaptations of frog that enable them to live both on land and in
water.
4. Write a short note on fungi.
5. How will you identify a monocot and dicot plant?
VII. Think and answer

1. Reports from media say that the sparrow, eagle, butterfly etc., once found in
abundance are now seen scarcely. Is this statement true? Reasonout.
C
an we save from extinction? Summarize you ideas to conserve them.
2.
Among insects, mosquitoes are the leading vectors of disease causing
organisms.
a) What are the diseases that spread by mosquito bite?
b) In what ways can mosquitoes be destroyed?
3.Tap root system and fibrous root system are seen in plants. What type of root
systems are seen in big trees? Give reasons.
4. Scientific development has led man to discover new things every day. Inspite
of this, man is affected by microscopic organisms. Find out and discuss the
causes and its preventive measures.
Camel Polar bear
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography :
http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/microorganism
http://www.aravindguptatoys.com
http://www.rhs.org.uk
SCIENCE 77
Our Environment 2
Air, light, land, soil, water bodies, and public places like streets, market
plants and animals around us and sea shore.
constitute our environment. Living 2.2. Types of garbage
organisms are not only inter-
Solid wastes which pollute
dependent on each other but also
environment are of two types, namely
on the non-living components of
the environment. Therefore, a small ff Bio degradable waste
change in the environment causes a ff Non bio degradable waste
great impact on the living organisms.
Bio-degradable waste
Environment is polluted, due
In nature, some wastes are
to industrial development, over
gradually degraded by bacteria, fungi
population, modern life style
(micro-organisms) and earthworm.
and urbanization, which leads to
These are bio degradable waste.
undesirable and harmful effects.
Leaves, agricultural wastes, animal
2.1. Garbage wastes, vegetables, fruits and their
peel, seed, nut are examples of bio
degradable waste.
ACTIVITY 2.1 I DO
ff I collect waste papers and make
them into small bits.
ff I soak them in water for some
time in a container.
Garbage
A lot of waste is accumulated ff I smash them with my hand.
owing to our busy life style. Things like ff L
ikewise I collect polythene
plastic bags, papers, water bottles, wastes and do as above.
aluminium foils, chocolate wrappers, I observe if any change occurs.
peels of fruits and vegetables are I Observe
thrown away after use. Unwanted _________________________
substances formed during a process _________________________
or substances which cannot be reused
are called wastes or effluents. From this activity we observe that
paper is converted into pulp, whereas
Garbage are generated in places
the polythene waste is not.
like houses, classrooms, industries
SCIENCE 79
Chapter - 2
1. Landfilling
2. Incineration
3. Composting
4. Reducing the usage
5. Reusing
6. Recycling
Degradable wastes 1. Landfilling

Non-biodegradable waste Landfilling is a method in which
wastes are dumped into naturally
Waste substances that are not
occurring or man-made pits and
degraded by micro-organisms
covered with soil.Garbage buried
are non-biodegradable wastes.
inside landfills remain here for a long
Eg: plastics, industrial effluents,
time as they decompose very slowly
metals.
and become manure. These places
can be converted into parks, gardens,
etc.
Non-biodegradable wastes
2.3. Disposal of garbage

Landfill
If the wastes are not handled
2. Incineration
properly, they get accumulated and
besides occupying the land, they The burning of solid waste in
even cause bad odour and become incinerator is called Incineration.
abode of micro-organisms that cause Human anatomical wastes and bio-
diseases. Thus, people living in medical wastes (discarded medicines,
such area are affected with various toxic drugs, blood, pus) are disposed
diseases. Therefore, it is a must to by means of incineration. During
dispose the garbage properly. The incineration, the enormous heat
following methods are used to dispose kills all contagious disease-causing
the wastes. germs.
80 BIOLOGY
Our Environment
Incineration Compost pit

3. Composting called composting. The manure thus
The process of degradation obtained becomes natural fertilizer for
of organic wastes into manure by the plants as well as increases the
the action of microorganisms is soil fertility.
dried leaves, fodder,

woody materials food scraps compost
FACTORS
FOR COMPOSTING
water air
bacteria
earthworm and fungi
Composting - schematic representation

4. Reducing the usage
The best way to manage wastes is not to produce them. This can be done
by using durable goods that last longer instead of things that are used once
SCIENCE 81
Chapter - 2
and thrown away. Use of fountain pen Reducing the usage
in place of ballpoint pen is a good
example of reduce. Reusing
5. Reusing Recycling
Reusing means using a thing again
and again, rather than using and Composting
throwing it after a single use. Instead Incineration

of using plastic bags for shopping,
using cloth bags is the best example Landfill
for reusing.
6. Recycling
The process by which waste From this pyramid, we infer that
materials are used to make new reducing the utilisation of material is
products is called recycling. Using old
the best method of garbage disposal.
clothes to make paper and melting
some plastics to make floor mats, 2.4.Benefits of garbage disposal
plastic boards and hose pipes are ff P
ollution of air, water and land is
example of recycling. reduced.
ff N
atural resources such as trees
and metals are protected.
ff C
lean and hygienic surrounding is
made.
RECYCLE
ff U
nnecessary expenses are
avoided.
ACTIVITY 2 .2 WE DO
ffLet us collect waste papers and make

Though we use several methods, them into small bits.
3R - reducing, reusing and recycling
ffTake a wide vessel containing water
play an important role in disposal of
and put the bits of paper in it. Add
garbage.
some fenugreek and soak it for a day.
Pyramid of solid waste ffGrind the soaked paper and make it
management into dough.
The given diagram explains the ffWith the help of this dough we can
hierarchy of the environmentally make some useful things like tumbler,
preferable ways to manage solid plate, etc.
waste.
82 BIOLOGY
Our Environment
THINK.........! 2.5. Vermicomposting
ff What happens if garbage is not Vermicomposting is a type of

removed frequently? composting where the organic wastes
are degraded by using earthworms.
ff How does it affect us?
The manure obtained by this process
ff Can we convert these wastes into
is called vermicompost.
non hazardous substances?
ff What should we do for that? Vermicompost pit in school
campus
Make a pit of 30 cm or take a

wooden box. Place a thin net on the
base of the pit or wooden box. Fill it
with sand for about 1-2 cms.
Spread some plant wastes (like
dry leaf, flower) and biodegradable
wastes on it.
Sprinkle some water. Add some
earthworms to these substances and
cover it with old cloth or dried coconut
DO YOU KNOW ?
leaf.
Garbage collectors sort out wastes We can find that vermicompost is
from dustbins for recycling and reusing. formed after four weeks.
They help us to lead a healthy life by Create a garden in your school
disposing the garbage. and use this vermicompost as
manure for plants and conserve soil
fertility.
Vermicomposting
SCIENCE 83
Chapter - 2
FACT FILE
ff Indraprastha Park in New Delhi is built on a landfill site.

ff In 1862 Plastic was introduced for the first time in International Trade fair at
London.
ff In a vehicle only 30 % of fuel is used for driving, 70% of fuel is released as
Carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas.
ff In a day an earthworm consumes food equal to its weight.
ff June 5th is the World Environmental Day.
ff When plastic is burnt, the harmful gas called dioxin is released.
EVALUATION
1. _____________decomposes degradable substances in the soil.
a) micro-organism b) earthworm c) bird d) both 'a' and 'b'
2. An example for non-biodegradable product is____________
a) paper b) cloth c) polythene bag d) fodder
3. Waste that can be converted into manure is _________
a) glass b) plastic c) metal d) household waste
4. Bio-medical wastes can be removed by ___________
a) landfill b) composting c) incineration d) recycling
5. Organism used in vermicomposting is _____________
a) leech b) roundworm c) earthworm d) tapeworm
84 BIOLOGY
Our Environment
II. Match the following
1. Household waste - a) fertilizers, pesticides
2. Industrial waste - b) medicines, syringes
3. Agricultural waste - c) smoke
4. Medicinal waste - d) peel of vegetables and fruits
5. Automobile waste - e) chemicals
III. Circle the odd one and give reason
1.Peel of fruit, plastic, leaves, vegetables.
2.Glass, animal waste, metal, plastic.
3.Incineration, composting, landfill, evaporation.
IV. Fill in the blanks

1.
st
po
m
co
as
ed
us
w and
G
te
la
as
rm d
ss
fa oo
F
RECYCLE
Paper
Pl
U tres , pla
m tile
as
se s s
at s
tic
h
d es tic
lot
to , h b
c
Old
m os oa
ak e rd
e pi s
flo pe
or s,
SCIENCE 85
Chapter - 2
2. If dustbins shown below are placed in your school campus. List out the names of
wastes that you would collect in each of the bins.
Biodegradable garbage Non-biodegradable garbage

1.________________________ 1.________________________
2.________________________ 2.________________________
3.________________________ 3.________________________
V. S
hall we answer from environmental aspect?
1. Viji and Suji are students of standard VI. Viji brings her lunch packed in a plaintain
leaf but Suji brings her lunch packed in an aluminium foil. Whose activity is right?
Write down the reason.
2. A fountain pen is better than a ballpoint pen. Why?
3. Madhan and Sudhan went to the beach. They took some fruits, groundnuts and
biscuits with them. After eating Madhan threw the biscuit wrapper, peel of fruit
and groundnut on the beach. But Sudhan threw them in a dustbin which was kept
there. Whose activity is appreciable? Why?
86 BIOLOGY
Our Environment
PROJECT
Collect waste materials from the kitchen for a week's and segregate them into
degradable and non-degradable substances. After segregating these substances,
place them into two different pits and cover them with soil. Make a note of the
changes that occur after 30 days and fill the following table. Discuss and present in
small groups.
Pit 1. Vegetables, peel of fruits, egg shell, food remains, tea dust, dry leaves and
paper.
Pit 2. Polythene bag, glass pieces, Aluminium foils, nail and broken toys.
Pit After 30 days
1
2
Our findings:
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography :
http://www.indiaonestop.com/export-hazardwaste.htm
http://www.learner.org/exhibits/garbage/hazardous.html
SCIENCE 87
Chemistry in Daily Life 3
Do you know Tamizharasi?
What does Tamizharasi do from
the time she wakes up till she goes
to school? As we all get up in the
morning and brush our teeth with
toothpaste, she too brushes her
teeth.
She washes her dirty clothes
using detergents. She takes a bath
using a toilet soap. She washes her
hair with shampoo. we produce many things which are
She also uses a notebook, pencil, very useful in our daily life.
pen and eraser to do her home work Chemistry plays a major role in
as we do. manufacturing useful things that we
She stands before a mirror to need.
comb her hair, dresses herself, takes 3.1. Cement and its uses
water in a plastic water bottle and We all would have played making
wears her spectacles and rubber sand houses with our friends. We
shoes and goes to school by a enjoy ourselves by heaping sand in
bicycle. These are the daily activities the form of a mound and on its top
of Tamizharasi. build a castle with steps. In real life,
Tamizharasis parents are can we build a house so easily with
constructing a house. So they have sand alone?
bought cement, bricks, gravels, and Tamizharasis house and the
iron rods. She carefully crossed all school she goes to are stone build-
these materials and reached the tar ings. List out the materials that are
road. needed to construct these buildings.
Most of the things that she uses ___________________________
are chemical substances.
___________________________
The ink used in our pen and chalk
piece used by our teachers are also ___________________________
chemical substances. Cement is an important chemical
Based on the chemical properties substance used in the construction of
of naturally available raw materials, buildings.
SCIENCE 89
Chapter - 3
In 1824 Joseph Aspidin, a mason
in England synthesised cement. As
this cement resembled the limestone
found in Portland, he named the
cement as Portland cement.
Cement is a mixture of limestone,
clay and gypsum in definite proportion.
This mixture is heated, cooled
and powdered to get the chemical
We understand from the above
substance called cement. This greyish
activity that when water is added to
powdery cement is packed in airtight
cement, it sets to a hard substance
bags and sold.
within a few hours. This is known as
What happens when a little water setting of cement.
is added to cement?
Uses of cement
ACTIVITY 3.1 WE DO Cement is used in different forms
Aim: T
o know about the nature of like mortar, concrete and reinforced
cement. cement concrete.
Materials we require: paper cups, a Mortar
small amount of cement, water, a stick Mortar is obtained in the form of
or glass rod.
thick paste by mixing cement, sand
Procedure : and water. This paste is used in
ff Let us take a small amount of flooring, constructing and plastering
cement in the paper cup and add the walls of the houses.
required amount of water and stir it
well with the help of the glass rod/
Concrete
stick. Concrete is a mixture of cement,
ff After a few hours let us observe the sand, gravel and water. It is used in
change that has occured. the construction of buildings, bridges,
Our observation : dams or reservoirs.
______________________________
______________________________
90 CHEMISTRY
Chemistry in daily life
Reinforced cement concrete(RCC)
When concrete is filled in and
around a steel wire netting or skeleton
of iron rods and allowed to set we get
reinforced cement concrete. This RCC
is very strong and durable. This type
of concrete is used in the construction
of dams, bridges, pillars and roofs of
the buildings. It is also used in making
pipes, constructing water tanks, and
laying sewage and drainage canals.
3.2. Plastics
We are familiar with the term
plastics. Only glass bottles and iron
___________________________
pipes were in use for a very long
period. Do we find them in large ___________________________
numbers at present? No, today we What happens when we pour
use mostly things made of plastics. boiling water into a plastic (PET -
Tamizharasis water bottle is also not Polyethylene terephthalate) bottle?
an exception.
___________________________
Nowadays plastics are very much
___________________________
used in making pipes, toys, utensils,
stationeries, medical instruments etc. In the above incidents, plastic pipe
Plastic water bottles are commonly and plastic bottle melt and become soft
used everywhere. Plastic is also a on heating. On cooling, they become
type of chemical substance. hard. These types of plastics are known
as Thermo Plastics. Polythene bags,
3.3. Types and uses of plastics
PET bottles, PVC(Polyvinyl chloride)
Tamizharasis father bought a pipes, buckets, mugs, combs, toys
plastic hosepipe for construction etc. are made of thermo plastics.
purpose. But he could not join it with
Do the plastic handles of cookwares
the water tap as the size of the plastic
melt on heating? Can we expand them
pipe was smaller in diameter than the
like PVC pipes by heating? No, we
water tap. What should be done to join
cannot. It is because they are thermo
the plastic pipe with the water tap?
setting plastics.
SCIENCE 91
Chapter - 3
((
They affect the growth of the
plants.
((
Water gets stagnant in these
disposed plastic pieces. It
becomes the breeding place for
mosquitoes, which in turn spread
contagious diseases.
((They arrest the flow of water.
((
When food contaminated with
An object made of thermo setting
plastic material is consumed,
plastics cannot be softened or melted
it leads to the death of living
by heating. Example: Bakelite and
organisms.
melamine.
((
When Plastics/Polythene bags
Bakelite is a non conductor of heat
are burnt, they emit toxic gases.
and electricity. It is used to make
These gases mix in air and cause
electrical insulators, switches and
respiratory problems.
handles of cookwares. Melamine
is a non-inflammable substance. As plastics pollute land, air and
Moreover, it can withstand very high water, we must avoid the usage of
temperature. Therefore, it is used to plastics. Instead of plastics we can
make floor tiles, cookwares, fireproof use things made of cloth, jute, coir and
clothes etc. areca-plate which are bio-degradable.
3.5.Glass and its uses
When we hear the word glass,
it immediately reminds us of plane
mirrors and spectacles. Glasses
are also used in window panes,
3.4. Plastics and environment automobiles, decorative lamps
We know that plastics are widely etc., There is a plane mirror in
used in our day-to-day life. At the same Tamilazhrasis house also. She is
time they are also a great threat to our wearing spectacles.
planet Earth. The disposed plastics Some glasses allow the light to
bring about the following effects, pass through them like Tamizharasis
((Plastics do not get degraded. spectacles. But the plane mirror does
not allow light to pass through it. A
((
They do not allow rainwater to
chemical substance coated at the
seep through the soil.
92 CHEMISTRY
back of the mirror reflects the light 3.6.Soap -preparation and uses
thereby we could see the image. Every morning Tamizharasi uses
What is glass made of ? toilet soap for bathing; Detergents
for washing her clothes. We also use
Glass is made of chemical
different types of soaps in our daily
substances like silica(sand), calcium
life to keep ourselves and our clothes
carbonate(limestone) and sodium
clean.
carbonate. The above mixture is
Different types of soaps like
melted into a viscous liquid by heating washing soap, toilet soap, baby soap,
it to a very high temperature. This liquid liquid soap, medicinal soap etc. are in
is poured into a suitable mould and use.
cooled to get glass objects of desired All the above mentioned soaps
shape. When molten glass is cooled are not prepared from the same raw
rapidly it becomes brittle. When the materials. The ratio of raw materials
molten glass is cooled very slowly, it also differ. The raw materials used
will not allow light to pass through. for the preparation of the soap are
Therefore glass should not be cooled mentioned on the wrapper of the soap.
either very slowly or rapidly. It should We should wash our hands before
be cooled gradually. This method of eating. Because of various reasons
cooling is called annealing. the germs that stick to our hands,
Glass finds a wide range of which mix with the food particals.
application in the manufacture of While eating can cause diseases.
window panes, automobile windows, In order to prevent from infection,
electric bulbs, medical instruments, we should wash our hands with soap
laboratory apparatus like standard is essential.
flasks, test tubes, beakers, measuring How is soap prepared? Can we
jars etc. prepare soap at home? Yes, we
can prepare soap at home provided
sodiumhydroxide is available.
ACTIVITY 3.2 WE OBSERVE
Aim: To prepare soap

Materials we require:
water-35 mI
sodiumhydroxide -10 g
coconut oil - 60 g
glass rod
beaker
SCIENCE 93
Chapter - 3
Procedure: ACTIVITY 3 .3 I DO
Take 35 ml of water in a beaker and Aim: T
o separate the fibres from the
dissolve 10g of sodiumhydroxide cloth.
pellets in it. Allow the liquid to cool. Materials I require: a piece of cotton
Add 60g of coconut cloth.
oil to this solution
Procedure:
little by little. Stir it
ff I take a piece of cotton cloth.
gently with the glass
rod till it becomes a ff I slowly remove the threads from the
paste. Pour this paste into an empty edge of the cloth.
match box and dry it to get the soap.
ff I press one end of the thread on the
table and scratch it gently with the
3.7. Fibres nail till the fibres are separated.
We come to know from history, that ff I will stick the samples as below.
ancient man wore the leaves of plants
and skin of animals as clothing. But
in our present civilized and modern
scientific world we have developed
fashionable and attractive dresses Cloth
using different types of fibres. Are all
of them alike?
Which kind of clothes do you wear
during the following seasons?
1. Monsoon / rainy season: Thread
____________________
2. Winter season :
____________________ Fibre
3. summer season :
____________________
During hot summer season we like My observation:
to wear cotton clothes. During winter ______________________________
season we wear woollen clothes to
______________________________
protect ourselves from severe cold.
During rainy season, we use umbrellas In the above activity, the thin
and rain coats made of polyester. The strands we get while separating
clothes which we wear are of different thread are fibres. Fibres are drawn
kinds. Let us know how we get all together and twisted to get thread.
these. Clothes are woven using the thread.
94 CHEMISTRY
3.7.1.Types of fibres and their uses removed and processed to get coir.
Coir is used to make ropes, carpets
Fibres are classified into two types
and other household articles. We get
based on their source.
silk from the silkworms and wool from
(( natural fibres the fur of sheep.
(( synthetic fibres Synthetic fibres
Natural fibres The fibres which are synthesized
from chemical substances using
Fibres which are obtained from
scientific technology are called
plants and animals are known as
synthetic fibres. Polyester, nylon,
natural fibres. Jute is obtained from
rayon are some of the examples of
the stem of the jute plant. It is used to
synthetic fibres. These fibres are not
make bags, curtains, carpets, etc.
only used in making clothes but also
Cotton is obtained from cotton plant. used in making fishing nets, ropes
Cotton fibres are twisted to get threads and parachutes. They are also used
which are used to make cotton cloth. widely in various industries.
Cotton fibre consists a chemical
Can you differentiate the clothes
substance called cellulose.
which are made out of natural fibres
The fibres on the coconut shell are and made out of synthetic fibres?
ACTIVITY 3.4 WE DO
Aim: To differentiate various types of clothing materials.

Materials we require: Cloth bits of cotton, wool, silk, polyester and a magnifying
glass.
Procedure:
ff We identify the type(natural/synthetic) of fibre used for making each cloth.We
record our findings in the following table.
ff We touch and feel each cloth bits of cotton, wool, silk and polyester cloth, a
magnifying glass to know the nature (soft /rough).
S. Type of the fibre Nature

Material
No. (Natural / synthetic) (soft /rough)
1 Cotton
2 Wool
3 Silk
4 Polyester
SCIENCE 95
Chapter - 3
Each group should share their the duty of each and every one of us
observations with peer groups. to use them carefully and wisely so as
Chemical substances are not to preserve our environment.
only used to prepare the things that Science club debate topic
we have seen in this lesson but also Invention of plastics by man is a
used in the preparation, preservation, crime
enriching taste and colouring of every Students can be divided into two
substance that we use. groups and they can have a debate
Thus in our daily life chemical on this topic.
substances are used in food, clothing, Importance should be given for
shelter, transportation, medicine, scientific information and effects
entertainment and in industries. Since of science. A science teacher or a
they have become part of our life, it is student can be the judge.
FACT FILE
ff The first Government approved Indian cement factory was started in the year
1914 at Porbandar in Gujarat by India Cement Ltd.,
ff
Broken glass pieces found during the archeological survey
at Mesopotamia confirms that Mesopotamians were the first to use
glass in the third century.
ff Nowadays a new kind of plastics namely Bio-plastics are manufactured. This

kind of plastics is Bio-degradable in nature.
96 CHEMISTRY
EVALUATION

1.Identify the one which is not a natural fibre.
(a) silk (b) wool (c) polyester (d) jute
2. Which kind of clothes do you prefer in summer?
(a) nylon (b) wool (c) silk (d) cotton
3. The clothes which are made from the fur of the animals
(a) woollen (b) cotton (c) silk (d) nylon
4. Which of the following is widely used in the manufacture of medical instruments?
(a) polyester (b) plastics (c) glass (d) cotton
5.
The important chemical substance used in the preparation of soap is
_____________________
(a) s odiumhydroxide (b) sodium amalgam
(c) sodiumsilicate (d) sodiumbicarbonate
II. Fill in the blanks
1.
The basic raw materials used in the manufacture of cement are
_________________, _________________ and _________________
2. The expansion of P.V.C.is __________________

3. __________________ is used to make fireproof clothes.
4. The process of slow and steady cooling of glass is called __________________
5. The fibre obtained from the stem of the plant is ______________
6. The chemical substance present in the cotton fibre is _______________
III. Match the following
1. Glass - a. gypsum
2. Switch - b. silica
3. Tiles - c. synthetic fibre
4. Cement - d. bakelite
5. Nylon - e. melamine
SCIENCE 97
Chapter - 3
IV. Think and answer
1. Why do we spray water (i.e. curing) on the building that is being constructed?
What will happen to the building if water is not sprayed?
2. We use mortar for flooring and plastering the walls. But we use _______________
to construct dams and bridges. Find out the differences between the two?
X
3. Name the part of the cookwares labelled as
X in the given diagram. Name the material
used to make it. Why is it used? What type of X
material is it? X X
X
4. You know that switches and waterbottles are made of plastics. Under what
category do you classify them based on the kinds of plastics?
5. During winter season how will you feel when you wear two or three clothes one
over the other instead of wearing a woollen sweater? Why?
6. Explain in your own words whether the chemical substances that we use in our
daily life are useful and do not pollute the environment.
7. Plastics are a great threat to the life of the planet Earth. How?
8. Classify the following :
jute, rayon, nylon, silk, cotton, polyester, wool - Give reason.
9. Molten glass should not be cooled rapidly or very slowly during its preparation.
Why? Instead of that what should be done?
V. Project
1. Visit a nearby construction site. Collect the following information and prepare an
assignment.
i) List of materials used for construction
ii) The method of preparation of concrete.
iii) The type of cement mixtures used in flooring and construction of roofs.
98 CHEMISTRY
2.
Observe your school campus and its surroundings for a week, collect the
following information and present them in your class.
i) What are the plastic materials accumulated in your class, school and its
surroundings?
ii) How do they get accumulated?
iii) What are the steps that you will take to make your school a plasticfree
zone?
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography :
http://www.jute.com/html/indian-jute.htm
http://www.fabrics.net/cotten.asp
SCIENCE 99
Light 4
Have you heard about Galileo Galilei? He
was a great Italian scientist. He was a physicist,
mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who
played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.
Earlier, it was believed that the earth was stationary
and it was in the centre of the solar system. But the
polish scientist Nicholaus Copernicus suggested
that The earth is not stationary. It spins on its own
axis and revolves around the Sun. This theory
appealed to Galileo and he proved this concept by
Galileo
his experiments.
In 1609, Galileo invented the telescope, through
which he saw the stars, planets and the moon.
According to Galileo, the Sun is a star. All stars are
like the Sun.
We were able to know more about the solar
system only by using the telescope invented by
Galileo. To commemorate the 400th anniversary
of this invention, the year 2009 was declared the
International Year of Astronomy.
The telescope used
Now we will learn about light. Have you ever
by Galileo is presently
wondered how visually challenged people move
kept in Florence in
about? Let us understand this by doing an activity Italy.
along with our friends.
ACTIVITY 4.1
(( The whole class must be divided into groups of two students each.
(( O
ne student is blindfolded using a handkerchief. For his safety another
student is made to accompany him.
(( T
he student is asked to walk around the classroom carefully without bumping
against any object.
(( A
t the same time he/she is asked to touch and feel the shape, size and
nature of different objects in the classroom.
SCIENCE 101
Chapter - 4
(( T
he students must be asked to go out of the classroom and to listen to
various sounds carefully and visualise them.
(( Similarly other students must be asked to do the same.
(( T
he students must be given a chance to discuss and share their experiences
in small groups.
4.1 Sources of light

light from the electric bulb, torch light,
In our daily life we see many candle etc. Bodies that emit light on
objects. How do we see them? Have their own are called luminous bodies.
you ever thought of it? We need light
to see objects. The objects that emit Do things like table, chair, book,
light are called as sources of light. blackboard in our classroom emit
light? No, then how do we see them?
Sources of light are of two types We are able to see objects like chair,
natural and artificial. The sun is the table etc. when the light from luminous
primary and the natural source of bodies like the sun, torchlight etc
light. Some of the man-made objects reaches our eyes after bouncing back
also produce light. These are called ie reflected from them. Objects like
artificial sources of light. table, chair etc. do not emit light on
During the day, we are able to see their own. Objects like these that do
with the help of sunlight and during not emit light on their own are called
the night, we can see with the help of non-luminous bodies.
Natural sources of Light
Sun Fire flies Jelly fish

Artificial sources of Light
Oil lamp Decorative lamp Chimney lamp
102 PHYSICS
Light
Therefore we understand
that to see an object we need the
following
ff a source of light
ff object to be seen
ff observer.
Do you know?
T
hough the moon looks bright, it is not a luminous
body. It shines by getting light from the sun.
T
he sunlight takes 8 minute and 20 second to reach
the earth.
W
e should not see the sun directly with naked eyes.
It may affect our eyesight.
4.2. Propagation of light
How does light travel?
ACTIVITY 4.2
Let us take a thick paper (chart paper), roll it into a cylinder, observe the
candlelight/objects in the classroom through this cylinder by keeping it straight.
Now bend the paper cylinder slightly and observe the same. (Instead of a paper
cylinder, a plastic/rubber pipe can be used.)
Could you see the objects when the paper cylinder was straight? Or when it was
bent? Write down your observations.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
SCIENCE 103
Chapter - 4
From the above activity, the candlelight/object was seen when the cylinder
was straight. When the cylinder was bent the same candlelight/object could not
be seen. This is because light travels in a straight line.This propertyis called
rectilinear propagation of light .
ACTIVITY 4.3 WE DO
Aim : To know the path of light.
Materials we require :Torchlight, stand, two used dusters
Procedure:
(( W
e shall fix the torchlight on the stand in such a way that the light falls on
the wall of our classroom.
(( W
e shall ensure that the distance between the torch and the wall is atleast
six to ten feet.
(( We shall take two used dusters.
(( W
e shall tap them in such a way that the chalk powder falls in the space
between the wall and the torch.
(( W
e shall observe the path of light when the light passes through the chalk
powder.
(( W
e shall discuss our observations in small groups and try to find out the
reasons.
Inference
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
This activity confirms that light travels only in a straight line.
4.2.1. Pinhole camera (( Then a square has to be cut off

Shall we make a pinhole camera? on one side of the small box.
(( Let us take two cardboard (( An oil paper is pasted inside.
boxes (a small one and a big (Tracing paper can also be
one) such that one slides into used.)
the other. (( Make a hole on the other side of
((
Cut open on one side of the the small box such that the
bigger box. pasted trace paper can be seen.
(( On the opposite face of the (( Slide the smaller box inside the
larger box, make a small hole in larger one with the hole, in such
the middle. (the hole should be a way that the side of the tracing
very small to get a clear image) paper is inside.
104 PHYSICS
Light
pinhole big box

open end small box
big box camera
tracing paper
view finder
small box
(( Let us make sure that there is formed on the tracing paper

no hindrance between the two and compare it with the object?
boxes. 4. Do you observe any change in
(( This set up has to be placed in the size of the image, when the
the sunlight and should be distance between the pinhole
covered with a black cloth so and the tracing paper is
that light will enter only through increased or decreased ?
the pinhole. Let us try and understand how the pin
((
The pinhole of the big box hole camera works.
should be focused towards the
Observation and conclusion:
distant object (tree or candle)
and the tracing paper is The light that comes from the
observed. object passes through the pinhole
and forms an inverted image on the
1. Is anything seen on the tracing
tracing paper. When the distance
paper ?
between the pinhole and the tracing
2. Is there any difference between paper is increased, the size of the
the object and its image formed image also increases. When the
on the tracing paper? (Image is distance is decreased, the size of the
the same copy of the object) image decreases. If the size of the
3.
Shall we trace out the image pinhole is increased, the clarity of the
Let us play and enjoy :

Mount a convex lens on a stand and focus it to a distant object (tree, building,
electric pole.) A white screen is placed on the other side of the convex lens and its
position is adjusted to get a clear, inverted image of the distant object on it. Dont you
think that this image formed is similar to the image formed on the pinhole camera?
From this we understand that the hole of a pinhole camera acts like a convex
lens.
SCIENCE 105
Chapter - 4
image decreases and the image clearly. They appear blurred because
becomes blurred. water mixed with milk allows only
Why the image formed in a pinhole some amount of light to pass through
camera is inverted? it.
The reason is light travels in a The objects which allow the light to
straight line. The light rays from the
pass through them partially are called
top of the object travel through the
translucent objects.
centre of the pinhole in a straight line
and go downwards. Similarly the light Air with dust particles, mist, ground
rays from the bottom of the object glass, a sheet of paper smeared with
travel through the centre of the pin oil are some more examples of
hole in a straight line and go upwards.
translucent objects.
Therefore, we get an inverted image
on the screen.
4.3.Transparent, Translucent and
Opaque objects
Place a glass tumbler/beaker
before you and view the objects in
your classroom through it. You see all
the objects clearly. Dont you ? It is
because glass is a transparent object.
Look at the objects in your
The objects which allow light to classroom through your note book.
pass through them are called Can you see them? No, you cannot
transparent objects. because note book is an opaque
object.
Thus the objects which do not
allow light to pass through them are
called opaque objects.
Wooden door, plastic chair, brick
are some more examples of opaque
objects.
Spectacles, clear water, pure air

are some more examples of
transparent objects.
Take water in a glass tumbler and
add a few drops of milk. Now see the
objects in your classroom, through
the tumbler. The objects are not seen
106 PHYSICS
Light
ACTIVITY 4.4 WE DO
Aim: To differentiate various objects based on their transmission of light.

A glass plate, black cloth, white muslin cloth, clear water, muddy water, water
with a few drops of milk, plastic scale, oiled paper, stone, handkerchief, blotting
paper, ball, a piece of rubber, book, leaves, metal scale etc.
Procedure:
(( W
e are going to see the objects in the classroom through the collected
material.
(( We are going to find out through which material we could see the objects
very clearly and could not see clearly and could not see at all.
(( W
e are going to see the objects in the classroom through each collected
material and record our observations in the table given below.
Our observations:
Could see through it clearly/ Nature of the materi-

Sl. Name of the
could not see clearly/ als used (Transparent/
No. Material
could not see at all Translucent/ Opaque)
1. book Could not see at all Opaque object
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.4. Shadows
Answer this riddle!
A friend who is always with us and follows us wherever we go. Who is he? To
know the answer for this riddle, let us play the following game with our friends.
Keep your fingers in front of an intense source of light. Adjust your fingers
to get shapes of different animals as shown in the picture. Ask your friends
to identify the different animals from the different shapes. Did they identify?
SCIENCE 107
Chapter - 4
Now you would have got the answer for the above riddle. The answer is -
shadow.
Note: Better results can be obtained by using Overhead Projector (OHP)
How shadows are formed?

ACTIVITY 4.5 WE DO
Aim: To find out the objects that cast shadow.
Things we used in Activity 4 and a torchlight etc.
Procedure:
(( W
e shall hold these objects one by one in the path of sunlight entering
through the window of our classroom / torchlight and see whether we get the
shadows of the objects.
(( Let us see whether all the objects cast shadow.
(( Let us tabulate which objects cast shadows and which did not.
Casts shadow
Sl. No. Object Name
Yes / No
1.
2.
3.
4.
108 PHYSICS
Light
We shall write from the table one by one which objects cast shadow.
Objects that
cast shadow
What did we learn from the above objects cast shadow. We also
activity? We learnt that when certain understand that we need a source of
objects are placed in front of sunlight or light, an opaque object and a screen
torch light a shadow is formed behind (wall, floor, building etc. act as a
the object. Since the object placed in screen) to cast shadow.
the path of light do not allow light to
pass through it, there is no possibility
of light rays to go behind the object.
Hence that region is dark. This is
because light travels in a straight line.
Objects that cast shadow are opaque
objects.
From this we know that all objects
do not cast shadow, only opaque
ACTIVITY 4.6 WE DO
Aim: T
o study the size, colour and shape of the
shadow.
torch, ball, book, pen, rectangular card board,
a
stick, pencil, eraser, different types of colourful
flowers, a white screen. ( a piece of cardboard
covered with white paper) etc.
SCIENCE 109
Chapter - 4
Procedure:
(( Let us turn on the torch and place the object (whose shadow we want to study)
in front of it.
(( Hold the screen on the other side of the object to get the shadow. Ask your friend
to trace out the outline of the shadow on the screen.
(( Repeat the above steps for different objects and note the colour, shape and size
of the shadow and compare the same with the original objects.
Observation:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Properties of shadow :
ff
Shadow is always formed on the
opposite side of the light source.
ffIt only shows the shape or outline
of the object and not the details.
ffA shadow cast by an intense beam
of light is dark. 4.5. Reflection of light and plane
ffA shadow is always black regardless mirror
of the colour of the object and the When a tennis ball is thrown
light source. against a wall, it bounces back.
ff
The size of a shadow varies Similarly when a beam of light falls on
depending on the distance a smooth shining surface, it bounces
between the object and the back into the same medium (solid,
source of light, and the distance liquid or gas). This phenomenon is
between the object and the screen. called reflection.
(As the distance between the object
Plane mirrors :
and the source of light increases
the size of the shadow decreases Have you seen your face in a
and as the distance between the mirror? What you see on the mirror
object and the screen increases is your own reflection. This is called
the size of the shadow increases) image. Shall we learn, how we are
ffSource of light, an opaque object
able to see our own image on the
and the shadow will always lie in a mirror?
straight line. Light rays from the light source
which fall on our face are reflected.
110 PHYSICS
Light
to see the image of our face (object)
in the mirror. Isnt the surface of the
mirror plane and smooth? This is
called plane mirror.
More to know
When one side of the transparent
glass is coated with a chemical
substance, it becomes a plane mirror
These reflected rays are reflected
(opaque). All the highly polished
back again when they fall on a mirror.
opaque objects show the property of
When these reflected rays from the
reflection.
mirror reach our eyes we are able
ACTIVITY 4.7 WE DO
Aim: T
o study different types of reflecting surfaces and formation of images on
them.
Materials we require: Materials we use daily.
Procedure:
e Study the reflected image of our face on various surfaces chosen by us and
W
observe the nature of the surfaces and the same will be tabulated as follows:
Nature of surface
Image obtained
Sl.no. Name of the surface (smooth and
(clear/not clear)
polished/ rough)
1 plane mirror
2 marble floor
3 still water
4 wall
a new stainless steel

5
plate
6 a plate with scratches
7 table top
SCIENCE 111
Chapter - 4
What do we learn from this?
We have learnt that polished plane surfaces like new stainless steel plate,
glass, marble floor, still water, produce clear images. Other surfaces do not
produce clear images.
Look at the pictures given here. When a beam of light falls on a plane
surface, the surface changes the direction of the light rays.We have learnt
that the direction of light is changed when it is reflected.
ACTIVITY 4.8 WE OBSERVE
Fix a comb on one side of a thermocol and a mirror on the other side as
shown in the picture. Spread a thick coloured paper in between the comb
and the mirror. Keep this set up in sunlight or pass light from a torch through
the comb. What do you observe? Is it not the same as given in picture?
From this we learn how light is reflected by mirror.

112 PHYSICS
Light
Do you know?
Shadow is cast since light travels in straight line. Solar and lunar eclipses occur
because of this property of light. When the sun, the earth and the moon come in a
straight line eclipses are formed.
Lunar Eclipse: (Eclipse of the moon) Solar Eclipse: (Eclipse of the sun)
When the earth comes between the When the moon comes between the
sun and the moon, lunar eclipse occurs . sun and the earth, solar eclipse occurs.
This happens on a full moon day. This happens on a new moon day.
ff The Sun - source of light ff The Sun - source of light
ff The Earth - opaque object ff The Moon - opaque object
ff The Moon-screen ff The Earth-screen
When the shadow of earth falls on the When the shadow of the moon falls
moon, the moon is hidden. This is called on the earth, the sun is hidden. This is
lunar eclipse. called solar eclipse.
Group discussion :
Can we organize a science awareness play to the common people in order to
eradicate the superstitious beliefs about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse?
(You have learnt about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in Geography also.)
SCIENCE 113
Chapter - 4
EVALUATION
1. The name of the instrument invented by Galileo
a. microscope b. telescope c. mirror
2. Which is an artificial source of light?
a. Sun b. fire fly c. torch light
3. An example for Non- luminous body.
a. Sun b. candle c. moon
4. Human body is _______________.
a. translucent b. opaque c. transparent
5. The colour of the shadow of any coloured opaque object is
a. white b. the same colour c. black
6. Reflected image can be clearly seen on a ______ .
a. polished surface b. rough surface c. shadow
II. Match the following
1. Artificial light source - a. moon
2. Non luminous body - b. turbid water
3. Reflecting surface - c. spectacles
4. Translucent object - d. tree
5. Transparent object - e. disc
6. Opaque object - f. burning lamp
III Circle the odd one out and give reason
1. oil lamp, blackboard, electric bulb,
2. oiled paper, rough surfaced window pane, wooden door
3. formation of shadow, formation of eclipse,
appearance of face on the mirror
114 PHYSICS
Light
IV. Fill in the blanks
1. Look at the picture and write down the nature of the given objects.
Object Object Object

Light beam
Light beam
Light beam
Object : A) ___________ B)_____________ C) ____________
2. Which property of light is shown by the diagram given below?
____________________
3. Mention the nature of each object A,B,C given in the picture
C
A
A ___________
B
B ___________
C ___________
SCIENCE 115
Chapter - 4
4. The Objects which are seen clearly through the glass tumbler from outside are
___________ , ___________.
Classify the materials in the picture according to their property.
Sl.no. Object Property

1
2
3
V. What do you understand from the given pictures? Explain

Picture 1
Picture 2
8.00 12.00 4.00

AM 10.00 Noon 2.00 PM
AM PM
VI. Answer the following in one or two words
1. Objects that emit their own light.
2. Objects that do not emit their own light.
3. Objects that allow light to pass through.
4. Objects that allow light to pass through partially.
116 PHYSICS
Light
5. Objects that do not allow light to pass through.
6. Things that cast shadow.
7. Things required to see the objects.
VII. Differentiate the following
1. Shadow, image.
2. Natural source of light, artificial source of light.
3. Transparent object, opaque object.
4. Luminous body, non luminous body.

VIII. Think and answer
1.Hold various colours of ball, flowers, cubic block, square block and coin in front
of the source of light and observe clearly the shadow of these objects on the
floor.
a. W
ill the shape and colour of the shadow be similar to the objects or not?
b. Which of the objects have similar shadows?
2. A boy is standing in front of the pin hole camera, which is below the source of
light in the picture. Look at the picture and answer the following questions.
SCIENCE 117
Chapter - 4
ff At which point does the light ray from the boys head fall on the screen of
pinhole camera?
ff At which point does the light ray from the centre of the boy fall on the screen
of pinhole camera?
ff At which point does the light beam from the foot of the boy fall on the screen
of pinhole camera?
ff Will the image of the boy formed on the screen be erect or inverted ?
3. Observe the picture and Identify the errors.
118 PHYSICS
Light
Project
1. Reflect sunlight on a wall using stainless steel plate, metal scale and
stainless steel lunch box.
2. Stand for a few minutes in the sunlight with a mirror. Look at your image on
the mirror and your shadow cast on the ground. List out the similarities and
differences between the two.
3. Shall we do this activity along with our friends on a holiday? Draw a large
circle on the play ground at any place and one can stand in the centre of
the circle. The shape of the shadow can be traced on the ground, in the
morning, at noon and in the evening with the help of his friends. The length
of the shadow, the direction of the Sun and the direction of the shadow can
be noted each time and tabulated.
Length of the
Time Direction of Sun Direction of shadow
shadow
Morning
Noon
Evening
SCIENCE 119
Chapter - 4
Three questions to know more about the study of light.
1. A person is eating in front of a plane mirror. Why does the image appear as if he is
eating with his left hand?
2. In a car or a bus, why do the objects seen on the mirror at the drivers side appear
small and very close?
3. In some textile showrooms, the four walls of the trial room are fitted with mirrors.
We see many images of us when we enter in. How?
FURTHER REFERENCE
Webliography :
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know-I1/emspectrum.html
http://www.howstuffworks.com/light2.htm
http://uhaweb.hartford.edu/nasa/basic/light-6.htm
120 PHYSICS
I can, I did
Subject:

No No. Lesson
121
122
HISTORY
1. RISE OF KINGDOMS
in Bihar is called Magadha. It's first

capital was Siravasthi, The second
At the end of the Vedic period, capital was Rajgir and later Pataliputra
the Janapadas fought among became the capital.
themselves for the new fertile lands and
mineral wealth and for the same reason
they tried to move towards the east.
Because of this, they had clashes with
the non-Aryans who came from the
east and south of Indus valley.
Ultimately, the small janapadas were
either defeated or aligned themselves
with the Mahajanapadas.
The term Mahajanapadas
actually means " great kingdoms" and
is derived from Sanskrit. Buddhist texts
provide elaborate facts of this
Mahajanapadas.
for a long period against Kosala, Avanti,
After Ajatasatru the noteworthy

ruler who maintained the greatness of
Magadha was Sisunaga. He even
defected the ruler of the Avanti. It was
during his reign the second Buddhist
Council was called at Vaisali in 387BC.
The area around Patna
SOCIAL SCIENCE 123

Chapter - 1
of
In 2001, a stamp was issued on

the historical ruler Chandragupta
Maurya the most Colourful
Personality of Indian History.
years. He was succeeded by Ashoka,

one of his sons (BC 273-236). He killed
his brothers and came to the throne.
After the eighth year, he waged a
124 HISTORY
Rise of Kingdoms
He sent his son Mahendra and

daughter Sanghamitra to spread
Buddhism in Sri Lanka. Buddhism
become a world religion by the efforts
of Ashoka.
to
considered to be the oldest only next to

the monuments of the Indus Valley
SOCIAL SCIENCE 125

Chapter - 1
There were other officers

like Yuktas, Pradeshikas,
There were local self
After the death of Ashoka,

Kalinga regained independence. Later,
the great KharaVela became the
emperor of Kalinga. The inscription
found in the elephant caves of
Khandagiri and Udaigiri mountains
near Bhubaneswar describes in detail
the reign of Emperor KharaVela.
126 HISTORY
Rise of Kingdoms
Saranath
SOCIAL SCIENCE 127

Chapter - 1
Sri Lanka.
6. Give a detailed account of Maurya's Administration.
128 HISTORY
Rise of Kingdoms
1. The common people were much affected during the wars between kings of the
older days. Enumerate how the people are affected today.
2. Visit a nearby stone edict and try to read the letters on it.
3. Draw a picture of Saranath pillar or Write the details you learnt from the picture of
the pillar.
4. Draw the boundaries of Mauryan Empire during Ashoka's period and mark the
following places in the given map.
Thatsaseelam
Indra prastham
Pataliputram
Saranath
Gaya
Kalingam
Girinagar
SOCIAL SCIENCE 129

2. INDIA AFTER MAURYAS
KUSHANA EMPIRE
a
a
in his tent. The successors of Kanishka

were weak and inefficient. Thus the
Kushan Empire declined.
130 HISTORY
India After Mauryas
Hindu Gods. The Chinese traveller

Fahien visited the Buddhist pilgrim
centres during the period of
Chandragupta II. (Vikramaditya)
SOCIAL SCIENCE 131

Chapter - 2
Sanskrit scholar. who adorned his

court. He wrote a book called
Harsha Charitha.
132 HISTORY
India After Mauryas
Harsha, who was a great
Bana
SOCIAL SCIENCE 133

Chapter - 2
134 HISTORY
Pa
ta
Scholars lip
ut
ra
m
C
1. Fill in the blanks.
hi
na
Buddhism Victories
Kanishka
Fourth
Cap
Art Buddhist
Council
ture
dP
Religious Capital
lace
Division
s
India After Mauryas
SOCIAL SCIENCE
135
Chapter - 2
2. Write the names of the books and authors that you have read in the library.
3. How was it possible for Hieun Tsang to come to India when there was no transport
facilities during those days? Know such travel experience by when reading or
listening.
4. What was the main interest of the kings?
I. War
II. Social service discuss.
136 HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY
3. THE EARTH WE LIVE IN
High
Flat upland with steep slope
A relatively flat and low lying land

surface a plain. The area where the
River Ganges flows is one of the most
important plains in the world.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 137

138
Chapter - 3
GEOGRAPHY
Sourthern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean)
The Earth We Live In
Our Country has set up the

Dakshin Gangotri (Not in function) and
Maitri scientific research stations.
Throughout the year Indian scientists
conduct many experiments in this
continent. Bharathi, the new scientific
research station, has recently been
established.
Antarctica - Bharathi Research Station
,
,
SOCIAL SCIENCE 139

Chapter - 3
140 GEOGRAPHY
Atmosphere (air)
Biosphere
Hydrosphere (water) Lithosphere (earth)

Biosphere
A strait is a
narrow stretch of
w a t e r t h a t
separates two large
land masses.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 141

Chapter - 3
70km
8km
637
2900km
3408km
142 GEOGRAPHY
What is biosphere?
4. Name the five oceans.
5. Define : a) Strait
b) Isthmus
SOCIAL SCIENCE 143

Chapter - 3
1. Write the name of the following using Atlas

Islands _____________ _____________ _____________
Peninsula _____________ _____________ _____________
Gulf _____________ _____________ _____________
Bay _____________ _____________ _____________
Strait _____________ _____________ _____________
2. Prepare GK Questions and conduct a Quiz Competition in the class room.
3. Prepare a model of the globe using the coconut shell.
144 GEOGRAPHY
SOCIAL SCIENCE 145

4. MAPS AND GLOBE
What is the shape of the earth that
we live on?
This question has interested the During earlier times maps were not
scientists throughout history from the
earliest times. In the 6th century B.C
The Greek philosopher mathematician
Pythagoras had said that the earth is
round which was not accepted by many
at that time.The Indian astronomer
Aryabhata-I (476- 550 A.D) had written
in his treatise Aryabhatia that the earth
was like a sphere and spinning on its
axis .The fact that the earth is spherical
was confirmed when the earth was
viewed from outer space. According to A map is a visual representation
the astronauts the earth appears as a of an entire area or a part of it that is
blue sphere with green and brown drawn on paper or cloth.
patches. On July 19, 2013 NASA
'Distant spacecraft Cassini had sent There are different types of maps
pictures of the earth and the moon as static or dynamic, interactive, 2
seen from the Saturn, which is nearly dimensional or 3 dimensional. They
800 billion km away. In the Cassini may represent various things like
images Earth and the moon appear as physical features of a place, political
mere dots. The earth a pale blue and boundaries, climate, natural resources,
the moon a stark white, are visible roadways and railway lines etc.
between Saturn's rings.
If you went to a new city and asked
The earth is spherical but not your friend for directions to a cinema
exactly a sphere. It is slightly bulged at hall, he may say, It is just behind the
the equator and flattened at the poles. jubilee bus stop, opposite to the railway
The shape of the earth is called an station. To make it easier for you he may
Oblate Spheroid draw a route map from his house to the
cinema theatre. This is a map in which
you may not be able to infer the actual
distance. This type of map is called as a
sketch map.
An architect or a civil engineer will

represent thebuilding by means of a
diagram on a paper before construction
.This is called a blue print and is
commonly called astheplan of the
building.
146 GEOGRAPHY
Maps and Globe
For map making certain conventions Scale

are followed. Scale is indicated at the bottom of
the map.
Direction
In a map direction is always A scale is a relationship between
indicated at the top right hand corner as a certain distance on a map and the
shown in the figure given below. actual distance on the ground. It is
expressed as a ratio.
To understand the directions in / to
a place, an arrow indicating north (N) is There are three ways of
marked on the map pointing towards representing the scale .
the northern direction of that particular
place. 1. Statement form
2. Representative fraction
How will you find out the North- 3. linear form or graphic scale
south direction of a place i) during day
time (ii) at night? Discuss.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 147

Chapter - 4
For example:
(I) It may also be shown as 1 cm =

1km or 1 cm = 10 km.
(ii) if the scale on a map is shown
as 1:1,00,000.It means 1 cm on the
map is equal to 1,00,000 cm or 1 km on
the ground .It means that if the distance
between any two points on the map is
equal to 1 cm, then the actual distance
between the two places is equal to 1
km.
148 GEOGRAPHY
Maps and Globe
Odisha
Telangana
SOCIAL SCIENCE 149

Chapter - 4
150 GEOGRAPHY
Maps and Globe
Ahmedabad
Gulbargah
SOCIAL SCIENCE 151

152
Chapter - 4
GEOGRAPHY
Nagapattinam
Nagercoil
Kanyakumari
Nagercoil
Maps and Globe
To help us locate a place correctly

imaginary lines are drawn on the
surface of the earth. These imaginary
lines are called latitudes and
longitudes. Ptolemy the Greco-Roman
mathematician, astronomer and a
geographer was the first man to draw
latitudes and longitudes on a map.
Ptolemy's world map is shown below.
A globe is a three dimensional

model of the earth. On its surface
continents, oceans, islands and other
landforms are marked. The latitudes
and the longitudes are also marked.
The globe spins on an axis and its axis
is a metal stick which passes through
its centre. The axis is kept inclined just
like the earth's axis at an angle of 23
degrees.
Latitudes
It is the most accurate map of our
world. All the countries are shown in Latitudes are imaginary lines that
true size relative to each other. You can run horizontally from east to west on a
see how far apart different cities are, globe or a map. Latitudes are marked
and where they are located. by degrees numbered from 0 to 90
North and South
The imaginary line that runs

through the centre of the earth is called
the Equator which is at 0degree
latitude. It divides our planet into the
northern and southern hemispheres.
The earth's surface to the north of the
equator is called the Northern
Hemisphere and the surface to the
south of the equator is called the
Southern Hemisphere.90 north is
theNorth Pole and 90 south is the
South Pole. And we write it as 90 N
and 90 S.
SOCIAL SCIENCE 153

Chapter - 4
Longitudes To specify latitude we need to say

Longitudes are imaginary lines how many degrees it is away from the
that run vertically from the North Pole to equator and in which direction north or
the South Pole. south. For example 10 N latitude is the
10th line north of the equator and 10 S
The lines of longitude are also is the 10th line to the south of the
known as meridians. They converge at equator.
the poles and are widest at the equator Similarly 10 E and 10 W
(about 69 miles or 111 km apart). A represent the longitudes to the east
space observatory is located at and west of the Greenwich meridian
Greenwich in London. The longitude respectively.
that passes through Greenwich is
called the Greenwich meridian (or A particular place is located with
prime meridian) and it is considered as the help of the latitude and
0longitude. The degrees continue longitude.The location of Chennai is
180 east and 180 west where they given as 13 04' N, 80 17' E. It means
meet and form the International Date it is at the intersection of the latitude
Line in the Pacific Ocean. 13degrees 4 min to the north of the
equator and the longitude 80 degrees
10 latitude/longitude is equal to 17 minutes to the east of the prime
111 km. meridian.
India is located between 80

4' N to 370 6' N latitude and
680 7' E to 970 25' E
longitude.
154 GEOGRAPHY
Maps and Globe
1. What are the different types of maps?

2. What are the uses of maps?
3. Define latitude.
4. Define longitude.
5. Explain about thematic map?
SOCIAL SCIENCE 155

Chapter - 4
1. Draw the map of your street / area using conventional symbols.

2. Observe the map drawn by Ptolemy and discuss.
3. Visualize a tour
What are the places do you want to visit in the world and what kind of transport will
you use to go there?
Teacher : where do you want to go?
Student : Antarctica
Teacher : what kind of transport will you use to go there?
Student : Ship
If he sails in a ship the students will act and touch Antarctica in the wall hanging
map. Countries, islands, cities, like places are introduced to students by this play
way method.
156 GEOGRAPHY
Maps and Globe
SOCIAL SCIENCE 157

CIVICS
5. LOCAL SELF - GOVERNMENT
158 CIVICS
Local Self - Government
SOCIAL SCIENCE 159

Chapter - 5
160 CIVICS
SOCIAL SCIENCE 161

Chapter - 5
years.
List out the important functions of the village Panchayat.
162 CIVICS
1. Frame questions to interview the Panchayat union chairman.

2. Write a drama highlighting the activities that take place during an election.
3. Prepare a model application to be presented when you meet the Panchayat
union chairman for redressal of the local grievances.
4. What are the committees needed to be formed to have effective administration of
a school?
5. Prepare a mind map of your Panchayat union.
Village Panchayat Town Panchayat Municipal Panchayat
Panchayat union
SOCIAL SCIENCE 163

6. DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RESOURCES
AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
From the earlier days there has been

misconception that men were suitable
to run errands and do physical labour.
164 CIVICS
Democracy, Human Resources and Women Empowerment
Many concepts have been in

practice for generations. The same
concept prevails in the minds of the
students in the society.
been engaged in intellectual,

technological excellence and have
been laborious with patience.
Because of the educational
development women have engaged
themselves as teachers, nurses,
typists, stenographers and
SOCIAL SCIENCE 165

Chapter - 6
our
great
According to the custom of

her community she was not allowed elected as Alder-woman of the Madras
to attend school. So she was tutored
at home and she passed her
166 CIVICS
with the help of many institutions, she
In order to highlight Dr.Muthu

lakshmis service to the society, the
SOCIAL SCIENCE 167

Chapter - 6
women.
.
Dr. Muthulakshmi was awarded _______ in 1956 for her meritorious

service.
168 CIVICS
SOCIAL SCIENCE 169

Chapter - 6
1. Visit a library and read books of following leaders.

a. E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar)
b. Madam Moovalur Ramamirtham
2. Among the ladies you know, whom do you think as achiever in life? why?
3. List the prestigious awards of Government of India.
4. Convene a debate on the topic Did the women obtain equal rights or not?
5. Fill in the bio data of Dr. Muthulakshmi
a. Name
b. Date of Birth
c. Place of Birth
d. Name of the institutions where she studied
e. Name of the posts she held
f. Name of the hospital she established
g. Name of the Award / year of the award
h. The best service rendered by Dr. Muthulakshmi
170 CIVICS
'I can, I did'
Student's Activity Record
Subject:
Sl.No Date Lesson Topic of the Activities Remarks

No. Lesson
171
172
Mwh tF
Kj gUt
bjhF 1
ENGLISH
jehL muR
Kj g - 2012
Ua g - 2013, 2014, 2015
(bghJ ghll btlgl KgUt )
ghl cUthfK bjhF

khy fa Muh kW g Wtd
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
mrhf
jehL ghl kW fa gf fHf
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
bt
ghl tiyjs
II
ehLg
ehLg - bghU
a jhna! kf g Jgfis fw na
vyhUila kdY M brwh.
Ubga grhig, Jit, Truij,
kuhoaij, uhlij, xrhit, tfhsij cs
s mila brwJ.
Ubga a, kakiy bjhlf vbuhwJ;
aKid, fif MWf bdh xWwJ; a
flyiyfsh tzfgLwJ.
mit dUis ntLwd; fiH guwd.
ah g Jgfis fw jhna! cdF
bt! bt! bt!
III
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
IV
jjh thJ
uhU flYLj yklij bfbyhGF
uhU tjdbkd fguj fl
bjfzK mwj uhle UehL
jfW iwEjY jjeW yfKnk!
myf thridngh midJyF gKw
vir fkzf UjbgU jHznf!
jHznf!
c sik waJ brakwJ thJJnk!
thJJnk!
thJJnk!
- kndhka bg. Rjudh.
nja xUikghL cWbkh

eho cik thit xUikghil ng fhJ
tYgLj bragLnt' vW cskhu eh cW TWnw.
xUnghJ tKiwia ehnl' vW, rka, bkh, tlhu
Kjait fhuzkhf vG ntWghLfSF rfSF Vida
mua - bghUshjhu FiwghLfSF mik beY mua
mik tY W fhng' vW eh nkY
cWanw.
cWbkh
ah vdJ ehL. a midtU v cl w j t f .
v ehil eh bgJ nenw. eho gHbgUikfhf
gKf ku wfhf eh bgUj milnw. eho
bgUikF jFJ sl vW ghLgLnt.
vDila bgnwh, Maf, vdF ta _njh
midtiu kng; vyhlK m kahij fhLnt.
v ehoF v kfSF ciHl KidJ ng.
mtf eyK tsK bgWtnyjh vW k fhng.
V
VI
bghUslf
j (1 - 71)
a jiy gf
1. br thJ 1
UFw 3
ciueil jjhjh c. nt. rh. 7
Jizghl filtiu eif 11
2. br ehyoah 25
ghuj njr 27
ciueil gwitf gyj 29
Jizghl ghf 33
3. br ehkfoif 48
ciueil Muhnuh Munuh 50
Jizghl uWt 55
kdghlgF
a br mof
1. thJ 4
UFw (1, 2, 4, 7, 10) 10
2. ehyoah 4
kdghl mof bkhj 18
(ghlY * LFl ghlf kdghlgF)
ENGLISH (72 - 112)

Unit Topic Page No.
1. Prose Her Dream Bicycle 74
Poem * Going downhill on a bicycle 81
Supplementary The Meaning of Education 83
2. Prose Boat Song 87
Poem Hopes and Dreams 95
Supplementary Tsunamika 97
3. Prose An Open Letter 100
Poem Night 106
Supplementary The Fairy Crane 107
* Memoriter Poem
VII
j
Mwh tF
Kj gUt
VIII
a xW br
thJ
UtUgh
f fyjh fU fyjhv
v fynj Uwh - g
fyjhv gho fyjh c
fyjh fUiz fyJ. *
- uhkf mofsh
ghlbghU
fUiz iwj iwt v f
Uwh; v jid fyJ Uwh; v
vz fyJ Uwh; v gho fyJ
Uwh; gho ir fyJ Uwh;
mt, v c fyJ Uwh.
Ma F
uhkf mofsh, UtUufhr tsyh
vD w bga bgwt. t fl khtl
kU wjt. bgnwh uhikah - dikah.
tfhUaxGf, kDKiw flthrf Ma
f t vGait. t ghlf midJ UtUgh vD
jiy bjhFfgLsd. rkur rkhf beia tHat tnu.
midJ kjf ezffhf rkhf rfij,
gJa ngh kfSF cztf mwrhiyia mikjt.
mbe sf Phdrigia Wat. thoa giu flnghbjyh
thoa fUiz kd tUilaJ. tl ra jUkrhiy, gah thL
j
kfSF nrhl, t mW _oa mL W mizahk, bjhlJ

g J tUwJ. t thj fhy 05. 10. 1823Kj 30.01. 1874tiu.
tuJ UtUghUJ xU ghl, thJ brshf jugLsJ.
1
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
nfhol lij uf.
1. uhkf mofsh vD C wjh.
2. uhkf mofshuJ ghlf vD jiy
bjhFfgLsd.
M) FWdhf
1. ahiu eh tsyh vd miHnwh?
2. uhkf mofsh vGa ciueil f ahit?
) Wdhf
1. uhkf mofsh g F vGJf.
2. iwt vbfF Ugjhf uhkf mofsh TWwh?
2
UFw
milik
1. mF cnlh milFjh Mty

f r jU.*
bghU: mig milJ itf jhgh iy; mF cat

Jgij ghjJnk m, fuhf btgL F.
(Mty - milat; f - Jg fL bgUF f;

r jU - btgL F.)
2. myh vyh jkFa milah

v ca wF. *
bghU: myhjt vyh bghUS jkF kL caJ vW vQt;

m cilatnuh j cl, bghU, M Ma midJ wUbfd
vLt.
(v vY. F cl, bghU, Mia FwJ.)
3. mnghL iaj tHFvg MUF

vnghL iaj bjhl.
bghU: clnghL c izJ Ugjidnghy, thif benahL

m izJ UwJ.
(tHF - thifbe; MU - mUikahd c; v vY.)
4. m<D Mt cilik mJ<D

evD ehlh w. *
bghU: m Ugij jU. Ug midtlK ebfhS

j
bgUwig jU.
(<D - jU; Mt - Ug; btWig Ugij clhF vgJ
bghU. e - e.)
3
5. mW mkj tHFvg itafJ
wh vJ w.
bghU: mnghL bghUa thif beia filojt cyf
k cilat Mt. (itaf - cyf; vg - vghf.)
6. mwnf mrh vg mah
kwF m~nj Jiz.
bghU: m mwij kL rhjJ vW TWnth mahjt; uF
mjh Jiz. (kw - u; fUiz, u uoFnk mjh mogil
vgJ bghU.)
7. v yjid btnghy fhnk

m yjid mw. *
bghU: vY yhj cfis bt tU mgJnghy, myhj
cfis mw tU mF.
(vyJ - vY yhjJ (G); myJ - myhj cf.)
8. mgfJ yh cthif tghf

tw kuj jW.
bghU: ghiy y cs thonghd ku jfhJ. mJnghy, be
m yhj kj thif jfhJ.
(mgfJ yh - m + mfJ + yh - m cs yhj;
tghf - tgh + f - ghiy y. jjW - jJ + mW -
jjJnghy; twku - thoa ku.)
9. wJW vyh vtbr ahif

mfJW m ytF.
bghU: be m yhjtF if, fh Kja cl cWfsh
vd ga?
(wJW - cl cWf; vt br - vd ga?; mfJW - kd
cW, m.)
10. m taJ ciy m~yhF

vnjh nghj cl. *
bghU: m brtJjh cl c UgjF milahs. myhjt
cl btW njhyh _lgl vYjh. mF c iy.
4
Ma F : UFwis aat UtSt.
tUila fhy .K. 31 vW TWt. jid bjhlfkhf bfhnl
UtSt ML fzlgLwJ. tUila C, bgnwh Fj
KGikahd brf ilfiy.
t brehnghjh, bjtyt, ehadh vd ntW bgafshY
nghwgLwh.
F
mwJgh, bghUgh, gJgh vd KbgU fis
bfhlJ.
133 mfhuf csd. xnth mfhuJF 10 Fwghf
vd 1330 Fwghf csd. J gbdfzF fS xW.
iy Kgh, bghJkiw, jkiw vd TWt. UFw cyf
bghJkiw vd nghwgLwJ.
UFw milik, ait Tw Ma mfhuf
ghlgFahf lbgWsd.
UtSt ML fzL Kiw
j
J ML (..) + 31 = UtSt ML.

vLJfhL : 2013 + 31 = 2044
(.. 2013I UtSt ML 2044 vW TWnth.)
5
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. UFwis aat .
2. UFw fis bfhlJ.
3. UFw vd nghwgLwJ.
2. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.

1. UFw mfhuf csd.
m) 233 M) 1333 ) 133
2. UFw fS xW.
m) gJghL M) gbdfzF ) vLbjhif
3. Lgl fis uf.

1. myh vyh milah
v ca wF.
2. v yjid btnghy fhnk
m yjid .
M) FWdhf
1. v vgj bghU ahJ?
2. milah a ahJ?
3. myhj thif jfhJ - vjid nghy?
) Wdhf
1. milat wf ahit?
2. m yhj thif vjifaJ?
6
ciueil
jjhjh c. nt. rh.
Iah... Iah...
bt ahnuh miHF Fu nfL LF
Uj Kat thrYF tjh. ahnuh cj
nfLjh tUgh vW idJ tjtUF
a. thr wtiu ghjh, mt bga
kjuhf ey goghahf bjjh. mt
Kf mgobahU bj UjJ.
vd ntL? vW Lfhu nflh.
jf o giHa XiyRtof iwa
Ugjhf nfgL tnj. mt, jbkh wj yaf
Ufyh. XiyRto csdtiw vyh vG jfkhf mL
tUnw. cf o cs Rtofis bfhLjh, mtiw ghJ
vGL U jJLnt. j cjia kWfhk jhf brj
ntL vW tj bgat Tdh.
jid nfl LfhuUF d tJlJ.
ehis MobgUF. oafhiy M Ltjfhf o
bfhr XiyRtof itUnw. mJ bghWfiyah ckF?
vW fdh.
XiyRtofis gofntLnk ju, mtiw V M
lntL...? vW tjt nflh.
Lfhu nkY d bfhlh. m~J ckF njityhjJ.
MobgUF eh Rtofis M lh a vgJ rhu.
mtiw vyh bfhLfTlhJ vd T, tjtiu uodh.
bgat, Lfhul vtsnth bfnfL, mt
XiyRtofis ju xJbfhsiy. tjtnuh mjfhf kd
j
jsuiy; mj CiuL bryiy. mj LfhuUF

bjahk, mu ntbwhU Liz gLJbfhlh.
FU g mtiu thod.
7
(c. nt. rh. gj knkfiy XiyRto X VL)
oafhiy nfh TaJ mj Lfhu XiyRtofSl

MWF brtjid ghjh mj bgat; mtiu bjhlJ
kiwJ kiwJ brW, xU jUF dh xJbfhL elgjid
vyh ghJbfhL Ujh.
Lfhu uhoa, XiyRtofis ML brwh.
mt Lbrw XiyRtofis mbgat njo vLjh. mt
Uj <uij j ntoah Jiljh. mnfna Rtofis thf
bjhldh. mt ff f bgUaJ. mt njonjo
miyj mUj yaf y mRtof Ujd. (j f
iwa <nuhL khtl cs bfhLKo vD C eilbgwJ.)
mj bgatnu c.nt. rhehj.
mj fhy jhnsh vGJnfhnyh iy. gid Xiyia
gFtgL, m vGjh bfhL vGJt. mthW vGjgl
XiyF XiyRto vW bga. mfhy yafS
yfzfS XiyRtofjh vGjgld. Mah Xiy
vGJnghJ, Xiy ahk vGJj ntL. mjdh, XiyRto
vGJf UfhJ; xiwbfh, uilbfh ntWghL
UfhJ. ngu vgjid bgud vW thfyh. ngud vW
thfyh. KD D cs tfis itJ bghU bfhSj
ntL.
iH yhk vGjntL vgjfhf, c. nt. rh. btntW Rtofis
itJ gyKiw xL ghj dnu, mtiw mRF mDdh.
mthW vGjgl Rtofis thJ, ekfhf jh vG, mL
jfkhf tHdh c. nt. rhehj. eh myafis gogjfhf
mt X ciHjh. mjdh, mtiu jjhjh c. nt. rh. vW
mnghL ciknahL eh miHnwh.
FghL vD Rtoia m ggjfhf vG
bfhoUjh. mRto bjhW xgJ tifahd f bgaf
XiyRtof ghJfhfgL y lf
1. ir Rtof yf, brid. 2. muR Mtz fhgf , brid.
3. cyf jHhuh Wtd, brid. 4. ruRt yf, jrh.
8
Ujd. mtW, bjhW MW fSila c. nt. rh.
bgaf kLnk bjthf Ujd; _W f gj f
bgaf bjthf iy. Mdh, _nw _W
vLbjhif 8
f jhnd bjaiy vd mt Lliy. gJghL 10
mj f bgaf bjthf cs Rto tfjhk 1
ahlkhtJ Ufhjh vW kWgo CCuhf, ygfhu 1
Llhf njo brwh. (FghL - gJghL knkfiy 1
fS xW; j Ma fy) gy khjf uhzf 12
cyh 9
fJ, mt njoa f bgaf cs Rto xW
nfhit 6
iljJ. mj wnf miy mRF bfhLjh. J 6
vjid miuFiwahf bra Ughj RWRWghd btgh f 13
mj jhjh, j theh KGtJ Xyhk g mjh 3
gia nkbfhlh. gu 2
Kknfhit 2
mt wj C Uth% khtl cs uilkkhiy 2
cjkjhdu. mtUila abga ntflud. w ugjf 4
mtUila Ma bga kfhJth dhRju.
mtUila Ma mtUF itj bga rhehj.
mjdh mt, cjkjhdu ntflR kfdh
rhehj vgj RUfkhfnt c. nt. rh. vW
miHfglh. 19. 02. 1855M ML wj mt,
28. 04. 1942 M ML aif vdh.
j thif tuyhiw Mdjfl j
bjhluhf vGdh. m~J v rj vD bga
yhf bttjJ.
c. nt. rh. id
mt bjhla jg D KGik y,
milaiy. mtUila nguisfshd ehK cjkjhdu
mgia bjhlnth.
w Ff
* c.nt.rh. mtf bgauh 1942 Wtgl
lhl c.nt.rh. iya W brid cs
bgr ef bjhlJ bragL tUwJ.
* c.nt.rh. mtf j gfis btehL
mPfshd ..ngh, Na nrh Mnah
bgJ ghuhosd.
j
* eLtzuR, c.nt.rh. mtf jbjhoid

eLt muR,
bgUikgLJ tif 2006M ML mrjiy 2006M ML
btL wJsJ. btl
wmrjiy
9
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. J vGJf.
1. XiyRto 2. jg 3. FghL
2. nrJ vGJf.
1. vGJ + M 2. gJ + ghL
3. nfhol lij uf.

1. XiyRtofis njo tj bgat .
2. c. nt. rh. thif tuyhW bga .
3. c. nt. rh. j theh KGtJ Xyhk gia
nkbfhlh.

1. c. nt. rh. wj C .
m) cjkghisa M) cjkjhdu ) cjfkly
2. c. nt. rh. mtfis eh vd mnghL ciknahL
miHnwh.
m) jjhjh M) njrjij ) ehlfjij
M) FWdhf
1. c. nt. rh. abga ahJ?
2. Fgho lbgWs f vif vjid?
3. XiyRtofis vj eh M ld?
) Wdhf
1. FghL iy gf c. nt. rh. nkbfhl Ka ahJ?
2. c. nt. rh. gj fS ehf bgaiu vGJ.
3. XiyRtof ghJfhfgL lfS ulid vGJf.
10
Jizghl
filtiu eif
xU W cik tuyhW J. mt bga rlnfh. KG bga rlnfh
rrh. mt #gh ehL W.
#gh U lf mbkfh FL aJ. xW nuhkh;
kbwhW ehfrh. m FL uL yr #gha wjd.
nuhkhF mU rlnfh, j bgnwhUl tJ tjh. mnghJ,
mtSF uL taJ. FL mt FLg jaJ.
rlnfh g nrJ goJ tjh. mtSF 11 taJ MdJ. xUeh
g, mt isahobfhL Ujh. mnghJ, Obud ka
Gjh. kUJt mtis nrhJ ghjh. mtSF Wneh!
j
mQFL btojnghJ clhd fRjh jF fhuz.

rlnfhit kUJtkid nrjhf. Wneh Mis bfhY vW
rlnfh bjJ bfhlh.
11
Mdh, rlnfh rhf Ugiy;
cthHnt Mirglh. xUeh
Rnfh vw njh, mtis ghf
tjh. Rnfh if iwa fhjf
vLJ tjh. mj fhjf
rJu rJukhf btlgL Ujd.
xU fhjij Rnfh vLjh.
mgo go fhjij kl
bfhF xW brjh. #gha
tzF gwit - bfhF. Rnfh,
rlnfhit ghJ, ftiyglhnj!
eh brjJngh Mu bfhFf
br. neh FzkhF. J e ehL
eif vW Tdh.
rlnfhF eif iljJ;
JrwjJ.ehnjhW
bfhFf bra bjhldh.
W rlnfh bjhlf eh xWF UgJ
bfhFf brjh. nghfnghf
cl tik FaJ. mtsh,
xU ehisF _W bfhFfTl
bra ayiy. jid kuz
beUljidczjh.
MdhY, mt fhj bfhF
brtjid kL Wjnt iy.
bfhF brnghJ, mt ftiyia
kwUjh.
xUeh, mtsh xU bfhF
kLnk bra KojJ. mjwF,
mtsh vJ bra ayiy.
1955M ML mnlhg 25M eh
fhj cUtf rlnfh wJlh.
br fiyia rlnfh gLif KGtJ
#gha `Xfh vW
fhj bfhFf Ujd. bkhj
TWt.
mWW ehgJ ehF bfhFf
Ujd. Mu bfhFfSF
12
D KW IgjhW bfhFf ntL. njhf To KW
IgjhW bfhFf brjd; vifia Mu Md. rlnfh
Ugij iw brjd.
j theh Wtiu eifl thjt rlnfh. jh
bjhla braiy, mt Wjnt iy.
mtSF xU idthya fl ntLbkW njhf idjhf.
mjfhf bghJkfl uodhf. nuhkh ef ika
idthya fodhf. mjD rlnfhF iy itjhf. mjF
FHijf mik idthya vW bga Nodhf.
idthya tUkhW vG itjhf.
cyf mik ntL!

~J vf fjw! ~J vf ntLj!
( ehnjhW Wfzfhd FHijf mj idthya

tUwd. rlnfh iyF fhj bfhFf brJ tzFwd. )
e: muj Fjh vGa bl o f.
kh dhf
Wdhf
1. W rlnfhF nej Jg ahJ?
2. W rlnfh eifia ygLJf.
3. filtiu eif vD fijia RU vGJf.
13
yfzK bkhwD
1. yfz vjF?
eh ngR bkhia, vGJ bkhia Kiwahf J bfhtjF
yfz njit.
go vGJ, mgo vGJ vW flis Ltjfhf iy.
mt tjh - vW vGdh ahUfhtJ kh? tjt Mzh,
bgzh vgJ vgo bj?
eh ngRtJ vGJtJ kwtF antL; ekF antL.
mjFjh yfz njitgLwJ.
2. bkhF a
xU fliy ghnwh. xU kiyia ghnwh. vgo anwh!xU
bkhia goFnghJ mgo xU a VgL.
j Kj vGJ - m
m vD vG KJFF dh | vW xU nfhL UwJ.
cyf Wfzfhd bkhf Kj vG go xU nfhL
UwJ. m vGJ kjid Fwjh. | vD KJFnfhL
gHfhy ntil MLtjF kj KJ Rkj mTil
Fwjh; vnd, aghd br!
3. vGJfS kjfS
kjfisnghyjh vGJfS. mtWF e cL; dK
cL.
vD vGJF dh f d vGnj tU. , f uL
egf. (v.fh. ) f, jif.
mnjngh , r uL egf. uL nrnj tU. (v.fh.)
kr, mrhnj.
l, j, g, w - vGJfS egf. bgUghY it nrnj tU.
(v.fh.) gl, gj, fg, bjw.
fS y brhfis brh ghUf. e vGJfis
fLof.
(e vGJfis d vGJf vd yfz TWwJ.)
14
4. ntWghL mj
1. F beo
Xnlho tjh.
bjhl kW uL bk vGJf. mtiw LJ,
j cs vGJf,
X nlh jh - it _W beo vGJf.
o t - it uL F vGJf.
ey j vGj F, beo ntWghL mtJ mogil mthF.
g : m. beo vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.
gho fyjh.
vnjh nghj cl.
M. F vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.
wh vJ w.
m taJ ciy.
2. xiwbfh, uilbfh
br, nr vD uL brhfis ghUf.
br - ~J xiwbfh.
nr - ~J uilbfh.
xiwbfh, uilbfhgh bghU vgo khWwJ ghUf.
jid br, jhnr eyL.
vgJ bkbaGJ, v vgJ cbuGJ.
uL nrUnghJ br. J F.
cl V nrUnghJ nr. J beo.
g : bro, nrt, bg, ngf, bto, ntl, bjid, nj, be, neik
Ma brhf bfhila vGJfis J vGJf.
xiwbfh uilbfh
br o = + v nr t = + V
j
15
3. xiwbfh, uilbfhfnshL Jiz vGJ nrUnghJ
VgL khwfis ghUf.
bfho gwF nfhogz ilF
+ x - uL nrjh bfh. J F.
+ X - uL nrjh nfh. J beo.
g : bfh, bfho, nfh, nghit, nrhiy, brh, bgh, njh, nkh,
beho. j brhf xiw, uilbfh, JizbaGJ cila
vGJfis bjGJf.
xiwbfh Jiz vGJ uilbfh Jiz vGJ

bgh = + x nrhiy = + X
5. jY nrjY
1. J mj
gHj ya e brt. bghU czF Vg J gof
bjahk gHj ya mUikia eh mJbfhs KoahJ.
J goF wikia eh tsJ bfhSj ntL.
(v.fh.) jkFa jkF + ca
mD m + <D
HyUik H + mUik
jnghJ btgl vGJfis fLoJOfsh? c, <, m
Ma _W c vGJfmyth? fhgdtiw J vGJf.
tHbfg _____________
wJW _____________
juiy _____________
btgl c vGJfis nfhoL fhLf.
16
2. nrJ vGJj
brhfis nrJ ngR tHfK vGJ tHfK el csd.
mtbdnf vWjh nfnwh. mt vnf vW J ngRtiy.
g : nrJ vGJf.
gU + cz - _____________
fU + vnf - _____________
mt + mGjh - _____________
mt + vnf - _____________
brhf nrUnghJ kiwj vGJf vit? mit c
vGJfjhnk! c vGJf kiwtJ btgLtJ V? f.
tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w
VnjD xU jiy _W kJ ngRf.
m. vJ m brYJgt.
M. fhzhk nghd xU bghU - mjid eh fLoj Kiw.
. v jhjh/gho.
2. vGJj w
fhQ bjhlfis F beo ntWghL mJ uf.
m. mKj _____________ Fojh. ( gh / g )
M. bjw _____________ gojh. ( gl / ghl )
. _____________ brJdh. ( iy / iy )
<. fil VG tsfS xUt _____________ . ( gh / g )
c. Ky gho _____________ TWth. ( fij / fhij )
3. gilw
rlnfh, Rnfh - U bgafS nfh vD vG KoJsd.
vD vG Ko y bgafis fLoJ vGJf.
(v.fh.) iuk
j
17
thifwf
at eh fw thifwf uL.
1. eif 2. Ka
it FJ nkY ngh.
g: 1. eif
m. eif jUj (ca ilia nj brf.)
1. rlnfhF eif jjt
m. kUJt M. bgnwh . njh Rnfh
2. Xlngho njhWnghdtl vgo ngRj ntL?
m. bkJthf Xodh.
M. , Xlngho fyJbfhshnj!
. mLjngho cWahf bt bgWth!
3. g mogltl vgo ngRj ntL?

m. V mj gf nghdh?
M. nk, to Xlhnj! elJ ngh!
. iu ey bgWj ntL.
M. eif bgWj
1. id gJ...
m. rlnfh f M. rlnfh go
. rlnfh eif
2. _W f bgafis fLofyh vw eif c. nt. rh.

mtfSF Ujjh?
m. UjJ M. iy . bjaiy
3. c. nt. rh. mtf eifF fhuz vd?

m. mtUila taJ M. mtUila m
. mtUila Mt
18
4. gF nghF ghij KGtJ nrW rfkhf csJ. c Ko
vd?
m. j tnyna nghfyh. M. LF Ugyh.
. khWghij bryyh.
5. vyhlK rilL khztid vd brayh?

m. mojh rahth. M. yitjh tF tUth.
. jna miHJ ngdh bfhrkhtJ nfgh.
2. Ka
Wnehw W mWW ehgJ ehF fhj bfhF brjh.
nfhol l ca brhiy vLJ vGJf.
1. KaF neh iy. ( jil, taJ, gif )
2. vgnjG taJtiu c. nt. rh. jGfhfnt ciHjh. KaF
tu ilahJ. ( jil, taJ, gif )
3. ftiyia kwf ca t .
1. bjhiyfh ghgJ
2. FtJ
3. VjhtJ xUntiy <LgLtJ
4. Ka Uid MF vd Tat .
(xsitah, UtSt, ghuah)
ilf
thifwf
3. Ka
1. jil
j
2. taJ
3. VjhtJ xUntiy <LgLtJ
4. UtSt
19
tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL - 1
fhQ fid gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.
kdjsuh nlgh fijia f mjJlh? ah j

nlgh? t, fdlhit nrj Tilgjhl u; Wnehah
ghfgL j tyJ fhiy Hjt; UJ kdjsuhk braif
fhiy bghUbfhL, rfu ehfh mkjthW Tilgjhl
isaho gRf gy btwt.
mtUF X vz xU eh njhaJ. Wnehahf
eythfhf ul vdh. mjfhf mt, fdlh rhiyf
bjhlnuhl ( khujh Xl ) XLtJ vd KobtLjh. mt cley
fU kUJt ntlhbtd Tdh. mtj miuia bghUgLjhj
nlgh fdlh rhiyf W ehgJ _W eh Xodh.
ksksbtd ulJ. Mdh, mt thehnsh FiwayhW.
mjdh, mt, UgJ_wh tanyna kuzkiljh. mt idthf
MLnjhW brlg gidjh eh cy gy ehLfY nlgh
Wneh Xl eljgLwJ.
dhf
1. nlgh vj ehil nrjt?
2. nlgh vj isaho wJ sdh?
3. nlgh j tyJ fhiy Hf fhuz vd?
4. nlgh vbraiy bra TlhJ vd kUJt Tdh?
5. nlgh Wneh Xl veh eljgLwJ?
goj w braghL - 2
fhQ ghliy gho Wf.
m fhL midah vjF mrh bedh

Mt _L jijah Vw fhQ udh
ik nrF njhHdh Ia F mPdh
<if g tsyh xW gL caLth
cW bfhl kddh XF ff olnt
Cf iwj kjdh xsit tel Lth.
20
vGJj w
bghU mj w braghL - 3
fhQ brhf czJ bghUis bfhL brhgofil uf.
1. vyJ 1.
2. kw 2.
3. v 3.
4. tgh 4.
5. tHF 5.
( ghiyy, thifbe, G, u, vY )
brhtjid vGJj braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis brhy nfL vGJf.
1. XiyRto 6. dh Rjudh
2. MobgUF 7. iya
3. vGjh 8. gogh
4. FghL 9. jg
5. Uth% 10. mrjiy
uj braghL - 5
c. nt. rh. gj f bgaf vGJf y LgLsd.
mtiw ca vGJfsh uf.
nk iy
f jh k
j
K nfh it
u il k
21
brhfis dfhz braghL - 6
fhQ ciug lbgWs xiwbfh brhfis
dfL vGJf.
jjhjh c. nt. rh. mtf FghL vD Rtoia m
ggjfhf goJbfhoUjh. mRto, bjhW xgJ
tifahd f bgaf Ujd. mtW, bjhW MW f
bgaf kL bjthf goFgoahf Ujd. _W f
bgafis mtuh gof ayiy.
(v.fh.) bfhoUjh

eoj w braghL - 7
fhQ ciuahliy tFgiw ehlfkhf eoJfhLf.
c.nt.rh : Iah, Iah!
Lfhu : vd ntL?
c.nt.rh. : tzf, Iah. eh giHa XiyRtofis fshf mL
tUnw.
Lfhu : mjbfd nghJ?
c.nt.rh. : jfl giHa XiyRtof Ugjhf nfgnl;
mtiw jhUfns.
Lfhu : mit ckF vjF?
c.nt.rh. : Iah, XiyRtof wj j yafS Ufyh.
mtiw goJL U bfhLJLnw.
Lfhu : ehis MobgUF myth? oafhiy M
Ltjfhf y XiyRtofis itUnw. mJ
bghWfiyah ckF?
c.nt.rh. : Rtof gogjFjhnd Iah. mtiw V M Lf?
Lfhu : m~J ckF njityhjJ. Mlh vkF
akyth ilF.
c.nt.rh. : Iah, mthbwyh Twhf. ma ya VnjD
cflKs Rtof Ufyh. mtiw zh
lhf; mUTJ vl bfhLjh mtiw
ghJL jUnw.
Lfhu : ngh ngh. mtiw bfhLgjF iy. ( ehlfij bjhlf.)
22
vGJ cUthf braghL - 8
bkbaGJl cbuGij izJ cbk vGij cUthFf.

f
m
M

<
c
C
v
V
I
X
x
xs
d vGJfis mj braghL - 9
fhQ bjhlfis ca d vGJ brhfis vLJ vG uf.
1. ahidl csJ 4. Fj fhW
2. bkijD UgJ 5. isahL bghUfS xW
3. eif bra gagLtJ 6. tis UgJ
( gR, jf, bjw, eL, jj, ggu )
mfutirgLJj w braghL - 10
fhQ brhfis mfutir fofhu RWKiw vGJf.
Rw
rF
jid
rhil
br F
r
F
nruyhj
j
brhkhiy
Nshk
nrhg
23
jbHf mnth
mu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v
j
v 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. J vGJf. 2X1=2
UtUgh -
vyjid -
2. bghU TWf. 2X1=2

ita -
kw -
3. gy bj 2X1=2
1. cyfbghJkiw vd nghwgLtJ.
m) UFw M) ehyoah ) ehkfoif
2. jjhjh vd miHfgLgt.
m) tSt M) c.nt.rh. ) tsyh
4. rah, jtwh? 2X1=2

1. thoa giu flnghbjyh thond vW tsyh Tsh.
2. _W f bgafis fLoJlyh vD eif c.nt.rh.
mtfSF UjJ.
5. nfhol lij uf. 2X1=2

1. UtUghit adh.
2. rlnfh ehil rhjt.
24
a uL br
ehyoah
ehfh Wungh efa uhD
<fh Jiz cjthjh ebgdh
nrjhD brW bfhsntL brisF
thfh midah bjhl. *
- rkzKt
ghlbghU
eh fhuf beU UF. mjidnghy y enkhL
beUfkhf Ughf. Mdh, mtf < fh msFTl ekF
cjt khlhf. mgogltf egh ekF vd ga?
thfh, bjhiyYs iu bfhLtU; miu taYF gh
isa cj. thfhiynghy cj kjf Uwhf. vts
bjhiy UjhY mtf eig eh njobfhSj ntL.
brhbghU
ehfh - eh fh; <fh - < fh; efa - eF + ma;
ma - beU Ugt; vdh - vd ga?; nr(ik) - bjhiy;
br - ta; midah - nghnwh.
F
gbdfzF fS xW ehyoah. , eh}W
ghlfis bfhlJ. mwfUJfis TWtJ. ehyo eh}W vD
w bgaU jF cL. , rkzKt gy ghoa ghlf
bjhF.
gbdfzF - sf
rf f vdgLgit gJghL vLbjhif. gJgho
gJ fS, vLbjhif vL fSkhf bkhj gbdL f.
tiw, nkfzF f vd TWt.
j
rf fSF njha f bjhF, gbdfzF

vd tHfgLwJ. bjhFY gbdL f csd. gbd
vwh, gbdL vgJ bghU. fis fzF f vd
TWt. gbdfzF fS bgUghyhdit mwfns.
25
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. bghU vGJf.
1. ma 2. br
2. J vGJf.
1. ehfh 2. efa 3. ebgdh
3. nfhol lij uf.
1. ehyoah fS xW.
2. gbd vgjF vgJ bghU.
M) FWdhf
1. ehyoah fUJgo eik brnth vjid nghwt?
2. ta vD bghU jU brhiy ehyoah ghlUJ vLJ
vGJf.
) Wdhf
1. ehyoah - F jUf.
2. ehyoah TW e FJ vGJf.
26
ghuj njr
Mj brnth ey fhj brnth
Miyf itnghf rhiyf itngh
Xj brnahjiy rhj brnah
cikf brhnthgy tikf brnth.
Filf brnthcG gilf brnth

nfhf brnthU ghf brnth
eil gwKz tof brnth
Phy eLftU fgf brnth.
fha brnth ey fhL tsngh

fiy tsngh bfhy ciytsngh
Xa brnthey Cf brnth
cyf bjhyidJ ctJ brnth.
rh ublha ntiy banw

jkf brhabrh mjbkngh
beW wFj
neika nkyt; Ht knwh.
- kfhf ghuah
brhbghU
jiy rhj - XJ gLj; tik - bfhil; cGgil
- ntshik bra gagL fUf; nfh - rhF;
eil - rhiy brY tof; gw - gwF th}
Kjad; Phy - cyf; ctJ brnth - U
brnth; jkf - xsitah; nkyt - nknyh; Ht -
nHh; knwh - wF cj neik mnwh; beW
- mwbe W.
Ma F: ghuah jeho fbgw fP.
ghLbfhU yt ghu vW bfhlhlglt. t, Ljiy nghuhl
j
uU Mth. fd fhg ghuF f ghuna. j ghojh

vbdd fdf? mW mit fdf. W mit edth csd.
bt gkiyJ cyhnth vd bjhlF ghl xU gF,
e ghl lbgWsJ. t thj fhy 11.12.1882Kj 11.9.1921tiu.
27
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. bghU vGJf.
1. tik 2. Phy 3. cGgil
2. vbrh vGJf.
1. cik 2. ey 3. nkyt
3. J vGJf.
1. ntiy 2. bjhyidJ 3. ublha
4. nfhol lij uf.

1. ghLbfhU yt vd nghwgLgt .
2. rh ublha ntiy vd Ta jkf .
M) FWdhf
1. ghuah fUJgo nknyh ah?
2. ghuah fdfS ulid vGJf.
28
ciueil
gwitf gyj
Hhf vwJ ekbfyh k L
vG. Vbd, Hhf nghJ, e o glhR
btofyh. vjid tifahd tzf
glhRf nghJ tJld. f kjh
cyf KGtJ bjhl, thdbt ghJ tz tz
UJ gy ehL fsh btoftiu vjid aL
gwitf tJ glhRf.
j UF
lJF glhR btofhj kf ahuhtJ cyf
bgajh Ughfsh? Ufnt khlhf vWjh eh
gwitf fl. idJ bfhoUnwh.
Mdh, glhR btofhj X Cnu UwJ. e
jeho Ubent khtl cs
TjFs. mj C kf glhnr btogiy.
mJ kLkW. mj C ah o Ukz
eilbgwhY, Cnfh UHh eilbgwhY,
LL x vG nksjhs lbgwhJ. ts
V? mj kf cuf ngRtJTl ilahJ.
V mgo?
ehiu Vbd, mj C cs bga V, gwitf
yY
flkhf fwJ.
ml cjik
cs Y gwitf V ehLL ehL gwJ tUwd?
thG. gUtiy khWnghJ gwitf lL l
fL btgij
vbfhS
bgawd. gUtiy vwh vd? nk khj
jik cilaJ. gfSF LKiw Lwhf. Vbd, mnghJ
bt f fLikahf UF.
bt RblF fhyij nfhilfhy
j
vnwh. lhk kiH bgjh, kiHfhy

vnwh.
29
khf khj gbg. mjid gfhy rkbt kuf
vnwh. btY kiH g khkh tUtjid thG y gwitf
gUtiy khw vnwh.
krL,
cyf y gFf g ciw fhy cL. brfhf,
RliyF,
g Todh eh nghit myJ fgah ngh
gdfhil,
bfhL gLJbfhnwh. Mdh, gwitfSF fzhFU.
nghit ilahnj. Mfnt, mit g ToaJ mj
iyf thG
lijL gwJ ntW lJF brwd. y gwitf
y lf bt TLjyhf UF. mnghJ,
bfhF,
mj lijL gwJ bry ntoaJjh. go jhiHnfh,
gwJ brtjid, tyirnghj vghf. gtsfh,
MW csh,
gUtfhy khwij gwitf ekF czJ KFgh, ehiu,
wd. mj fhy gwitf l khWtjid mth _f,
fuotha,
itJ, iwF kiHtU nghUnf vW,
Cth thJ.
e Kndhf TLthf.
kiyf thG
gwitf xU eho gHfis WL y gwitf
gwJbrW bdhU eho vrLwd. mj
vr k GnghJ, mgH ij mF Uth,
brjiy FU,
KisJ kukh LwJ. go cyf KGtJ L,
ku, bro, bfhofis gu ntiyia gwitf fUdh,
brwd. y beilfh,
bghKJF,
tabtf gfis jhF f, kubfh,
dFWth,
tLfis gwitf WLwd. mj_y
bfhil cHthu,
gwitf cHtfSF cjwd. go gy cjf uhrh gUJ,
br gwitahdJ, kjf ey eg myth? k Mij.
mgogl egidg bjJbfhnth.

ekF bjj gwitf vjid? fhf, FU,
bfhF, k nghy y bgafns ekF bjwd.
Mdh, e eho kL VwjhH <uhuJ
eh}Wtif gwitf thwd. y gwitf
bgafis eh bjJbfhnth!
30
gwitfis IJ tifahf fyh.
1. njid FoJ thG gwitf
2. gHij cL thG gwitf
3. ia W thG gwitf
jeho cs 4. ntilaho cQ gwitf
gwitf flf 5. wj clfis cL thG gwitf
1. ntljhf gwitfS y, mHfhf TLfo
2. f thgit. e Cf fzhFU
(fhu khtl) TLfis ghfyh. mllh, vjid mHFlD
3. fuFs ghJfhghf fzhFU TL fLwJ!
4. uFo
gogl e gwit egfis g
5. nkbrt}
D iwa bjJ bfhsntL. bjJ
(uhkehju khtl)
bfhlh kL nghJkh? mit kahf thH
6. gHntfhL
(Utq khtl) cj brj ntL. gwitfSF eh
7. cjakhjhl
vgobayh cjtyh?
(Uth% khtl) TjFs kf glhR
8. tL btofhkY nks mofhkY UgJ
(jrh khtl) gwitf mrkW Ufnt. mJnghy,
9. fiubto gy cjfis mtWF ehK brayh.
(bgug khtl) TjFs kLkyhk, vbfyh gwitf
10. ntlFo fl Uwnjh, mbfyh eh glhR
(tfif khtl)
btof TlhJ.
11. btnshL
(<nuhL khtl) cf CUF gfYs
12. TjFs flJF xUKiwahtJ brW thUf.
(Ubent khtl) btehLfUJ mF tU gwitfis
13. nfhoafiu fL kGf. ehnjhW oafhiyY
(ehfgod khtl) khiyY gwitf vG xfis TJ
nfngh. gwitfnghy xvG mtnwhL
ngRnth.
gwitf thlfshd kufis
ghJfhgnj mtWF eh br ngUjahf
UF.
j
31
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. Ubent khtlYs vD
gwitf fl csJ.
2. cyf KGtY UJ gyehL gwitf tJ jUF
lJF bga .
3. bt RblF fhyij fhy vnwh.
4. kjf ey eg MF.
1. gHntfhL vD mikJs khtl .
m) fhu M) Utq ) Ubent
2. rkbt kuf thG gwit .
m) Cth thJ M) k Mij ) kr L
3. iyf thG gwit .
m) ehiu M) fzhFU ) Uth
M) FWdhf
1. L vgF thG?
2. tyir nghj vwh vd?
3. gUtiy khw vwh vd?
4. gwit, kjf ey eg. vthW?
) Wdhf
1. gwitf flkhd TjFs g vGJf.
2. cdF bjj gwitf fl ehf bgafis vGJf.
3. gwitfis vjid tifahf fyh? mit ahit?
32
Jizghl
ghf
gUJ oF tjh mKjh. jf
igia nkirJ itjh. o, bra Vnjh
vGbfhL Ujh. mtdUnf brwh.
mKjh: mzh... vdnfh cj brthah? ghd, cy
(vGJtjid WL, vd kj d
njhWtjF
vgJngh J ghjh bra.) gJnfho
mLjthu vf g brid MLfSF
oYs gh gizF miHJ Kng njhaJ.
brwhf mzh... ghig g
cdF bjjjid brhny...!
bra: ghbgwh gil eLF vW
brhthf. ah cs
uh#ehfjh
mKjh: mJjh bjnk. ntW VjhtJ... cynyna
bra: ... gh gjhnd! ghf Ctd eRf
f skhd gh.
tifia r h j i t . b g U g h y h d
15 mo sKilaJ.
ghf KilL FR bghgd. TLfo thG
y ghf kL FonghL. xnu tif gh J.
mKjh: Ritahd ntW br Ujh brh! uh#ehf, kw
ghfisTl
bra: j ehj UwJ gonw, nf... czth
cyf KGf <uhuJ vGW IgJ bfhS.
tifghf Uwdth. ah
kL UW ehgJ ehF tif
ghf Uwdth.
mKjh: mgoah! ghf
gf cneh
bra: nkY, gh tiff IguL tisUF.
tifghfSF kLjh eRjik iuia ojh
clh. jglhJ. ghf
iuia bkW
(mnghJ, oF tj mkh Kf giy.
mYtyf brW tj fis.) mgona
mkh: vd, mzD jif fLikahf GLwd.
fyJiuaho bfhL Uf?
j
bra: ghfis g ngbfhL

Unwh!
mkh: X... mgoah! Kj ghg eh xU
nf nfnw.
33
gh, gh FoFkh? Fofhjh?
mKjh: FofhJ.
bra: gh GFw v, jtisf cl
cs rnj mjF nghJ.
mkh: cdF ah brhdJ, brah?
bra: vf Ma brhdh.
mkh: rjh. mw, ey gh jiy
xU ghig khf ff i t U w b j W
bfhwh, mj brhtJ btWfLfij. gh, jDila
iz gh gf eR itUgJ vjF bjkh?
gthF vW
brhtJ cL. bra: JTl bjahjh? mof tUgtfis
~J cikaW. fofjh.
bfhygl gh mkh: mgoiy. gh, jh oF iuia
cl UJ
bfhy, b r g j f h f j h
btnaW xUtif
thrid bghU, jDila gf eR itUwJ.
kw ghfis mKjh: nffnt aghf Uwnj! ghF
mj l neh fhJ Uwjh?
tutiHwJ.
gthf, ghf mkh: ghF fhJ mtsthf ts
tUtJ iy. milaiy. fh tU X i r f i s
ghdh nff ayhJ. jiu
gh, j ehif VgL mfis czJ, mj_y
mofo btna gh Kbdrifahf UwJ.
L. RWw
thridia bra: mw vgo, ghgho kFo Xiria
mJbfhsnt nfL gh MLwJ?
mthW brwJ.
mkh: gh, kFo irF Mliy. kFo
eygh eR, thwtiu fzh ghwJ. kFo
nfhuh (Cobrozin) mirtjid nghy gh mjid ghJ
vD t mirjhLwJ. mtsjh.
kUJ bra
gagLwJ.
mKjh: gh, cHtf eg vd xU jf
gonj. gh, vgo egdhf Ko?
njhYfhf ghf mkh: ghfsh cHtfSF bga eikf
bfhygLtjid Uwd.tacsgfis
jLf, a
vfmwd. vfis mg
muR, tdyF
ghJfh rl
ghfSF bgUgF cL.
1972 go, rl (mnghJ brng k xwJ. mkh, mjid
iwnt csJ. ifigUJ vLJ ngdh. )
34
mkh: brhYf... ... mgoah! mrnrh... eh gjh LF
tnj, rf.
bra: ahukh...?
mkh: mghjh. cf khkh iga brtij gh
foJ ljh. kUJtkidF brWshfsh.
mgh brtij ghJL tUnw vW brhdh.
mKjh: bghGJjh mz, eRghf Fiwthf
Ugjhf brhdh. mjF xU ghfo brah?
mkh: mgo iy. gh, ahiu njongh fogJ iy.
kjfsh jdF VjhtJ ilW Vglhjh foF.
ghfodh wjtfisl, mrY mY
wjtfns F.
bra: ghfoF MshdtfSF KjYjahf vd brj
ntL?
mkh: gh fojl fogl lij mirahk itJbfhSj
ntL. fogl lFnk cldoahf fLnghL
gf cs kUJtkidF iuJ miHJ brYj
ntL. eRK kUJ bfhLj ntL. Jnt Kiwahd
KjYj.
mKjh: jid vyhU bjJbfhs ntoaJ aikahjJ.
mkh: Kj ghig flhny moJ bfhyntL vd
idfnt TlhJ. ghdh vj bjhiy ekF ilahJ.
mJ X cjh vW JbfhSj ntL.
bra: mkh f fisJ fhzgLwh. ehD njhlF
brnw. mLjthu RWyhF brW th. ghig g
D iwa bjJ bfhth.
mKjh: gh mofo ehif Lwnj, V? (mkh, bjahJ
vgjhf jiyahoago vGJ brwh.)
(bra UifiaL vGjh. ifia tisJ, ... ... vW
ghngh xbaGbfhnl njhlJ gf Xodh.)
kh dhf
j
Wdhf
1. ghf Fj jtwhd eiff ahit?

2. ghfoF mfgL KjYj FJ vGJf.
35
yfzK bkhwD
m. bkh mnth
j cs Kj vGJf bkhj KgJ.
c vGJf guL;
bk vGJf gbdL;
Mf bkhj KgJ.
tU brhiy ghUf.
(v.fh.) mzh.
m - cbuGJ
- bkbaGJ
zh - cU bk nrJ tj cbk vGJ.
cU bk nrJ 216 (UW gdhW)
cbk vGJfis cUthFwd. Mdh, mit
midij ngY vGY gagLJtJ iy.
vLJfhlhf, , , , o, , - nghw cbk
vGJf mwhl ngY vGY gagLwd.
, , bs, bPs, bzs nghwit mthW
gagLtJ iy.
mogilahd j vGJf KgJ kLnk.
M. F beo clhtJ vgo?
m, , c, v, x - Ma IJ F vGJf.
it bk vGJfnshL nrUnghJ, cbkF
vGJf clhwd.
~ fl, , FuF, brid, brh
M, <, C, V, I, X, Xs - VG beo vGJf. it
bk vGJfnshL nrUnghJ, cbkbeo vGJf
clhwd.
fhis, W, Tl, nf, if, nfh, bfsjh
F beo ntWghL mJ vGJf.
g njnj.
gh Fonj.
g, gh l khdh FHg tU.
36
g: fhQ brhfis bfhL bjhlfis mikf.
1. f _____________________________________
2. fh _____________________________________
3. Fil _____________________________________
4. Til _____________________________________
. nrJ J vGJnth.
g : nrJ vGJf.
Kj brh fil vGJ bk.
nrU brh Kj vGJ c.
nrUnghJ elF khw vd?
kz + cL __________
y + mGth __________
f + Hnj __________
khw : c vGjhdJ, bk vG izJ cbkahdJ.
J vGJf.
jHHF __________
kyuo __________
njdU __________
khw : c vGJ jna jJ.
<. iH j vGJnth.
tU brhfis iH vGJf.
1. gbdL - ____________________
2. ehgJ - ____________________
3. mgJ - ____________________
jg : vfis vG vG gHFf.
m) 13 ____________________
M) 33 ____________________
j
) 98 ____________________
<) 108 ____________________
37
c. ey jbrhfis mJbfhnth.
thfh, br Mait ta rhj mUikahd
brhf.
id itngh.
tik, Phy Kja brhfis eh gHfF
bfhL tUnth.
go ngRnth; vGJnth.
m) Phy bgaJ.
M) mt tik cst.
(id itf; tik vgj bghU
bfhil jik. tik vgj bghU bfhLik. )
C. vGJfS cw
1. j vGJl kL nrU vGJf
(cliy bkkaf)
vGJfSF e cL vgjid mnjh
myth?
j y vGJf j vGnjhL kL nrJ
tU.(v.fh.) gf, mr, bkhj, mg.
, , , Ma bkf j vGJfSl kL nrU
vGJf. fS thW y brhfis nrJ
ghUf.
2. j vGJl nruhJ w vGJfSl nrU
vGJf
(ntWiy bkkaf)
(v.fh.) rh, thif.
, Ma bkf j vGJfSl nrJ thuh.
w vGJfSl kLnk nrJ tU.
3. j vGJ, w vGJ uLlD nrJ
tU vGJfS csd.
(v.fh.) - Fw, nkF; - md, m.
go, ntW y brhfis cfsh fLof
Kowjh? Ka brf.
38
tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w
m) VnjD xUbghU g IJ kJ ngRf.
eh U gwit eh U yF
kiygh fhL fl
M) dh vGf.
tU jiyfis ikakhf bfhL dhf vGf.
gh nkf Na FU
(v.fh.) gh
gh vfsh?
ghig flh V mRnwh?
2. vGJj w
xiwbfh uilbfh brhfis vLJ vGJf.
xiwbfh uilbfh
brhf
brhf brhf
ntljhf, btnshL,
bgug, ntlFo,
nfhoafiu, bfhF, nks,
brfhf, nkbrt},
brjiyFU
3. FG f
khztf IJKj VGng bfhl FGfshf JbfhSj
ntL. xbthU FG xUbghUis nj brj ntL. FG
nga fUJfis gFJ bjhFJ tF TWj ntL.
1. egf gyj.
j
2. kj jdyK RWNH m.
3. gh ekF gifah?
4. ey jbrhfis fLoJ ngRnth.
39
4. gil w
Xa tiuf: (v.fh.) ku gwit, TL gwit, jiu iu
bfhJ gwit, gwF gwit, Kilfis milfhF gwit. gwit
kjD ngbfhtJngh xU fhia cUthFf.
fij vGJf
k cfSF L
ku vfSF TL
J gwit ghL ghL. njngh tU brhfis Wahf itJ
uL mof fij vGJf.
1. C, nj 2. mU, fU
thifwf
1. cfl m fhLj
yah, j bgnwhUl ca fhF brwh. jdU
Jtj khid Wfyh mojh; kh kUL XoaJ. yFfis
ghJbfhnl FuFf UFlF brwt, nH Uj Fia
vLJ FuJ dh.
ntfliyia WL gwitf gF Uj k TLF
njhiy dh.
ghfis ghf brw yah, ghf itfgoUj fzho
bgofis jobfhnl tjh. Obud xU gh glbkLJ aJ.
mjid fL gaJ myago jhia foaizjh.
g : fhQ dhfis goJ ilaf.
1. yah, khid fyh mojJ Kiwah?
2. FuFfis JWjyhkh?
3. fh gwitf, yFfSF glfis juyhkh?
4. yah, ghf Uj bgoia joaJ Kiwah?
5. gwitf, yFfl eh vthW elJbfhSj ntL?
40
2. Niya jid
tU ffSfhd fhuzij flJ vGJf.
m) kjf ahidia ntilahl fhuz _________
(u, njh, jj)
M) cyf btgkila fhuz __________________
(tof if, vkiyFH, bt)
) MWf khR mila fhuz ___________________________
(bjhrhiy f, kiHik, kz mSj)
<) kiH Fiwa fhuz __________________
(fhLf m, k m, ku tsj)
ilf
yfzK bkhwD
<. iH j vGJnth
1. guL 2. ehgJ 3. IgJ
jg : vfis vG vG gHFf.
m) g _W M) KgJ _W
) bjhW vL <) bwL
thifwf
2. Niya jid
m) jj M) tof if
) bjhrhiy f <) fhLf m
j
41
tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL - 1
gHjHf U bfhYgliwf bgUks Ujd.

miwa Ubfhyf jHj u wf , nt, th, <o,
nfla vd nghfUfis jf gliwf beRuf kwtFy
kfSF toJ bfhLjd.
khLto mR, filah KjbfhL ntsh fUfshd

mth, nfhl, f, flghiu Kja bghUfisbayh cHt
bgUkfSF brjjd.
f kLjhdh fiytz UY cbld kdij ftU

fiybghUfis U gilJ jjd.
Tu eluhr br Unk, gHjH cnyhffiyF khbgU

vLJfhlh ws giwrh wJ.
iyia brJf kiyia sf cia jj mj CJ

ciyf W mizJngh btFehfshld.
rfj ytf vGjhf wj gliwf UgoF

Xir W XJnghlJ.
rhiynahuf akujo Xiywh ntagl bfhliff

atj j bjhTlf, W mbfhW bfhWkhfnt
fhzgLwd.
nfhol lij uf.

1. kwtfSF Ubfhyf toJ jjit , , .
2. cHt bgUkfSF Ubfhyf brjjit , .
3. gHj ytF Ubfhyf bfhLjJ .
4. gHjH br fiyF vLJfhlh sFtJ .
5. iyia brJf kiyia sf gagLtJ .
42
ngRj w braghL - 2
fhQ ghliy goJ, cdf mtjfhd fhuzf FJ
tF fyJiuahLf.
bfHF btSF Knd bghGJ rh neu

Y FU fhnzh nghl beY fLy
FU fJ Knd xdh tJ cfhU
T nrt fhnzh ikdh Tl fhnzh
Git d tL ikdhFMl fhL

bfhF Tl fhnzh kuJ Fy fhnzh
el el nkny MU fQ gLnrh
elF ehiuia fhnzh mJf vf nghnrh
glh ia fhnzh vf FyrhF

gwF Jia fhnzh VJ bfhw neJnrh
JF nkby gwF vf CU cRbuyh
fzh FU fhnzh vf ngh khLnrh!
goj w braghL - 3
fhQ ciugia Fu Vw wfJl gof.
vf C fhisia flh fhyTl fy gh. vf

C isP, mj Tikahd bfhF bfhLikahd ghitF
beir sF FsgoF mRtnj iy. ghJ tU fhis
iyoJ jf njhtikia cyFF czJt vf C
fosfhisf.

1. tabt 6. fzhFU
2. Ubent 7. ntljhf
j
3. TjFs 8. fg
4. nksjhs 9. gUtiy
5. fl 10. kiHfhy
43
brh cUthf braghL - 5
Fiy beoyh brhfis cUthFf.
f f g
L
fh fh
f
W il
fhQ brhfis ffu tir vGJf.

bfhiwntj, bfil, f, u, is, ifalf, fhil, nftuF,
Tl, FHij, nfhbgUnj
44
gFj w braghL - 7
fhQ ghuah ghl, tz vGYs brhf Kj vGJfis
goa tifgL vGJf.
Mj brnth ey fhj brnth
Miyf itnghf rhiyf itngh
Xj brnahjiy rhj brnah
cikf brhnthgy tikf brnth.
c F c beo cbkF cbk beo
gFj w braghL - 8
fhQ gwitf bgafis thlfSF Vg goaLf.
bfhF, krL, Uth, brfhf, jhiHnfh, L, Rliy
F, bghKJF, fuotha, kubfh, gdfhil, fUdh,
fzhFU, gtsfh, Cth thJ.
rkbt kuf iyf thG kiyf thG

t.v
thG gwitf gwitf gwitf
j
45
uj braghL - 9
j vGJf vifia jbHfsh vGJf.
dh mu v jbH
cbuGJf vif 12
bkbaGJf vif
cbkbaGJf vif
Mj vGJ
j vGJf bkhj
flj braghL - 10
fhQ Lfijfhd ilfis flJ bghUJf.
Lfij il
ghiytd gGjgH UrJ cs gH.

m~J vd?
Cngiu bfhl gH t w bfhl gH.

m~J vd?
Miw Iij iuJ nrJ brhdh

gz tuhJ; Mdh, gH tU. m~J vd?
kr w mHFgH Rit cs gH.

m~J vd?
KSnjhY cila gH fof

cs gH. m~J vd?
46
bjhliu uj braghL - 11
bfhLfgLs Ff czJ XbuGJ xUbkhfis mJ

bjhliu uf.
( th, if, <, , ngh, M )
1. eh bfhLF X vGJ if .
2. eh miHF X vGJ .
3. eh thiawf itF X vGJ .
4. eh fG X vGJ .
5. eh gwF X vGJ .
6. eh t mD X vGJ .
fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf. 3X1=3

1. ehyoah Ma ah?
m) tSt M) s ehfdh ) rkz Kt
2. jeho cs gwitf ruzhyaf vjid?
m) 10 M) 13 ) 12
3. TL fo thG gh vJ?
m) uh# ehf M) ey gh ) rhiugh
M) nfhol lij uf. 2X1=2
1. ey gh eUJ vLfgL vD kUJ t
ahf gagLwJ.
2. jbkhfhd Kj vGJf MF.
) XU brhf il jUf. 2X1=2
1. ehyoah fUJgo eik brnth vjid nghwt?
j
2. kr L vgF thG?
<) F vGJf. 1X3=3
ghuah fd.
47
a _W br
ehkfoif
kidF sf klth; klth
jdF jifrh jt; - kda
fhj jtF fna; fF
X frh cz.
- sehfdh
ghlbghU
FLg sF bgzhth. mbgQF sid
nghwtf, mt bgw g wj isf. kda mf
misfSF sid nghwJ f. mfF sfhf
sFtJ vJbtwh, mtfl cs ebyzfns.
brhbghU
klth - bgf
jifrh - g wj
kda - kdJF a
fhj jt - m kf
X - vJbtW brhYnghJ
frh - fiH jU
cz - ebyz
Ma F : yha bga sehfdh. s vgJ Cbga;
ehfdh vgJ yt abga.
F : ehkfoif, gbdfzF fS xW. foif
vwh mfy vgJ bghU. ehF kf bfhl mfy vgJ
jbghU. xbthU ghL ehF mwfUJfis TWwJ.
48
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. bghU vGJf.
1. klth 2. kda 3. cz
2. nfhol lij uf.
1. ehkfoif fS xW.
2. ehkfoif Ma .
3. kidF sf .
4. mf jtfSF sF .
1. foif vgj bghU .
m) foj M) mfy ) fLF
2. s vgJ bga.
m) abga M) idbga ) Cbga
M) FWdhf
1. ehkfoif vgj bghU ahJ?
2. bgQF sfhf mikgt ah?
3. fF sfhf miktJ vJ?
) Wdh
kidF sf klth vD ghl ehF kfisnghy
mikJs fUJf ahit?
j
49
ciueil
Muhnuh Munuh
Muhnuh MunuhMuhnuh
Munuhfnz fkna
MuoR mGnj!
morhiu brh mG
Muhnuh Munuh...
j ghliy nffhjtf ahU Uf
Kokh? jid jhyhL ghl vnwh.
FHijia bjho L jh ghL ghL
J.
gTlnk nghfhj, vGj gof
bjahj jhkhfSF j jhyhL ghl
bjwnj! m~J vgo? mJ kL, j
ghil ahU vG jfkhf nghlJ iy.
wF vgo vyh jhkhfSF ghl
kdghlkhf bjwJ?
xUt gho bfhoUFnghJ nfL bfhoUF bdhUt
mgona kd th jhD ghogho gHLwh. go jh
vGjhj ghljh, ehLw ghl vdgLwJ. vGJ tahf tuhk
ghogho thtahf guw ghL ehLwghL. njngh vGjglhj,
vyhUF bjj fijfS cL. tiw vyh thbkh ya
vd TWthf.
Kd, ghlfis uha ghlf vW T tjhf. Mdh,
thtahf gu ghl f kLjh clh? efufY
jhkhf ghLtJ iyah? brid nghw bgUefuf kfghL
fhdh ghl Tl ehLw ghljh. flYF brW oF
dtf ghL ghlY ehLwghljh.
bfhGfil bfhGfil V ntfy?
mL vay eh ntfy.
mLng mLng V vay?
kiH bgjJ eh vay.
kiHna kiHna V bgnj?
Y tsu eh bgnj.
50
ny ny V tsnj?
khL d eh tsnj.
khnl khnl V wh?
khLfhu mJlh eh nw.
khLfhuh khLfhuh V mJnl?
FHij mGjJ eh mJ nl.
FHij FHij V mGnj?
vW forJ eh mGnj.
vWng vWng V fonr?
v ny fhbtrh, eh Rkh Ungdh?
vW FHijf kl bgUFubyLJ ghL isahL ghlY
ehLw ghljh.
j ghlfis ah vGdhf vW ahuhY TwKoahJ. Vbd,
ghlfis ahU vGjiy. kf jhkhfnt ghlntL vW
njhWnghJ ghlf ghlgLwd.
FHijia bfhrntL vW njhdh jhyhL ghL jhdhf
tJL. wjtfis ghjJ mGif tJL. mJl, xU Jau
ghlyhf xgh tJL. mgo ghLwt Vbfdnt jh vnfh nfl
ghl tfnshL jhD y tia nrJ ghoLth. gona ehLw
ghl tsJ bfhnl nghF.
xUt ghoaJnghy, mgona bdhUt ghLtJ iy. J
ehLw ghlf jw. ehLw ghlfis fhQ
tiffshf fyh.
jhyhL ghlf
isahL ghlf
bjh ghlf
rlF ghlf
bfhlhl ghlf
tghL ghlf
xgh ghlf
wj FHijF ghLtJ jhyhL ghl. bfhr tsj isf
j
ghLtJ isahL ghl. fis f, ntiy brnth ghLtJ bjh

ghl. Ukz kW w ff ghLtJ rlF ghl, bfhlhl
ghl. rh FLnth ghLtJ tghL ghl. wnjhUF ghLtJ
xgh ghl.
51
jH th xbthU iyF go ghlf cL.
vLJfhLfshf y ghlfis ghfyh.
bfhGy Tlhu - cf khkh
bfhjk ahghu (Muhnuh Munuh)
bfhjk bjLJ cf khk
bfhYR g thuhuh (Muhnuh Munuh)
kJiuny Tlhu - cf khkh
ka ahghu (Muhnuh Munuh)
ka btLJ cf khkh
khiy g thuhuh - (Muhnuh Munuh)
thW jhyhLf jhkhf, jf mz jf bgUikfis
ghLtJ tHf.
rhrhlkh rhrhL
rhana rhrhL
FJsnf rhrhL
nfh whnt rhrhL
khnd kny rhrhL
khlwhnt rhrhL...
J FHijahf UFnghJ rhjhl brhY isahL ghl.
bto mUth
V! liy is if mUth
brh aorUth ngh
RHLjo befbu...
vW mWtil bra nghF bgf ghobfhL brthf. J
btSF bjh brnth:
nrh... nrh...
mGF Jna
nrh... nrh...
moR Jit...
nrh... nrh...
W
nrh... nrh...
fhanghL
nrh... nrh...
vW ntiynghJ fis bjahk Uf thW ghLwhf.
xbthU bjh brnthUF jjna ghL cL.
52
ehLw ghlf z ghlfS csd.
Cuh Cuh njhlny
xUj nghlhdh btsfh
fhRF buL f brh
fhj nghlhdh btsfhu
vw ghl, ekJ ehL Ljiy nghuhl fhy cUthd
ehLghl.
cf C, cf bjU, cf o go ghlf bjj
ghof, jhjhf, mijf, f, bgakhf ahuhtJ Ughf.
mtfl nfL ghlfis vG bfhL tJ, mtf ghoaJnghynt
tF ghofhLf.
ewhf ghLgtiu tF cs vyhU nrJ ghuhLf.
braghL
xU Fl j C xnu Jrh.
j
buL Fl j C bunl Jrh.

J kh cf C cs isahL ghlfis nfL
vGtJ, tF isahlyh.
53
kh dhf
m) wtadhf
1. nfhol lij uf.
1. FHijia bjho L jh ghL ghL vdgL.
2. Vo vGjhj ghljh vdgLwJ.
3. thbkhahf gu ehLw ghlfis fijfis
vW TWt.
4. fis f ntiy brnth ghLtJ .
1. brid nghw bgU efuf kf ghL Tl
ehLw ghljh.
m) rlF ghl M) fhdh ghl ) jhyhL ghl
2. rh FLnth ghL ghl .
m) bjh ghl M) xgh ghl ) tghL ghl
M) FWdhf
1. bfhG Tlhu nghlt vd thf brjh?
2. Ukz kW w ff ghlgL ghl vJ?
3. f ghL ghl kLjh ehLw ghlyh?
) Wdhf
1. ehLw ghl tiffis vGJf.
2. jhyhL ghlYF X vLJfhL jUf.
54
Jizghl
uWt
kf beUf FjJ bfhfjh efu. mef rhiy kf

Tlij y bfhL xU Fiuto iuthf XobfhoUjJ.
toD eLju taJila bgk xU ko gsFHij
xW UjJ.
tofhu fLgho Uj Fiu, Obud ehYfh ghr
lhf gwfyhW. Fiuia mlf ayhj tofhu
vagL nH Gjh.
toD cfhUj bgk gjdh. mt, FHijia j
khnghL mizJ bfhL mGjh. to
kurl xwid gathW _ir
oJbfhL cfhUjh.
Inah... vW myathW mt,
fhghWf! fhghWf! vd
TFulh.
mt FuYF mtna brw
vtU br rhfiy. mtf,
jfis fhgh bfhS
Ka jbfL XL FiuF
m xJ bfhlhf.
mnghJ, VwjhH gidJ
taJs Wt xUt m
TFuiy nflh. nfL,
mtis mt FHijia
j
vgoahtJ fhghl ntL

vd vdh.
Jof mWt,
UJ wgl mignghy
55
ghJ rhiyF tjh. mt FiuJ jh Vw Kawh. Mdh, Fiu
J FJ, KJif beJ mtid nH jL XoaJ. L
vGj mt, Knghynt FiuJ V cfhu Kawh.
mj bghyh Fiu, mtid L L nH jlJ.
go gyKiw Ka brjh mWt. mtDF if, fh, Kfbkd
cl KGtJ uh fhaf Vgld.
mtUJ uj fjhY, mjfhf mt J kd
tUjiy. L L KaW FiuJ Vdh. Va mWt,
mjid ml j fLghLF bfhL tjh. toia
rhiynahukhf Wdh. cUfhf nghuhobfhoUj mbgk,
bgU_R LbfhL jnjh iHnjh vd nH wdh.
mJtiu rhiynahu xJ W ntoif ghJbfhoUj
Tl iunjho tJ toia NJbfhlJ. midtU mj
uWt kdWia thahu fjd.
Fiuia mla mWt, vtUila fbkhF kafiy.
j clY cilY xoUj Gia jolh. jh brjJ
mUbgUbra vgjid g J idfiy. jh
bryntoa ghij j eilia bjhljh.
FHijfns! cWf mj uWt ah bjkh?
mt bga enuuj. bgaiu vnfnah nflJngh Uwjh? M.
fhy cyf fH caj Rth ntfhdjnu mj uWt.
e : #hdkzhs, mit tsF mj fijf
kh dhf
Wdhf
1. Fiu to FHijl brw bgkF nej Jg ahJ?
2. enuuj Fiuia mla fit vGJf.
56
yfzK bkhwD
1. ehLw j mnth
tU gHbkhfis gof.
(tiw brhytilf vd kf brhthf.)
nfha nflh Md fhRthf... ( Md - FH )
msFw ehF mfiy bjkh?
(eh - jhafis msF go; mfiy - jhaiy)
wj LF wnfh vJF? ( wnfh - rh )
Md, mfiy, wnfh Kja brhf IgJ MLfSF
Kd f aghf ngrglit. mit W kiwJ tUwd.
f goj ehLw ghl UgUg tU xU brhiy
ftfsh?
bfhGy Tlhu kJiuy Tlhu
Tlhu LtJ vwh jFtJ vW bghU.
ehLw ghlf, gHbkhf, Lfijfis gojh, j f
bgabjhU brhfsaij cUthfyh.
2. iH j vGJnth - 1
vyhU ngRnghJ, mtid ghnj, ghiy Fonj vW
Kiwahf ngRwhf. Mdh vGJnghJ,
mtid ghnj, ghiy Fonj vW jtwhf vGJwhf.
jid xWiH vnwh. xW vgJ bkbaGJ.
g
xbwGij nrJ vGJf.
ghliy + brhnd = __________________
flis + fnl = __________________
+ nw = __________________
j
gHij
fzDF + bfhLnj = __________________
kJiuF + brnth = __________________
57
iH j vGJnth - 2
brtzlgl brhf iHahdit. mtiw U vGJf.
m) z nghnl __________________
M) Rt tiunj __________________
) t gwJ __________________
j u, w; y, H, s; z, e, d Ma vGJfis vGJnghJ,
bgUghnyh iHahf vGJwd. tiw Kiwahf eh xf
gHfhjjh, j iH VgLwJ.
y, H, s _wid ntWghL yhk, xnu kh xnwh.
mjdh, vGJnghJ iH VgLwJ.
jid kabfh iH vnwh.
g
ca brhfis njbjLJ brhbwhliu uf.
1. kif ___________ aJ. (kd, kz)
2. ia ___________ tUnt. (ty, ts)
3. ___________ gJ gh. (, )
4. Kf ___________ KWt ntL. (, )
5. eh ___________ uhJ. (th, th)
3. j mogil brhf
jbrhf ehF tifgL. mit,
bgabrh, idbrh, ilbrh, cbrh.
tW Kjikahdit bgabrhY idbrhY.
br tjh vD brhbwhl br vgJ bgabrh.
tjh vgJ idbrh. id vwh bra vW bghU.
g : fhQ brhbwhlf bgaiu idia RLf.
bga id
1. ku MoaJ ___________ ___________
2. Ut ghod ___________ ___________
3. br gu ___________ ___________
4. Fku tUwh ___________ ___________
58
fhQ brhbwhlf bghUjkhd bgabrhiy L uf.
1. ___________ dh.
2. ___________ jJ.
3. ___________ kilgJ isaho bt bgwJ.
4. ___________ mGjh.
fhQ brhbwhlf bghUjkhd idbrhiy L uf.

1. Tl ___________
2. Mij ___________
3. br ghl ___________
4. Rkh j ___________
tFgiwwf
1. ngRj w
1. VnjD xU jiyig FJ IJ kJ ngRf.
m) oj ehLw ghl M) oj C
) bjj gHbkh <) bjj Lfij
c) oj UHh
2. dh vGnth.
m) rfiu M) bghf ) fU
(v.fh.) xU nyh rfiu iy vd?
2. fUjhl w
uWt fgid fijah, cik fijah?
3. vGJj w
bgaUnfw idia bghU bjhliu cUthFf.
bga id bjhl
ah nkjJ __________________
j
khL ghodh __________________

gwitf Xodh __________________
tst gwjd __________________
59
4. FG f
FGfshf J f bjhFf ntoait.
1. Lfijf 4. gHbkhf (brhytilf)
2. fijf 5. ifkUJt Ff
3. C bgaf 6. cf Lf cs eiff
5. gil w
tU LfijfSF il fhf.
m) msKo Mdh, s KoahJ. mJ vd?
M) girL, t thr. mJ vd?
) c FLfhu, bfh trh btogh. mt ah?
cfSF bjj ntWy Lfijfis TWf.
thifwf
uWtlUJ fwit
m) g : thbkhahf il TWf. (M myJ iy)
m) enuuj Jr ft.
M) Fiu, tofhu fLghil aJ.
) to Uj bgQF gyU cjt Ktjd.
<) Wtiu Wtdh Fiuia mlfKoaiy.
M) g
Wt Ka vbdd MSik gfis ma KowJ?
( _wid njbjLf: bra cW, lhKa, u, ftd,
Jr )
60
) g
Wt midJ gfSF mogilahf Uj cz vJ?
(wUF cjj, jbgUik, rhjid)
___________________________________________________________
j MSik g
<) eh vd brnt?
Niy 1
egDF xU Jg. mtid ghf xU .. bjhiy elJ brYj
ntL. kiHnkf fUUwJ. onyh Fil iy. eh
vd brnt?
Ko
1. bdhU eh nghfyh vd Ko vLng.
2. wgL nghfyh, kiH bgjh Ulyh.
3. vghLgL egid brW ghng.
Niy 2
g isahLl isahobfhL UjnghJ,
egDF fh gyj mo. eh vd brnt?
Ko
1. Ma ghJ bfhth; eh vd braKo?
2. eh iuthf LF brYj ntL; fhyjhJbrwh
o Lthf.
3. kUJtkidtiu eh mtDl brnt; Tlnt Ung.
Niy 3
vdF fLikahd fhr; kUJt C nghlh; kUJ bfhLjh.
j
Ko
1. mGnt; Kdbfhnl Ung.
61
2. Jjh rhF vW o vyhUlD ril nghLnt;
mlong.
3. v cleynk vdF aikahjJ; jaf kUJ
cbfhnt.
ilf
yfzK bkhwD iH j vGJnth - 2

m) z M) Rt ) tW
g
1. kz 2. ty 3. 4. 5. th
tFgiwwf
5. gilw: m) j M) ) glhR
cdF bjj ehLw ghliy vGJf.
62
tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL - 1
fhQ ciugia brhy nfL dhfSF ilaf.

is g Kisnyna bj vgJ _njh bkh. xUtl
vfhy btgl Uw Mwiy stanyna fhzyh. W
ta kuJ V, egfSl isaho bfhoUj enuujij
mtna brw xUt, mku ng UwJ; w XoLf vd
gaKWdh. kw Wtf w Xl, enuuj kL vj mrK
yhk kunj Ujh. nkY mWtfl, egfns, mt ng
UwJ vd brhtjFKng eh F isaho bfhoUnjh.
Jtiu eh vj ngia ghjJ iy. mjdh, gaglhk thUf
vwh.
dhf
1. g FlgLst fft. mt ah?
2. ah vjid g TdhY Muhahk VWbfhSj TlhJ. V?
3. _leifia g cf fUJ ahJ?
4. sik f m eLa f VnjD Ujh, mjid TWf.
ngRj w braghL - 2
glij ghJ c fUij tFgiw IJ kJ ngRf.
63
goj w braghL - 3
fhQ ciugia ca xl thL gof.

gHjH eiff midJ VnjD xU ey nehf
mikUF. mtf tghLKiwfS utzfK xW. u
tzfkhdJ, jHilna Obud njhaJ mW. mJ beLfhy
tHUj xwhF.
nghny G gL be nt ghJ J wj ufis
jH bjtkhf nghd. mtf cUtij f brJ ehS
tgld.
1. ehkfoif 6. bfhfjh efu

2. sehfdh 7. bgk
3. ehLw 8. gsFHij
4. thbkh 9. tofhu
5. bgUFu 10. uWt
flj braghL - 5
ffSF bghUjkhd xF brhfis flJ bjhlfis

uf.
( glhbuW, FbkW, UblW, gblW, nrhbtW, gbrW )
1. thd d gbrW aJ.
2. kiH bgjJ.
3. ku is KjJ.
4. FUf gwnjhod.
5. fhr wJ.
6. kif kz guaJ.
64
fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

bjho, jH, f, jhyhL, Ukz, bjU, Jau, njhl,
ijf, njL, j
jH, , , , , ,
, , , , .
uj braghL - 7
Ffis gagL flfis uf.
FHij cwFtjF ghL ghl
tsj isf ghL ghl
ntiy brnth ghL ghl
rh FLnth ghL ghl
Ukz ff ghL ghlf
w ghL ghl
brid Kjyhd bgUefuf kf ghL ghl
J vGJj braghL - 8
fhQ dhil ghl nfhol l bghUjkhd brhiy

bfhL ghliy iw brf.
nj nj vd kh? vd gh? vd thiH?

vd nj? fhL . f . f .
bfh nj. vd fhL? vd f? vd f?
vd bfh? MJ . iy . Lf.
j
kh . vd MW? vd iy?
gh . thiH .
65
gagLJj braghL - 9
fhQ nfhol l jbHfis bfhL ilaf.
1. cDila wjeh .
2. cDila o cnsh vif .
3. c jij brng v .
4. goF tF .
5. c tF gY khztf vif .
fwyil WkL
kbg: 10
m) ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf. 2x1=2
1. fF sF nghwJ vJ?
m) ebyz M) a vz ) thj brj
2. FHijia bjhoL jh ghL ghl .
m) isahL ghl M) jhyhL ghl ) bjh ghl
M) nfhol lij uf. 2x1=2
1. Fiuia mla u Wt .
2. FHijfSF ghLtJ .
) rah, jtwh ? 2x1=2
1. vGjglhj ghlfis thbkh ya vg.
2. jbrhf guL tifgL.
<) ca brhfis njbjLJ brhbwhliu uf. 2 x 1 =2
1. kif aJ (kd, kz)
2. ia tUnt (ts, ty)
c) bghUJf. 2x1=2
1. ehkfoif - rkz Kt
2. UFw - sehfdh
- UtSt
66
gik r_f
Ma, khzt - ciuahl

Ma : khztfns! W
eh tF e jh Uehlh
ahit g gof nghnwh.
ehbkyh j eho isf
vW brhnwh. e ehil g
ekbfyh vbdd bjD
cfis nrhf nghnw. f
xbthUtuhf vGJ, e ehil
g MSF xU fUij brhyQ,
vd?
khzt 1
: ah gHbgU
ehL.
khzt 2 : ah bga ehL.
khzt 3 : J fh wj ehL.
khzt 4 : ah xU Jizfl.
khzt 5 : ah jiyef J.
khzt 6 : ah gy bkhf
ngrgLwd.
khzt 7 : F gy djt
thGwd.
khzt 8 : F gy kjf
Uwd.
Ma : ukhj. ntW VjhtJ wf
clh?
khzt 9 : F gy tifahd gHf tHff Uwd.
khzt 10 : eh xWikahf Unwh.
Ma : vnyhU eyh brhf. cfis xU nf nffyhD
idnw. eeho gy bkh ngRwtf Uwhf!
j
gy kjf Uwd. gy djtf UwhfD

brhf. xU eho go gy bkh, gy dK gy
fyhrhuK Ugjhf brhYw f, eh xWikahf
Uwjhf brhf. mJ vgo rhakhF?
67
khzt 1 : go gntW f
UgJ mts eyJ
iyD eh id
nw. go Ujh
rkhjhdnk UfhJ; xnu
FHgkhfjh UF.
khzt 2 : mJ j. vf njhl
vyh tif kyfS
csd. vyh tif
kybrofS Ugjdh
jhnd njhl mHfhUF.
khzt 3 : Mdh, vyh brofS
v i f
rkkhf iyna!
xUtif bro mfkhf
UF. bdhU tif
bro buhg Fiwth
UF. vyh brofis eh rkkhf ghf Kokh?
Ma : xU tifahd ky mfkhf Ufyh. y tifahd kyf
Fiwthf Ufyh. Mdh, vyh kyfS rkkhf guhkfgl
ntL. Fiwthf UjhY, mfkhf UjhY vyh
kyfSF cUL. Mfnt, vyh kyfSF thH
cikL vgij J bfhs ntL. mJnghyjh
e ehoY, bgUghik, Wghik vd ghfhk, caj
rh, jhj rh vd ghfhk, caj bkh, jhj bkh
vd ghfhk elJ bfhlh rilna UfhJ.
khzt 4 : rkkhf eldh xWik tJLkh?
Ma : rakh. rkkhf elJ nghJ ghugr UfhJ. mJ kLky,
eilna cs ntWikfis aifahdJ vd VW
bfhsQ. mtutF mtut rhj bkhia ngr,
Ua rhia Fl cik cblgij Vf ntL.
mtutUFa jj milahsfis kf ntL.
mgo brjh FHgnk UfhJ.
khzt 5 : D bfhr sfkhf brhYf Iah....
Ma : njhl gy kyf Uw khjh e ehoY
gytif kjf Uwhf. vyhU xnu khahf Uf
KoahJ. Mdh, xWikahf Ufyhnk!
68
khzt 6 :
mgobawh, ah mHnf, j gikjik
jh Uwjh?
Ma : rakhf. jdhjh e ehL xnu ehlhf UjhY,
gy khyfshf Unwh. mtut bkhia,
fyhrhuij ghJfhf rlnk tFUnwh.
khzt 7 : ehfS ehil ghJfhngh vfSF cs ntWghLfis,
kwJ midtU xWik fhf Ka brnth.
bghik thf filF nghf.

fil xnu tif bghikia ghfsh,
gy tif bghikfis ghfsh?
ngR bghikf, elF bghikf, ghL bghikf,
mggh, bghikfjh vjid tif?
t ojkhdij jhnd thFnth?
fil xnu tif bghik Ujh eh Uaij thf Kokh?
xnu tif bghikf - xUik
gtif bghikf - gik
UtJ xUikah, gikah?
vnyhUF thHntL vD Vf UwJ. j Vf jkj

Vfkhf Ufyh. FGthf izJ thHntLbkD Vfkhf
Ufyh. jkj xU FGnthL izJ irJ thwh. jh
Fl xU FGit rhjtuhf UjhY Vida FGfis kJ
irJ thtijna gikr_f vnwh.
xnu tif vgJ aif a iy;
gytif myJ gikjh aif.
tFgiw braghLf
braghL -1 jid mj
ahUF cjth?
j
to nghwh. t Ut, c to dh
cfhu l nfwd. m xUt K bjahj elf Koahj
Wt kwt c cwfhu; tf ahUF cjth? mjfhd
fhuzij TWf.
69
braghL -2 wiu kj
cf tF cs khztfl mtf o bfhlhlgL

Ka Hhf bgafis, wfis tFgiw Twbrj.
W Ma kwtf Hhfis gghil kf ntL
vd czJj.
braghL -3 fUjhl w
W taUnj khztf ey gHf tHffis gfis

bgUjh r_f ehL L nghW ey Fokfshf
nghwgLtf. vdnt, khztf xbthUtiu jfl cs
ey Fzeyfis, khbfhs ntoa Fzeyfis Tw
brJ, mtiw Ma fUgyif goaL , kh
bfhs ntoa Fzeyfis vthW kh bfhsyh vW tF
khztfSl fyJiuahlyh.
v.fh: 1.
ey Fzeyf - xWik cz, mghf ngRj, wUF
cjj, __________ .
2. kh bfhsgl ntoa Fzeyf- ghFghL, othj,

nfhg, __________.
braghL -4 thj w
ViHbaW moikbaW
vtDiy rh ghliy Fu Vw wfJl
bfhl kjbugJ Ma goj , khztfis
ah iyna. gof bra.
-ghu
braghL -5 ngRj w
tU jiyf khztfis uL l ngr brj.

ghFghoik, midtU rk, iy vF ngjiy, gik r_f.
braghL -6 bral
khztf, ntWik xWik fhQ ah d, kj, bkh,

fyhrhu, gghL Kjatiw m tz glbjhF cUthFj.
70
vdh Ko, ehnd brnj

( I can, I did )
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v eh ghl v ghljiy braghL Fiu
71
Standard Six
Term I
72
Note to the Teacher
The second part begins with a lively poem on the experience of

cycling.The Poem Going downhill on a bicycle by Henry Charles Beeching
makes the child get excited while he rides on the bicycle as it makes the
lungs laugh and throat cry. It is a beautiful comparison of the boys
experience with that of the bird.
ENGLISH
73
to fetch water and 3 kilometers to take lunch for father when you are
busy. You cant call me lazy.
In fact, nobody in their home was lazy. Malar would walk 1

kilometre with her friends to school and back. She and her friends
would chat and play all the way back.
74
gruffly : in deep
and harsh
sounding
voice
fetch: collect
ENGLISH
irregular: separated by
periods of time that are
not equal
cultivate: to prepare the

land for growing crops or
plants
upset: very sad, worried or

angry about something
discussion: a conversation
about something
Use [younger, older, eldest, youngest] in the given sentences important
1) Malar is ______________ than Arul.

2) Ponni is the ____________daughter of Kathirvel and Shanthi.
3) Arul is the _____________ of the four children.
4) Mallika is ______________than Ponni.
75
energy
Do you Know?
The first, bicycles were
made from wooden
wheels!
Write a paragraph of about 60

words about Malar.
76
Make sentences
using descriptive
words to describe
each part
1. How far from home was Mallika's tailoring class?
2. Why did she say, If there is anyone who needs a bicycle, it is me?
3. What do you think about Mallikas feeling when she told her mother not to call
ENGLISH
her lazy?
4. Why do you think Malar's father did not want the women in his house to learn
how to cycle?
5. Why do you think he changed his mind?
6. Do you think Malars dream will come true?
7. How did Mallika and Shanthi learn to ride a bicycle?
77
ENGLISH
- users
t
79
live, was, were, I am going to _______
decide, learn, cricket with my friends in
attend, scold, walk, the garden.
tired, busy, chat, She had ____the school bus
play, missed today as she woke up late.
a person, place or bicycle, farmer, In a dream, Malar saw

thing sister, brother, herself riding a new
mother, father, _______to ____.The
village, road, school, ____________ of Keeranur
is in Pudukottai district.
family
hardworking, two, My brother has ______

eleven, lazy, old, books.
brand new, upset I am ____________ years
old.
always, regularly, Rohan took his pet dog

gruffly, along, _____ with him to the park.
often Her hair is ___________
tied in a neat ponytail.
she, her, they, you, Malar lived in a village.

their, he, his, my _____ has two sisters and a
brother.
to, in, with, from, She walked ___

of, on school every day.
Malar ___ Mallika are

sisters.
Oh!, keep quiet! ____! It's started to rain
the, a, an, She saw

herself riding _ Give me ___ umbrella
new bicycle.
80
In preparation It is fun to ride a bicycle! Here is a
poem describing a bicycle ride. What would you feel if
you were given a bicycle to ride?
Going downhill on a Bicycle
With lifted feet, hands still,

I am poised, and down the hill
Dart, with heedful mind;
The air goes by in a wind.
Swifter and yet more swift,

Till the heart with a mighty lift
Makes the lungs laugh, the throat cry: --
'O bird, see; see, bird, I fly.
Is this, is this your joy?

O bird, then I, though a boy
for a golden moment share your feathery life in air!
-Henry Charles Beeching
ENGLISH
81
New phrases and their meaning
and down the hill dart: - leave the level ground and go down the hill.
Explanation - The poet breaks the line at an odd place in a sentence to

give us the feel of changing over from level ground to the slope.
Explanation - If the rider lost his grip on the handlebar and failed to keep
his balance, there could be an accident!
the heart, with a mighty lift:- full of excitement
New Words Explanation- with mounting tension and joy at the same time
poised: balanced O bird..I fly! : - the rider laughs and shouts out to an imaginary bird in
flight.
dart: sudden and quick
movement
Explanation- Look, you bird! I am flying just as you are now!
heedful : careful The bird too often stops flapping its wings as the boy stops pedalling.
swift: quick feathery life:- the life of a feathered bird; the joy of flying freely in the
sky
mighty lift: full of
excitement
Answer these to understand the poem
1. Is the boy afraid that he might fall off the bicycle?
2. What does he feel when he is on it?
3. Is he a rash rider? How do we know he is or isn't?
4. How do you know that the rider is a boy?
5. What does the boy wish for sometimes?
If you are asked to wish for something, what could you wish for?
down, feet, throat, air
82
83
ENGLISH
84
Skimming is used to find the main ideas of a text quickly. Remember,
skimming is not a substitute for careful reading! It is usually done before
reading a text.
Scanning is a technique used when one is searching for information in a
passage. It helps, to find key words.
Start skimming this passage - run your eyes over the lines. Try to read as
fast as you can. What is it about?
Which word
ENGLISH
85
Note to the Teacher
Audrey Hellers Poem Hopes and Dreams tells how we can

make our life worthwhile by adhering to the thought and going an extra
mile to reach the goal.
86
Have you ever enjoyed a boat ride?
What are boats used for?
ENGLISH
87
New Words
pierce: if light
suddenly shines very
brightly
favourite: the person

or thing you like the
most
nibble: bite off small
bits
reassuring:
encouraging,
comforting
88
Descriptive phrases and their meanings
blue grey a bluish grey colour,
dawn sky- is the time that marks the beginning of a new day
before sunrise,
pale moon- dim light of the moon orphan: child whose
parents have died
reassuring answer- an answer that makes you feel less worried
ripple: a small wave in
fertile fields land/field that is able to produce good crops or the water
plants
imagined: made a
wooden plank a long narrow piece of wood used for making picture of something
floors/boats/furniture etc. in ones mind
realized: achieve
something that you
have planned or
hoped for
astounded: extremely
surprised or shocked
ENGLISH
Answer the following with reference to context:

I hope so.
a. Who said these words and to whom?
b. When was this said?
c. Why was it said?
89
Writing Task
Give a gist/synopsis of the story of Adityan, in not more than 60 -70 words.
Imagine that you got the chance to fulfil your dream.
What would it be like if everything went according to your dream?
Describe how a day in your life would change.
90
91
ENGLISH
must
92
Proper and Common Nouns
Write the definitions:
Common noun--_______________________________________________________
Proper noun--________________________________________________________
Instruction: In the following sentences, underline proper nouns and circle common nouns.
1. In July, my family visited Warangal, in Andhra Pradesh.
2. Gandhiji was born in Porbandar in Gujarat.
3. My puppy is named Moti.
4. Sammy and Mary cleaned the stage before the play.
5. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
6. Ice cream, cake and cookies were served at the picnic.
7. Tina cleared the table while Kavita washed the dishes.
8. Mom put a silver star on my spelling test.
9. On the wall in our bedroom, Dad hung a colorful poster of the alphabet.
10. The fish took the bait!
11. This Saturday, we are painting the hall at school.
12. English is my favourite subject!
ENGLISH
93
Find the adjectives in the sentence and fill in the blank with the
corresponding adverb.
1. This girl is very quiet. She leaves the house very _____________
2. Ravi is happy. He smiles ___________________
3. Our teacher was angry. She spoke to us ___________________
4. Her voice sounds beautiful. She sang _____________________
5. He is a careful worker. He works ___________
94
We all have hopes and dreams in life.
What is your dream?
Hopes and Dreams
We all have our hopes and dreams,

It makes life seem worthwhile!
If we can adhere to that thought most of the time,
We'd go that extra mile!
Everyone needs an incentive, in order to

reach their goal, New Words
It's worth fighting for.
adhere: hold on to
To have someone who, will stand by you,
could you ask for anything more? incentive:
something that
encourages people to
When you have encouragement, work
you begin to believe in yourself,
encouragement:
There's nothing you cannot undertake or do.
words or actions that
So...keep up your hopes, give someone
believe in your dreams, confidence or hope
one day, it will, all come true!
ENGLISH
- Audrey Heller
Answer the questions
1) Who is the speaker in the poem?
2) What does the poet want you to do?
3) When do you start believing in yourself?
Write about 2 to 3 sentences about a person who has encouraged you to follow your dream.
95
Makes life worthwhile!
you begin to believe in yourself.
Hopes and Dreams
We'd go that extra mile!
It's worth fighting for.
Write Your Hopes and Dreams in the Flow Chart given
Our Hopes and Dreams
96
97
ENGLISH
98
Note to the Teacher
ENGLISH
99
100
101
ENGLISH
Why is Nature Relatives
Sacred? in Nature
The refusal
The request
The beauty of Nature Who is a stranger?
Opening statement
Meaning of the
concluding remarks My Responses
102
103
ENGLISH
104
sub:
Dear/Sir/Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss
Body of letter
ENGLISH
Closing
Yours faithfully
Name __________
Designation
Enc:
CC:
105
NIGHT
The sun descending in the west,
The evening star does shine,
The birds are silent in their nest,
And I must seek for mine
The moon, like a flower
In heavens high bower,
With silent delight,
Sits and smiles on the night.
-By William Blake
heaven
Star
night
sun bird
moon
106
107
ENGLISH
108
109
ENGLISH
Skim and Scan
Start skimming this passage - make your eyes move over the lines.
Try to read as fast as you can. What is it about?
Rivers
The river's murmur is the voice of my father's father. The rivers
quench our thirst. The rivers carry our boats, and they feed our
children. If we sell you our land, you must teach your children to
respect the water as a close relative. You must give the rivers the
kindness that you give to each other.
Which words and phrases seem important in this passage?
They are underlined. Put them in this table by grouping them into
verbs and nouns.
Fill in the blanks.
Verbs Nouns
quench t
carry b
feed c
sell l
teach c
respect w
give r
give k
110
Now, answer the following questions in one word or phrase.
1. What do rivers do?__________________, ____

and__________________.
2. What must we give the rivers?
We must give_____________________________
Were they easy to answer?
Run your eyes quickly over the first paragraph of ' The Fairy
Crane'.
Once upon a time, there lived an old man and his wife all alone in a
small village. They had no children. One day the old
man was walking along the road when he heard the
sound of wings. Following the sound he found a
beautiful white crane caught in a snare.
What is the key sentence? Fill in.
They...........................................................
Which phrase introduces the theme of the story?
A beautiful ................................................
ENGLISH
111
'I can, I did'
Subject:

No. Lesson
112
Mwh tF
ulh gUt
bjhF 1
ENGLISH
jehL muR
Kj g - 2012
Ua g - 2013, 2015
ghl cUthfK bjhF

khy fa Muh kW g Wtd
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
mrhf
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
bt
ghl tiyjs
II
ehLg
ehLg - bghU
vyhUila kdY M brwh.
s mila brwJ.
flyiyfsh tzfgLwJ.
bt! bt! bt!
III
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
IV
jjh thJ
uhU tjdbkd fguj fl
bjfzK mwj uhle UehL
jHznf!
c sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!
thJJnk!
thJJnk!
- kndhka bg. Rjudh.
nja xUikghL cWbkh

mua - bghUshjhu FiwghLfSF mik beY mua
cWanw.
cWbkh
V
VI
bghUslf
j (1 - 52)
a jiy gf
1. br iraKJ 1
gHbkh eh}W 2
ciueil kf uhF neU vGa foj 3
Jizghl CUHh - xU fiyHh 6
2. br j ghl 16
ciueil sik bgah nfl dh 18
Jizghl jfkhgHK NLnfhY 22
3. br weh}W 32
izia oJ bjUthF! 33
ciueil nja fhj brk 34
Jizghl vJ bga cik? 38
kdghlgF
a br mof
1. iraKJ 9
2. weh}W 4
kdghl mof bkhj 13
(ghlY * LFl ghlf kdghlgF)
ENGLISH (53 - 80)
Unit Topic Page No.
1. Prose The Mystery of Language 55
Poem Inclusion * 62
Supplementary
Reader Each one is Unique 64
2. Prose Those Three Bears 68
Poem Granny, Granny, Please Comb My Hair 74
Supplementary
Reader The Unlucky Face 76
* Memoriter Poem
VII
j
Mwh tF
ulh gUt
VIII
a xW br
iraKJ
kiHna kiHna th th - ey
thd dny th th -
ita jKnj th th
jfu gj jzjz btd
jhG Tiu rsrs btd
efu bgf br Flf
ebw Ffz fzfz btd (kiHna kiHna ...)
VFsf tgo, ehL
vF g bghgo, bgho
th fh
kuK jiH eidLgo (kiHna kiHna...)
jiHah btg jiHf bk
jhfh btg f
cGth vyh kiyngh vUij
Xo bghnd l * (kiHna kiHna...)
- ufP ghujhr
brhbghU
thdd - kiH; itaJ mKJ - cy mKj;
ita - cyf; jfugj - jfujh mikfgl
gj; bgho - kfuj bgho; jiH - bro; jiHah
btg - bgUF btg; Fiwahj btg vd
bghU bfhsyh; jiHf - Fiwa.
Ma F
ufP vd, ghntj vd fHgLgt
ghujhr. tj abga Rud. t
ghu fijJ bfhl fhjyh, jKila
bgaiu ghujhr vd khbfhlh. ghoa
gR, mH , FLg sF Kjad tj
j
fij f. t thj fhy 29. 04. 1891 Kj

21. 04.1964 tiu.
11
gHbkh eh}W
f w
Mw fwh milah; m~Jilah

ehir bryhj ehoiy; mehL
ntWehL Mfh; jkntah; Mdh
MWzh ntLtJ .
- KWiw miuadh
ghlbghU
ff ntoa fis iwthf fwt milat Mth. mtUila
f ehF irfY gu. mtUila f guthj ehL iy. mj ehLf
vyh ntW ehLf iy; jKila ehLfns. vdnt, mehLfSF
brYnghJ teil czit, mt vLJ bry ntoa njit iy.
brhbghU
Mw - iwthf; ehir - ehF + ir; jkntah - jKila
ehLfns; MWzh -MW + czh; MW - t; czh - cz. teil cz.
jid fLnrhW vd fhy TWt. vehoF brwhY,
meho fnwhiu tuntW cz mg vgJ ghl czJ fUJ.
Ma F
Ma KWiw miuadh. KWiw vgJ Cbga.
miua vD brh, murid FF. t KWiw vw Ciu
Ml muruhf Ufyh; myJ, miua vgJ yt Fobgauhf
Ufyh.
F
gbdfzF fS xW gHbkh eh}W. eh}W
ghlfis bfhl J. xbthU ghlY xU gHbkh
lbgWsJ. ghl tU gHbkh, MWzh ntLtJ vgJ.
jF fwtDF fLnrhW ntlh vgJ bghU.
2
ciueil
kf uhF neU vGa foj
ekJ a eho Ljiyfhf

ghLgl jiytfS xUt #tfyh
neU. t, e ehL Ljiy bgw
Kj Kjik mikruhf bghW
Vwh.
mtUila m kfjh
uhfh. 1922M MLKj
1964M MLtiu 42 MLf j
kfSF fojf vGbfhnl
Ujh.
neU btehLF brw
bghGJ, ah UjbghGJ
kfSF fojf vGdh. iw
rhiy milfgl bghGJTl,
mt foj vGJtjid Wjnt
iy.
jhT Rtghu f
uhfh nrjnghJ, mt vGa
foj J. Rtghu f nkF
tfhs rhnfj vD
l csJ.
(mfojUJ xUgF kL nf ghlkhf jugLsJ.)
mnkhuh khtl iwrhiy,

1935 ut 22.
brykf J!
iwrhiy eh eykhf Unw. Ugh
cjl gofntoa ghlfis Ko brJlh
j
nghY. k. go nguhafis jglKiw

rJ fyJiuahLtJ eyJ. tF cfhJ
ghlfis nfgjidl, j mQFKiw eyJ.
33
nf{ gfiyfHf eh goFnghJ, mJjh
iyik. tFgiw elF ciuahlfSF ehf bga
KaJt bfhLfkhnlh; Mafis jahf
rJ ciuahLnth. mj ciuahl vf tsF
bgJ ga cilajhf UjJ.
goF rhnfj jifa eilKiw Uwjh?
vgJ bjaiy; yhlh vd? Mafis
jna rJ ciuahL gHfij filo.
thgjfhf mtnghJ jffis eh
mDgyhkh? vd nfoUnj; mDg brh vG
Uwh. nghJ vdF if vdbtwh, cdF
vgogl jffis mDtJ vgJjh.
jf thgjid flikahf MFj TlhJ;
flhagLj TlhJ. mgo brjh, jf th
kia juhJ. btWng clhF. mJkL mW;
vj jfij thf Mir tuhJ. K vyh eKila
ghljffS njfS go btW clhF
isitjh brjd. nra, l Kjnah vts
mjkhd My gilghf!
xbthUtUF xbthUjkhd jf oF.
FHijah UFnghJ, xUtifahd jf oF.
isPuh UFnghJ, xUtifahd jf oF; taJ
Mf Mf Ug khW.
cdF vd jf thf oF vd brh!
cdF fij thf oFkh? myJ tuyhW, ehL
el, bghUshjhu Kja jff oFkh? c <LghL
bjj vj jf thfyh vgJ FJ, cdF
vGJnt. cJ jffis f eh Ugiy.
y jff g bghJthf ngryh. nsnlh
jff Ritahdit; jidia Lgit. nuf
ehlff e Mtij Lgit. mit RUfkhf
UF; thf vjhf UF. ehlffis g
ngRnwh. mJ r! fhjhr rhFjy ehlfij
thUwhah? mJ thf ntoa .
brw ML lhlh nghU mik vD
ehtiy thf nghtjhf brhdh; thJlhah?
cy f wj fS mJ xW. bgdhh
4
gy fis thfiy. mtUila f thf
jFjit.
vdF f ojkhdt bgu u[. mtUila
My mUikahdJ. mthj vGJ mtUilaJ.
eh V jf thj ntL? m bgWtjfhf,
k miltjfhf vd gy fhuzfis brhyyh.
mit cikjh. Mdh, jFnkY xU fhuz cL.
Mu Kff bfhlJ thif. mjid Jbfhs,
Kiwahf thH jf go aikahjJ.
jbahU kj gl f FWaJ. jff
kjf Vuhskhd gl jidf ml csd.
mtiw thFnghJ, eh tF W_iyUJ
btnaWnwh. kiyJ VW, Jtiu ghfhj cyf
fhfis ghF czit bgWnwh.
mf,
c mgh.
nf{ - yhYs gfiyfHf

nra - My ehlf Ma
l - My fP
nsnlh - nuf jidahs
fhjhr - tlbkh ehlf Ma
lhlh - uZa ehL vGjhs
bgdhh - My ehlf Ma
bgu u[ - jidahs; fahs
mnkhuh iw - cjuhr khy csJ.
Ugh - Rtghu gj
j
nguha.
55
Jizghl
CUHh - xU fiyHh
6
UHh vwh, Cnu mUgoahd nksrj nfF.
thzntoiff, jjkhd Mlf eilbgW. cf CUHh
Y itbayh cL myth?
mjifa xU UHhF Xa xUt brUjh. mt oa
tzgl, jh ghj UHh fhfis cnuhlJl tiujh.
mj gljh Kgf csJ.
vts mHfh UwJ ghfsh? bfhrneu glij
ghJbfhnl Uf... vd, ghJOfsh?
nghJ tFgiwYs khztfsha f IJ FGfshf
J bfhSf. Gs dhfSF xbthU FG mtut FG
cWdf fUJfis nfL vG bjhFj ntL. thUf,
fyJiuahlyh.
1. gl vjidjkhd fhfis fhz KowJ?
2. bkhj vjid Mlfis gl fhf?
3. gl lgfnk MQ bgQ irF fU bga
vd?
4. lgf MLw Ml bga vd?
5. iyF Kghf MQ bgQ MLw Ml bga vd?
6. gl tygf gF bgf vd brJbfhL
Uwhf?
7. vjid jkhd tzf gl l bgUwd?
8. gl cfSF VgLa vzij _W tf vGJf.
9. cf C eilbgW Hhfis goaLf.
10. cf CUHh ntW vbdd Mlf eilbgW?
FGf nkfl dhfSF fyJiuaho fUJfis

bjhFf. xbthU FGUJ FGjiyt KtJ, jh bjhFj
brfis tFgiw Tw. vj FG wghf fUJfis bjhFJ
tHFwnjh, mjFGit miHJ ifbah vG, midtU
ghuhLj ntL.
braghL
j
c C eilbgW VnjD xU Hhitg,

c vz Xlij bjhFJ vGJf.
77
yfzK bkhwD
1. bkhF a
xUbrh gybghU
ghujhr ghl _W lf, jiH vD brh lbgWsJ.
kuK jiH - vD bjhl jiH vgJ, brobfhoia FjJ.
F jiH vgJ bgabrh.
jiHah btg jiHf - vD bjhl jiH vgJ idbrh.
jiHj - vgjF TLj vd, Fiwj vd bghU cL.
(v.fh.)
ehL jiHf - ehL tsf.
nriyia jiHa jiHa cLdh - nriyia jhH gokhW
cLdh vgJ bghU.
J aghd brjhnd!
gHbkh eh}W bris ghUf.
MWzh - MW + czh
MW vgJ tia FwJ.
MW vD brhYFjh
vjid bghUf?
MW - X v (6)
MW - aifahf UfiufSF il XL gu
MW - t
MW - j
g
ca bghUis fLoJ vGJf.
girFHij
girg
girbgh
girj
8
2. fzfz; jzjz
xia czJ brhf uL ulhfnt nrJ tU. mthW
tUbghGJ, m~J xFig btgLJ. jid jh bghU
juhJ.
ghujhr ghl kiH gyjkhd xfis vGwJ.
jzjz
fzfz
rsrs
yfz jid uils vg.
uil vwh uL; s vwh brh.
g
ca uils brhfis uf.
m. glhR vgo btojJ?
M. FHij vgo XoaJ?
. RUfkhf ngR; vW ngrhnj!
<. ituf vW aJ.
3. gHbkh br tU tU brhfis J vGJf.
milah = m~Jilah =
ehoiy =
xiwbfh, uilbfh id UwJ myth?
xiwbfh - F bro ( + v = br )
uilbfh - beo nt ( + V = nt )
xiwbfh + Jiz vGJ - F bghU ( + x = bgh )
uilbfh + Jiz vGJ - beo njhL ( + X = njh )
g
tz cs brhf cs iHfis flJ U vGJf.
1. brt TaJ.
2. MQ ngQ rk
3. VoF bgho bgrhnj.
j
4. mt vbf nrwh
99
tFgiwwf
1. ngRf.
m. neU goj gfiyfHf bga vd?
M. ghlgFahf mikJs fojij neU vUJ vGdh?
. uhfh goj gfiyfHf vJ? m~J vFsJ?
2. dh vGf.
tU brhfis ikakhfbfhL dhfis cUthFf.
iw
jf
tFgiw
(v.fh.) iw - iw iffSF vd rhghL bfhLghf?
3. fUjhl brf.
oY gY gojjidl neU Fahf gojJ iw
rhiy. jF fhuz vd?
4. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il vGJf.
m. neU U goj f vj bkh Ujd?
(, My, j)
M. neU kfSF vGa foj vjid g mf TWwh?
(cz, cley, f)
. cy f wj ehtf xW vd neU FLtJ vjid?

<. rhFjy vD ehlf Ma ah?

II. XU bjhlf il vGJf.
m. tFgiw fgjidl vJ wjJ vwh neU?
M. cyf vD bghU tU jbrhf ytiw
flf.
10
. nkf vD bghU czJ jbrhf ytiw
flf.
<. murid ntW vbjj brhfsh Flyh?
III. ehF tfSF fhk F vGJf.
m. neU, j kfl gof brh gJiuj f vit?
M. fis eh V thj ntL?
5. gil w
m. Ffis J fia vGJf.
jij - kf - UHh - bry;
Tl - kf - fhziy; jij - gjw;
gfil - lhfil - njl - iy;
jij - ftiy; fhty - tUif - rhj;
kf - uhod - ntoif - fLo;
jij - k - L Ug.
M. dW ghl vGJf.
thngh vd bjhl nengh vd Kof (myJ)
jf vd bjhl nghth vd Kof.
thifwf
1. neUl fwit
m. g (thbkh il TWf.)
1. vjfhf Mnya neUit iw miljd?
2. iw trf UFkh?
3. iw cwdfS cl Ughfsh?
4. iwrhiy neU egdhf UjJ vJ?
5. iw trf iy vgjfhf neU jf gogjid
Wdhuh?
j
11
11
M. g
1. Jgkhd neu mwnt ifl ntoaJ vJ?

(jf thgJ, clg brtJ, bjhiyfh ghgJ)
2. bgJ U l vJ?

(tFgiw, L, isahLl, iu muF)
3. c o jf thF gHf cst ah?

4. ghljf ju, U thF ntW jf/brjh
g vGJf.

. g
1. neU foj_y fw thif g vJ?
tU brhbwhliu udh mJ ilF.
vts neuY, jf
gHfij TlhJ.
ilf
yfzK bkhwD
2. fzfz jzjz
g
m. glgl M. FLFL . tsts <. gsgs
tFgiw wf - 4. vGJf. ( II )
M. Phy, y, yf. . K, v, bfhl, kR.
<. kd, ntj, bfhwt.
thif wf
. g
1. vts Jgkhd neuY, jf goF gHfij
ifl TlhJ.
12
tsu braghLf
nfl
braghL : 1 ciugia nfl
fhQ fUJiuia gof nfL, dhfSF il TWf.
fufhl
ehLw fJ
fiyfS xW fufhl.
~ J M b g
UtUnk ML fiy
ahF. CUHh
rh Cty myJ
njnuhl ff
jid fJt. bgnahKj nahtiu midtU U fahf
fufhl csJ. jiy fuf itJ ehfRu irF Vg mobaLJ MLtJ
fbfhsh fhahF. fufhlfhd fs mfykhd beLbjUfns.
fhnghiu clnrJ MlL msF fufhl fiyPf
MLthf.
dhf
1. ehLw fJ fiyfS fufhlK xW. [cik / bgh]
2. fufhlij bgf kLnk MLthf. [cik / bgh]
3. Knahf kLnk fufhlid Uthf. [cik / bgh]
4. fufhlfhd fs nkilahF. [cik / bgh]
5. ehfRu irF Vg mobaLJ MLtJ fufhl. [cik / bgh]
ngRj
braghL : 2 dhfSF ilaj
neU, j kf uhl nfl dhfis
cfl nfwh; il TWf.
1. c Mafis rJ ciuahL
eilKiw c g csjh?
2. cdF fij thf oFkh?
3. ehlf f VnjD thJshah?
4. tuyhW, ehLel, bghUshjhu
j
Kjat vjid U gogh?

5. eh V jf thj ntL?
13
13
braghL : 3 gl ghJ ngRj
gl ghJ ngRf.
vGJj
braghL : 4 brhtjid vGJj
brhtjid vGJf.
1. ehL 2. d 3. jfu 4. efu 5. V
6. kiy 7. fij 8. mKJ 9. cyf 10. gj
braghL : 5 ca ilia bjbrj
m. caJ gJ ______________ . (kiy, kiH)

M. thd UJ bgtJ ___________ . (kiH, kiy)
. cHtf Mof _____________ Lt. (bghnz, bghnd)
<. kiH iu ______________ vg. (thdd, thzz)
c. ghujhr aa ____________ . (ghoa gR, ghoa gR)
braghL : 6 bghUJj
ca uils brhfis bghU ghliy iw brf.

(ksks, rlrl, lklk, gsgs, jkjk)
nkf ____________ vd uoL

d ___________ vd L
o __________ vd oL
kiH _________ vd bgL
bts _________ vd bgUL.
bgUa btsij ehS nrf
kiH jid k njFnth!
14
braghL : 7 tifgLJj
xiwbfh, uilbfh brhfis tifgL vGJf.

bfho, nt, nfho, btis, nghit, brf,
bghf, nrW, bty, ntif, nfhil, bfil.
xiwbfh brhf uilbfh brhf

bfil nfhil
bjhFj
braghL : 8 bral
yghl, fufhl, ahl, bghfh Fiuahl Ma glfis uo
mtWfhd Ffis vG glsf bjhFngL xwid cUthFf.
fwyil W kL
kbg : 10
I. fhQ TWf rah, jtwh? 6x1=6
1. ghujhr, ghuah fijJ fhj bfhlt. (r / jtW)
2. ghntj abga Rud. (r / jtW)
3. fwtDF fLnrhW ntlh. (r / jtW)
4. jhT Rtghu f jeho csJ. (r / jtW)
5. fhjhr My ehlf Ma Mth. (r / jtW)
6. CUHh jjkhd Mlf eilbgW. (r / jtW)
II. bjhlf cs iHfis U vGJf. 4 x 1 = 4
1.
nrfiy bfhL L fLt. (br/brh/)
2.
bt toJ bfhLgJ bfhyF flnd. (nth/th/nt)
j
3. cyfbgJkiw UFw. (ng/bgh/)

4.
njna bt Kjgo. (bj/njh/ij)
15
15
a uL br
j ghl
itnjhiu Tl itahnj - j
ita KGJ bghjhY bghahnj!
bta idf brahnj - fiy
gwitf vahnj!
ghid g Mlhnj - cw
g khfis gJ fhlhnj!
ntid cy Clhnj - cw
wh jid sf ehlhnj!
nghW rlif ezhnj - cid

fJ gy fy xzhnj!
rhWK thit vzhnj - w
jhG goF jhit gzhnj!
fs ntl idahnj - gy
fifny cfl eidahnj!
bfhis bfhs idahnj - e
bfhL J nfhKidahnj!
- fLbt j
16
ghlbghU
cid itjtiuTl itahnj; j cyf vyh bghahf
nghdhY bgh brhyhnj; wF Jg jUbrafis brahnj;
fbyJ gwitfis JWjhnj!
ghnghL isahlhnj! bgfis gJ ngrhnj! wl frghd
brhfis ngrhnj! c Wkhig wF fhlhnj!
w bfhlho br rlFfis brahnj! cid fJ
ngr, w LfSF bryhnj; c thit ngh bgjhf vzhnj!
wUF it clhF jhthd brafis brahnj!
ngh ntlfis nghlhnj! a MWfis njonjo ngh
KGfhnj! ahUila bghUis Ul idfhnj! xUtndhL ebfhL
wF mtid J, mtid g wl nfh_o ngrhnj!
brhbghU
btaid - Jg jU bra
nt - frghd brhf
wh - Wkh
gy - gy + , gyUila Lf
fy xzhnj - bryhnj
rhW - fahf ngRtJ
fl - cl
ghl F
VwjhH eh}W MLfSFK jHf fhL kiyf
thjtf jf.
ghgho j, Fjig j, mGF j vgd vyhnk
fhuz bgaf.
e ghlgF ghl Ma fLbt j.
t, cUt tghL brahk btlbtiana flshf tglt;
va brhf miufis Tat.
j
17
17
ciueil
sik bgah nfl dh
uhkrh FWfhu Wt. ah vjid brhdhY 'V, vgo,

vjF' vW dh nfgh. mtDF aitgJ vjhd brayhf iy.
mikgLJtJ bgnwhuhd btflgUF - djhakhSF
bgUghlhf UjJ.
uhkrh JLfhf nfw dhfsh vr milnjh gy;
bfofhu Wt vW jobfhLnjh y. jhdhf J
Jbfhs idwh uhkrh; mjdh, j xW iyna vW
y ghuhod.
uhkrhF guL mfit. <nuhL mtdJ C. mF uhkehj
vgt fil uhkrh cfhUjh. elw vj xU braYF
kj jiyjh fhuz vW brhbfhnl Ugt mj
uhkehj.
uhkehj jiyFnk bjhbfhL Uj juhRjil, mt
ftfhj neu ghJ bky jolh uhkrh. uhkehj jiy
jL `klhbud' tJ GjJ. V jnl? vW uhkrhia
dJl uodh filfhu. jiygojh vyh elwJ vW
brhf myth? vid V uLf? vW brhagona
uhkrh Xo kiwjh.
18
uhkrh bgnwh mt gF brYnghJ, ehnjhW
X miuia brh mDt. gF brY t cdF
eh tw VgL. mnghJ kw khztf Lf ngh nffhnj.
mtf rh kf. mtf bjhl vjid eh cznth Fofnth
TlhJ vgJjh mJ.
uhkrhF J aiy; of iy. jhnd Fonwh, ah
o Fojh vd vW mtDF njhaJ.
xUeh, uhkrhF ntif VglJ; L bfhr bjhiy
UjJ. oF brYtiu Fofhk Uf ayhJ.
mtdJ tF Ma L, mt brY t UjJ. mF
brW nflh. mUj bg Ftis bfhLtJ bfhLjh;
uhkrh Fojh.
mt Foj FtisJ bjj wnf mbg mjid
LF bfhL brwh. uhkrhF mt bra aiy.
oF tjJ mkhit nflh. mtf nkrhfhuf. eh
bjhl bghUfis ik brJLjh L gagLJthf
vwh uhkrh mkh. uhkrhF mkh brhdJ aig mjJ.
mtDila bgnwh yiu rhduhf idwd; ntW ynuh
mtid, mtDila bgnwhiu rhduhf elJwd. kjf
V go xUtiubahUt jhthf idwd? vW uhkrh
jh.
ah ahiubayh rhfhuf vW j lh fUJwhfnsh,
mtf L FHijfSl isahLtJ vW uhkrh Ko brjh.
mjgo vyh FHijfSlD isahl bjhldh.
m~J, mtDF oJ UjJ; ahU ahiu bjhlyh; ahU ah
oY rhlyh vgjid cWbrJ bfhlh.
ah vjid brhdhY, mjid mgona VWbfhs TlhJ vW
jjidl Uj uhkrh, ah? dhnk dh nfL vyhiu
f brj mj Ro iga, ah?
cf C eLnt bga jhol, fzho mj xU jhjh
iyia f ghUf. y lf ifjoia ojthW,
ntWy lf cfhJ jf gojthW mtuJ iy mikfgL
UF.
mj jhjhjh uhkrh. jHf fbga jidahs mt;
j
V, ah khbgU jidahsUTl. bgah <. bt. uh. vW

mtiu miHghf.
19
19
Wt uhkrh, bgah uhkrhahf tsJ caj fij f
RitahdJ. mt tsJ bgatuhd wF dhf nfgjid Wjnt
iy. kwtfis dhf nff gHfntL vW mtUF
njhaJ. mt, jh thj fhy KGtJ mnf Kjl bfhLjh.
mit gagL vJ r? vJ jtW? vW J Jbfhl dnu
braglntL vwt mt.
gy W MLfshf gwgL tU tHfkhdhY r; mjid
brjh vdthF; brahlh vdthF vW nj KobtLf
ntL vwh mt.
Jnghw mthj brafsh bgah gyiu <jh; mofo
Tlfis eldh; rh cajhfis kj ntWghil mfw
ntL vwh; mjfhf xU rfK mikjh; mjF gFjths
rf vgJ bga.
sikny bgah, kfhkh fh bjhluhdh; fhuR
f nrjh; fSfil ka <Lglh; f wFtjid
jLgjfhf jDila njhUj bjid kufis vyh bto
rhjh. fj ma ntL vW guiu brjh. mJkL,
j njh fjJfis RkJ wh. wdh tU rh -
nkrh vD ntWghLfis mf, kf midtU kjrh vD
Xdkhf vzntL vwh.
wiu kj ntL, mJ kahij. jidjhnd kgJ, j
kahijia jfitJ bfhStJ Rakahij. W FHijia
thf, nghf... vW kahijl miHJ ngRtJ bgah g.
bgah kahijia - Rakahijia jU fzhf fUdh.
nfush itf vD C jhjgl kf, nfh
RWbjU elgjF jil UjJ. mjid vJ nghuho bt
bgwjdh, itf u vW miHfglh.
rh - nkrh ntWik, lhik bfhLikf mfy, vyhUF
f njit; vyhU f bgWj ntL vW bgah Tdh. j
fUJf isPfis <jd. mjdh, Rakahij af tYtiljJ.
kjfis kjfshf kfntL vgjid Vf. mJnghy,
kjf rghahf cs bgfis kj ntL. Mf
br vyhtiw bgfS brj ntL; mtfsh bra
aY. bgfSF eifnah mHfhd cilnah Ka iy; m
Rakahijjh f Ka.
uhkrh thW ngaJ bgfSF f oUjJ.
20
mtfS J bgW nkilna ngdhf.
jhkhjh uhkrhF bgah vd gl tHdhf.
bgLjiyF Kjgoahf bgf vyhU f ffntL
vgjid bgah tWdh. bgf JlD eiflD
sFj ntL vwh. kngh, FJril Kja isahLfis
fWbfhSj ntL vwh. muRg, uhQt, fhtJiw
KjatY bgfis nrj ntL vwh.
FzY mY MQF bgQF ilna ntWghL
iy; UtU fuhdtfns vgjid LL tWdh. j
bjhiwJ mfitYTl a jidfis vLJ Tdh.
m vgJ tsJbfhnl UF; vdnt, adtiw Vw
ntL vwh. beLeh thjtuhd bgah, ekJ rKjhaF brj
bjhLf vzwit. bgah bgUikF fhuz, jjid
jjid brhd JrYjh. eh, mtiw bgahlUJ
fWbfhnth; eik nkY tsJbfhnth!
bgah ifbahg
w Ff
17.09.1879 wJ, 24.12.1973 kiwj
bgah, j theh 8600 eh, 13,12,000
nyh l bjhiy gaz brJ, 10,700
Tlf 21,400 kneu kfSfhf
ciuah rKjha bjhL Mdh.
1970M ML rKjha Uj
braghLfSfhf Ia ehLf mit
bdnfh UJ bgahUF tHfglJ.
eLt muR 1978M ML bgah
j
cUt bghj mrjiyia btL

wJsJ.
21
21
Jizghl
jfkhgHK NLnfhY
(ehlf)
fh - 1
l : mukid
ghuf : mur, mur nehw jh, mikr, i t a f ,
nrtff.
mur : (tUjJl) mukid itanu... vid <w

m jhah cliy nghJ vgo csJ?
mukid : bghWjUSj ntL munr! ehoia oJ
ita ghj jf jhah iHgJ fod
vW bjwJ; D y ehns Ugh. Mfnt,
mt Uajid brJ mtiu kfyh.
mur : mgoah...!
(jhah mUnf brwh mur.)
jhna! jf Ugij brhYf. mjid
iwntw fhUnw.
(mur jhah Kdago Vnjh bky brhwh.

Jbfhl mur MizLwh.)
mur : mikrnu! v mid, khgH rhl Uwh.
Jnt mtj Ug. clnd mjF VghL
brf!
mikr : bghWjUSj ntL, munr! J khgHfhy
iy.
mur : vUjhY r, milehL brwhtJ khgH
bfhL thUf. nrtffns! clnd wgLf.
nrtff : mgona MfL... munr!
(nrtff gy irfY brW miywhf. Mdh, khgH bfhL
tUtjF mtUila jhah c JLwJ. mur bgUftiy
bfhwh.)
22
fh - 2
l : murit
ghuf : mur, mikr, bjdhuhk.
mur : v mid W Ugij iwntw

Koaiyna vw Fw cz vid mJ
bfhwJ. mtUila kd mik milahkny c
Jlnj!
mikr : tUj ntlh, munr! mjF gfhu brayh.
j Fw cz UJ f jf t
UwJ, munr!
mur : vd t, brhYf!
mikr : brhnw, munr! bwL JwfSF jf
khgH brJ, jhdkhf bfhLJ UJ itjh,
cf jhah kd mik mil.
mur : MfL, mikrnu! iu J elf VghL
j
brf.
mikr : mgona MfL, munr!
23
23
(d, jllyhd UJ elwJ.
midtUF jf khgHfis mur
tHFwh. mneu murit flf
bjdhuhk mF tUwh.)
bjdhuhk : ( j t h W )
m~bjgo, tfSF
jf khgH bfhLjh
mur wJnghd jhah
kd vgo mik mil?
vts bghU bry?
J bghUjkw brayhf
csnj! tfSF ey
ghl fLnw.
(xU KonthL bjdhuhk brwh.)
fh - 3
l : mukid
ghuf : jfkhgH bgwtf, bjdhuhk.
bjdhuhk : egfns! brw ML v jhah wjJ

cfSF bj. v jh W Miria
iwntw ayiy vw Fw cz
Unw. Wkhiy v y gfhu Hh
eilbgw csJ. midtU juhk tUj ntL.
jfkhgH : (jfkhgH l eF ntiy brwnj vd
bgwtf vago) uhkh! ftiy ntlh, ehf cWahf
tJLnwh.
fh - 4
l : bjdhuhk y
ghuf : bjdhuhk, jfkhgH bgwtf
(khiy neu - bjdhuhk o bwL ngU miwF brwd.
midtiu Fa brJ KJ gGf fha fah bjdhuhk
NL nghLwh.)
xUt : mnah... vnj!
24
kbwhUt : mkh... NL jhf Koaiyna!
(NLgltf t bghWfhk myWwd. br muritia
vLwJ.)
fh- 5
l : bjdhuhk y
ghuf : mur, bjdhuhk, NLgltf.
mur : bjdhuhkh, xGfhf brh. tf KJ NL

itjhahnk! vd bra J? V go brjh?
bjdhuhk : munr, v jhah tneh tJ fhykhdh.
itaf NLnfhiy gGf fh, mtUF
NLnghlh t U vwhf. Mdh,
NLnfh NL VWtjF jhah c
JlJ! jhahUF brahk l kUJtij,
bwL JwfSF brjh, v jhah kd
mik mil vgjdh, go brnj, munr!
mur : bghUjkW ngRwhna! tfSF NLnghlh,
wJnghd c jhah kd vgo mik mil?
bjdhuhk : tfSF jfkhgH bfhLjh, khgH
rhlhk wJl jf jhah kd mik
miltjid nghyjh, J munr!
(bjdhuhk fUJ muriu f itjJ. jKila jtiw mur
czwh. mur Kf KWt wJ.)
mur : _leifah, MuhJ ghfhk eh brj
jtwhd braiy, c mdh bja itj uhkh,
c mit bkRnw, thf!
(NLgltf jiyfJ w.)
-iu-
j
25
25
yfzK bkhwD
1. iH j vGJnth.
rhiy f ghF iHfis U vGJf.
I. xWiHf
m. flikia br; gyid nf.
M. ku bghUf thlifF ilF.
. iugl fhz tUf.
II. F beo iHf
m. rhgL jhah . gFl mU csJ.
M. xW tdh xW ythr.
III. JizbaGJ iHf (b, n, i, h)
m. kUJtkd ghF t. . F gL rh jughL.
M. fhty ehf.
IV. kabfh iHf
m. U rfu tof gYJ ghfgL.
M. ehnjhW gf fh cL.
. twjU ehaf nfh.
2. vfis vGjh vG gHFf.
17 20
32 48
51
3. c vjF?
uhk ij yFt fhL brwd vgjid, uhkD
ij yFtD fhL brwd vWjh vGJnth.
xWF nkgl kjf, gwitf, yFf, bghUf nrJ
tUnghJ c nrJ vGJnwh.
g (c nrJ vGJf.)
1. yF fh f fuo Ujd.
2. RF sF ey kUJ bghUf.
3. L gTl gf Uwd.
26
tFgiwwf
1. ngRf.
m. <.bt.uh. vgj vd?
M. gFjths rfij bgah mikjj nehf vd?
. jfkhgH bfhLj mur jjid cilatuh, wbrh
nfgtuh?
<. bjdhuhk fijfis gof cfSF Ug Uwjh?
2. dh vGf.
tU jiyf bjhlghf cdF njhW dhfis nff.
m. u M. Vwwf . _leif
(v.fh.) vJ u?
3. fUjhl brf.
m. bjdhuhk jfkhgH thatfSF NLnghlJ Kiwah?
M. uhkrhF bgah vW jhkh gl bfhLJ ghuhoaJ
V?
4. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il jUf.
m. fl vD brh bghU vd?
M. bgah njhWj af bga vd?
. nfus elj nghuhl bgahUF ilj w gl
vd?
II. XU bjhlf il jUf.
m. fbyJ JWj TlhjJ vJ?
M. if vLJ isahl TlhjJ vJ?
. vtiw jU fzhf bgah fUJwh?
III. ehF tfSF fhk il jUf.
m. fLbt j TW miuf wghd _wid TWf.
M. bgahU bgLjiy.
5. gilw
j
bjdhuhk fijia tF ehlfkhf eoJ fhLf.
27
27
thifwf
1. VWbfhlhuh, kWjhuh? (thbkhahf il TWf.)
m. vyh jiy vW brhdjid bgah VWbfhlhuh,

kWjhuh?
M. nkrh, rh vW jjid bgah VWbfhlhuh,
kWjhuh?
. lhik vD beLfhy gHfij bgah VWbfhlhuh,
kWjhuh?
<. Mf mfhu brtjid bgf ml lgjid
bgah VWbfhlhuh, kWjhuh?
vyh dhfSF il, kWjh vgJjhnd! mgoahdh,
bgah lUJ eh fWbfhl w kWj w (Refusal Skill) MF.
F
kWj vgJ brUF iy.
kWj vgJ gahik mW.
jtwhd fUJfis kWjhjh eh tsuKo.
Jr milahs jtwhdtiw kWgJ.
_leiffis kWgJ Kndw.
kWgJ - bgQF ghJfh.
kWj miuFiwahf UJ ga iy; cWahf Uj
ntL.
g
vJ cWahd kW?
khztfSF
m. Niy
clgY khzt y nrJ, cdF ofhj gHf xwid
bra miHwhf. mgHfnkh, cdF iy. vthW kWgh?
kW
1. mghF bjjh Lth.
2. vdF mrkhf UwJ.
3. KoahJ! ~J vdF ofhJ.
28
M. Niy
c eg xUt ntW rhfhu. mtndhL nruTlhJ vwh,
cmgh. mt vzij vthW kWgh?
kW
1. egfl eh rh ghfkhnl.
2. eh nruiy. mtjh tJ vDl nrwh.
3. njtiu nrJ Ungh, mgh! mw, mtid
nrfkhnl.
. Niy
gfJ bjU eg, cf bjUF tJ isahLwh.
mtid isaho nrfTlhJ vwhf c bjU egf.
mjid vthW kWgh?
kW
1. ght, mt mgh!
2. W xUeh kL isahoL nghfL.
3. mtD vDila eg. mtndhL nrJjh isahLnt.
ilf
yfzK bkhwD
2. vfis vGjh vG gHFf.
gndG
UgJ
KguL
ehgbjL
IgbjhW
j
29
29
tsu braghLf
ngRj
braghL : 1 fyJiuahLj
e th, eh filoF _leiffis goaL, mtiw
jgjfhd tKiwfis FGf mikJ fyJiuahLf.
v.fh: m. id FWnf brwh vLJbfhl ntiy wgilahJ.
M. e Cislh eyJ elF.
. fGij Kf jh eyJ elF.
goj
braghL : 2 fUJiuia csthW goj
bgLjiy
bgah bg Ljiyfhf bgJ ghLglt. y nghwjf Fzf
MfSF kLjh cL, bgfSF mFzf iy vgjid
monahL kWjh. bghWik, mik, ngQw Kjad bgfSF kLnk
cait vd d, u, MSw Kjad MfSF kLnk cait
vd TWtjid Vf ayhJ. go TWtJ bgfis MLF Mfis
F xghf TWtJngh myth csJ. bgfSF J, u,
MSw Kjad cL vgjid midtU VWbfhSj ntL.
mJnt bg Ljiy vd uKHflh.
vGJj
braghL : 3 ca vGij bj brj
bjhl bghUjkhd xW vGJfis Lf. [ , , , ]

m. if cleyF__ nfL.
M. ku tsngh; kiHia__ bgWnth.
. beigia__ wfngh; beLeh thnth.
<. iwtid__ bjhGnth; gKl thnth.
c. aif cunk ntshikF__ wj cu.
braghL : 4 iH Fj
ghl cs Fbeo iHfis vGJf.

jehL jehL J
ju f jf jehL
bru brhH ghoah - ik
30
bgf Mol gj ehL
kaKj Fktiu - <L
izaw uf eL.
braghL : 5 iH Fj
ghl monfhol brhf cs kabfh iHfis vGJf.

CUF btna xiwf klg kf
ciu Fofjh Xuhu nglh
Mw fiujny mHfhd klg kj
ciu bfhsjh Xuhu jKlh
Mykuny Mij myW bghny iyfis
ofjh Forhjh gy clh.
fho thG ahidF eho thG izF
Xuhu ngj tbfyh VJL?
bflhfhuD FsefhuD - Fig
Figah bfho itj bghbayh
eKila uij mUny mfjhnd enyh
mitbayh Fnjho ijfjhnd!
fwyil W kL
kbg : 10
I. nfhol lij uf. 4x1=4
1. cUt tghL brahk btlbtia flshf tglt .
2. itf u vW miHfglt .
3. bgf , Kja isahLfis fWbfhSj
ntL vd bgah Tdh.
4. jfkhgH bgw Jwf vif .
II. ca xWvGJfis vGJf. 3x1=3

1. fia fngh.
2. jhia nghWnt.
3. eyij brnth.
III. c nrJ vGJf. 3 x 1 = 3
j
1. UFw ygfhu gof ntoa f.

2. UtSt fg ghu jjh jiykffsht.
3. khkyu fhu fhgjFa fiy efuf MF.
31
31
a _W br
weh}W
ehlhF xnwh; fhlhF xnwh;
mtyhF xnwh; irahF xnwh;
vt eyt Mlt
mt eiy; tha ynd! *
- xsitah
bghU
ynk! ehlhf Ujh vd? fhlhf Ujh vd? gskhf
Ujh vd? nklhf Ujh vd? vnf Mf eytfshf
Uwhfnsh mF eyjhf Uwh, ynk, thf!
brhbghU
xnwh - bjhlU brh. ehlhF xnwh - ehlhf Ujh vd
myJ ... vd bjhlU. mt - gs; ir - nkL; Mlt - Mf;
F kjfis bghJthf FjJ. eiy - eyjhf Uwh.
F
weh}W = w + ehF + W. vLbjhif fS xW weh}W.
, yt gy aa ghlf bjhF. vLbjhif gJghL
rf fsh. rf ya <uhu MLf giHik cilaJ.
jHf tuyhW, gghL Matiw ma cj yhf weh}W
fwJ.
Ma F
xsitah rf yt; makh eg. ma befia
makhl bgwt. rf fhy bg fP gy Ujd. mtfS
Fahd ghlf ghoat xsitah. rfghl ghoa xsitahU,
MNo ghoa xsitahU xUt my; ntW ntwhdt.
32
Jfij
izia oJ bjUthF!
cfh egh, eyjhdh? -
xJ thtJ rjhdh?
RL u RUFtjh? - c
Ragy cdF xLFtjh?
yh wnj ehbdW -
yg ntlh; beTl
dij nrjJjh - mJ
gia nghfiy?
fl ehxU JbaW -
fiuJ nght gabdd?
fl ehxU KbjW -
fhL; cj jiyF!
tjJ ahUF bjahJ -
thjij cyf mahJ;
rj Tl kwJL - c
ru ahUF idtU?
iz jhdh cnjr? - c
bjUbth nwah cDyf,
izia oJ bjUthF - c
bjUit nkY thF!
vjid cau kakiy! - m
bdhU fu cdJjiy!
vjid Pha wj jiu -
tfis l vdjil?
gJ vdiy? - c
fiH jJ thFiy!
eh bghGnj wgLnth - th
eyij v bragLnth!
- jhuhghu
Ma F : fP jhuhghu vGf fijf vGJt

tyt. Mauhf gaha t, jHf mu eyha
UJ bgwt. a oaf, J vf HF, jhuhghu
j
fijf Kjad tj fS y. t thj fhy

26.02.1947Kj 13.05.2000tiu.
33
33
ciueil
nja fhj brk
gRbgh KJuhkf
ghuj ehL gHbgU ehL.
ehL mayt MF moik
glJ. moikjis FtjF
fU brU d gy.
jHf Ruka th,
t.nt.Ruka, fgnyhoa
jH t. c. jgu, thehj,
U Fku Kjnah
LjiyF ghLgld. tfS
xUt gRbgh KJuhkf.
w ts
uhkehju khtl
gRbgh vD C 1908M
ML mnlhg f Kgjh
eh wjt KJuhkf.
tUila jijah cu
ghoadh, jhah uh
mikah. t midia
sikny Hjh. jhnahL
mWRit co nghW. vD,
KJuhkfUF Ryha
bgk xUt jhah gho
tsjh. ghoah mgiz
t tsjh. gho o
tsj ehf tUF fj
Ma Fiwtw thjh vgt
Mth.
gf
KJuhkf j bjhlf
fia fK cs bjhlf
g jt ghahfl
34
bgwh; gRkiy caiy g y MLf gwh. d, t
Ia jt g gojh; uhkehju muR caiy g
gjh tF gojh. t uhkehju goJ bfhoUFnghJ,
mef ns neh guaJ; mjdh, tUila f wJ.
gJiw m
ggo whY nfait glit Fahf bgwh
KJuhkf. j, My Ma UbkhY tyik bgwh;
mbkhf brhbgh MW w bgwh; yg, Fiu Vw,
Jgh RLj, nrhl, kUJt Madtiw fwjh; siknyna
mua Mtbfhlh.
bghJbjho ehl
KJuhkf, sik Kjbfhnl bghJbjho <LghL fhodh.
t KguL f jkF brhjkhf Uj yfis cGj
jhjgl kfSF gL bfhLJ kjh.
t yHh xY, Mya EiH nghuhlY Kw u
Mth; rkg KiwF Cfkj bgUkfdhth. t fhy My
muR, Fw gugiu rl a kfS yiu xJ itUjJ;
md Ja fisa mUghLglh; mtfSila thif cafhf
nghuhodh; mjdh, Fw gugiuUJ mtfis Ljiy bgw
brjh.
jhjgltbfd t gy bjhLfis brJsh. t,
rhia wij ghJ kjid kj jhgLJtJ bgU
bfhLik; Mlt kj Fyijjh giljhnd ju rhia
wij my; rh wK muaYF iy; MfF iy
vd rhia g Tsh.
ehLgW
KJuhkf sikgUt ah, Mnya MF
cgoUjJ. t, j ehL Ljiy bgwntLbkd jah ntif
bfhoUjh.
t, tf fkhd nejh RghZ rungh mtfis j mua
tfhoahf bfhlh; jHf fkhdh. tUila ngY
_Y Ljiy cznt jJ.
j
35
35
Ljiyngh fLikahf Uj ehf My muR, tlah
yfUF bjah KJuhkfUF thL rl nghlJ.
kfilna Ljiy ntifid Coat t. nja fhj brk
vd U. . fahz Rjudh tiu ghuhosh.
t gFbgw Ljiy nghuhlf gy. Rjju giu j
nlh tsnjh; fuh fhnjh vgJ ghu thF. jid
bkFkhW, t gy dfis VW LjiyF ciHjh. jh
<LgL Ljiy nghuhl gfSF ywth ilwhF vd
fUdh. vdnt, Ukz thid jjh.
mua thif
j mua thifY KJuhkf nkik bgUjh. njj
nghol IJKiw btthifna Nodh.
1937, 1946, 1952, 1957, 1962 Ma MLf eilbgw njjf
Kof t bgUj kfbrthif fhod. bjhL brtjnf
t, j bjhFF brWsh; njj sguF brwh y.
gyU nghW gghs

bjf, nja Ma uil U fzhf nghat
gRbghdh. t, `u yhj th ntfyhj uK
zhF vd vLJiujt. t rka rhnwhuhf fUjglh.
ntjhj ghf, uzt nfr, rkhf rlkhUj, J j rka
nkij vd gythwhf ghuhl bgwt. t midJ kjdlY
m g fhodh.
ntfhdj juhf, nejh jsgahf, rayuhf,
KUfgjuhf, Mf uuhf, jghL juhf, bjgho ik
KoNlh kduhf, tGth neikahsuhf, yik fyuhf, tik
ffhydhf, bfhil fzdhf, g gukAruhf, a jh
ekfdhf thjt KJuhkf.
rka, rKjha ga tUila jidf kjFyF
tfhLtd. w vgJ vtifY tuyh. jidna t,
gidkuUJ GJ iHjtD cL. ta tu tG GJ
wjtD cL vd Tsh. kj kdiyia U, kU,
bjU, mU vd FLwh.
36
kiw
IgijJ MLf thJ kf Kndwfhf ghLgl
bgUkfdh, 1963M ML mnlhg Kgjh eh aif vdh.
mjdh, t wj eh midt idY F ehshW.
idd
jehL muR, bgUkfdhiu nghWtif brid khef
tUila cUtiyid WsJ. miy WtgLs rhiyF
t bga NlgLsJ.
gRbgh KJuhkf thif tuyhW, ehLgid kj
ezfij kjneaid czJtjh sFwJ.
w jftf
KJuhkf UgF zf
06. 09. 1939 kJiuF nejh RghZ ru ngh
tUif jjh.
eLt muR 1995 KJuhkfUila

mrjiyia btL wjJ.
KJuhkf, j brhJf KGtij

17 ghffshf J, xU ghfij kL jdF
itJbfhL 16 ghffis 16 ngUF
dh rhrdkhf vG itjh.
j
37
37
Jizghl
vJ bga cik?
m~J xU ; xU
fhy brghf UjJ.
W, iyik khngh
lwJ; gr twL
lwJ. mj
nfho xU Foir.
ahnuh thJL
nghd Foir mJ. nghJ
mj Foir, UtUF
milfy jJsJ.
mUt xUt ghit
mwt; kwt fh
yhjt. mtfSF
iHf t vJiy.
khiy filbjU
_LnghJ mtf
brthf. a fh, f,
cz bghUfis kf
mtfSF jUthf.
mjid czth, mtf
cL thjd.
Mdh, gr tjwF,
filbjU bgUghY
milgnl lwJ.
vnghjhtJ wUjhY
j UtUF vJ
ilgiy. vdnt,
UtU bgUghY go
ljd.
bjhlJ IJeh
vJ ilfhk go
UjnghJ, UtU xU
KoF tjd.
mUtU j ciu
fhghbfhs vjid
38
bra Jjd. f bjahjtuh vts bjhiy jLjLkh
nghfKo? fh yhjtuh CJ vts bjhiytiu nghfKo?
gfUj taf vyh twL ljd.
bjhiy UjJ Cjiyt njhl. mtUbfW jgl
j tr! njhl, grY brUjJ. mnf brtbjW Ko
brjhf.
fh yhjtiu f Hjt RkJ brYj ntL. fh
yhjt tfhl f Hjt eljY ntL. ~J mtf
VghL.
tfhLtJ vaJ; Mdh, mjgo elgJ fod. f Hjt
_R thf eljh. vgonah Cjiyt njhlJF tJld.
CUF ahU beUf mR njhl mJ; oglh, mo cij cW!
njhl gHfS fhffS FJ ljd. fh yhjtiu
tunyna wL, f Hjt jLjLkh ngh ifF
mfgljid vLJ tjh.
ghit mwt, fh yhjtiu RkJbfhL FoirF Udh;
vLJ tjit uL _W ehSF nghJ.
beLehSF wF, mWjh mtf twhu cL cwdhf.
fhiy vGnghnj bgUTr mUtUF nflJ.
C Kr W, jiyt fbfhL Ujh, ahulh, v
njhl w Uodt?
Cnu iffo gaJ eLaJ; vd elFnkh? vW maJ.
ahU Uil xbfhs K tuhjjdh, Cjiyt,
njtij nfhYF ngh koL nto, njtijia CUF
miHJ tjh.
xbthUtU njtijK tJ cikia brhYj
ntL. Uoatiu njtij fLoJL; bgh brhdhY
fLoJL; jtW brjt fGij beJ bfhWL.
C kf xbthUtuhf tJ, jh Uliy vW thF_y
mjd. ahiu njtij bfhyiy.
Ungh ghitawtU fh yhjtU kLjh. Kj
ahUF mtf id tuiy; rblW idtu, Cjiyt
fdh.
j
mj buL gafis GJL thflh!

UtU jLjLkh tjd. C kfSF f fyaJ.
39
39
njtijK, Kj f Hjt W brhdh: njtijna!
eh wFUl; vjid fbfhL ghf Koahjt. jiyt
njhlij eh ghjJ iy vwh. njtij mtiu vJ
braiy.
mLJ fh yhjt tjh. mkh! eh wnyna Klt;
elf khlhjt; jiyt njhl v fh glnt iy vwh. fh
yhjtiu njtij vJ braiy. mgoahdh, UoaJ ah?
C kfSF a! njtij, nfhiyL btna tj,
Fwthia jofhk U nghFkh?
mnghJ, vghuhj f xW eljJ. fQF bjahj U
iff Cjiyt fGij bejd.
Cjiyt RUL GJ wjh.
mgoahdh, Cjiytjh Uluh? bjd a!
MdhY, vyhF cSF k!
C kf njtijia beU, Cjiytiu bfhwJ V?
vW nfld.
njtij Fu cWah vbuhjJ.
a cikia g vdF mfiw iy. cikfnyna
bga cikiajh eh njLnt. Ulfisl Ul
oatfisna eh jong. C kf go lFnghJ, bkhj
cz bghUfis FJ itUgtjhnd bga Ul. Mfnt,
Fwthia jonj.
Mkh. mJ rjh... vwJ kf Tl.
(ehLw fij)
40
yfzK bkhwD
I. xnth vGJF xU g
ah jid ciljJ?
t
-j ciuahl e LF mofo elwJ.
mt, mt, mt, t, t, t, mJ, J, mit,
it vD brhf, Fl kjiunah bghUisnah
Rofhl cjwd. go Robrhy cj
vGJf uL. mit m, .
tiw RblGJf vnwh. gHfhy
c vgJ RblGJjh. c vGJ, gy gfis
brjJ.
cJfh vwh, rW bjhiy gh vgJ
bghU.
cgf vwh, KJFgf vgJ bghU.
cg vwh, nkny vgJ bghU.
bghGJ, Robrhy eh c vGij
gagLJtJ iy.
mt, t, mJ, J vd RLtJ xUKiw.
miga
bg
L
vW RLnth. vd ntWghL? mt, mt
vD RLbrhf Mzh, bgzh vgjid
Ro brhLwd.
m, RblGJf jna W RLnghJ, M
bg midtiu bghJthf RLwd.
mJ, J, mj, j, mF, F vD
RLbrhfns W bgUtHfhld.
mjgf
j
jL
41
41
g
dhfSF RLbrhf L, il vGJf.
vJ c L?
v L.
ah c mz?
v mz.
c gTl vF csJ?
v gTl gf csJ.
II. v, ah, M, X, V.
mt brjh.
mtdh brjh.
uL bjhlfSF vd ntWghL?
Kj bjhl, xU br kLnk.
ulhtJ bjhl xU dhit vGwJ.
bria dh Ma vGJ vJ?
M
eh Vuhskh nffis nff M cjwJ.
ah? ehdh?
W gah? LKiwah?
dh vGtjF ntWy vGJfS csd.
mit: v, V, ah, X.
il vd?
V tjh?
ah mnf?
nah brjh?
III. V vGJF DbkhU g
V vGJ, dh nff kL gagLtJ iy.
mGj bfhLJ brhy gagLwJ.
mt brjh.
mtnd brjh.
ulhtJ brhbwhl mGj Vgl
fhuzkhdJ, V.
42
ijna wjt.
cznt kUJ.
bghGJ, VF khwhf jhgagLJ tHfK
UwJ.
mtjh Kj tUth.
ijjh wjt.
IV. g
1. tU brhbwhlfis dh brhbwhlfshf
khWf.
m. ghoa eyt.
M. mJyh LF tJlh.
. fl bgaJ.
2. bghUjkhd dhbrhfis vGJf.
m. v dhF il ?
M. RWyhF bga bfhLUgtf
?
. cdF oj bghU ?
V. mfuKj fhQ g
mfuKjia ghJ vGJf tiria
eh mj ntL. m bjhlF j
cbuGJf tir cfSF bj myth?
mgoahdh, fhQ brhfis tirgL vGJf.
ViH, cyf, xsit, m, vUJ, Mir, Xa, <o,
isP, xW, Cf, IgJ.
1. m 7.
2. 8.
3. 9.
4. 10.
5. 11.
j
6. 12.
43
43
tFgiwwf
1.ngRf.
jhuhghu fij tUbrhf it. tW
xW FJ E fUij IJ kJ ngRf.
m. Ragy M. jiyF
. iz <. bjU
c. fu
2. fUjhl brf.
ghit mwtU fh yhjtU njtijl
brhdJ cikah? bghah?
3. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il vGJf.
m. xsitah ghl mt vgj bghU
vd?
M. xsitah ghl lbgw bga vd?
. _W RblGJf W eh gagLjhj
RblGJ vJ?
<. brhYF mGj jU cbuGJ vJ?
c. miHjh njtij tU vgJ
eifah? cikah?
C. KJuhkf wj C vJ?
II. XU bjhlf vGJf.
m. vF y eyjhf UF?
M. g iy vd?
. bga Ul ah? V?
III. ehF tfSF fhk F vGJf.
m. xsitah ghl fUJ.
M. jhuhghu fij cdF oj fUJf.
. Fw gugiu rlK KJuhkf
nghuhlK.
44
4. vGJ isahL
m. Ma X vGij brhYj ntL.
(v.fh.) f vd Ma brhdJ clnd khztf f
bjhlF brh xwid jf Vo vGJj ntL.
(v.fh.) fg.
xnu brhiy Utnuh uLF nkgltnuh vGUjh,
mtf isahoUJ btnaWj ntL.
ahU vGjhj brhiy vGatf isaho bjhluyh.
mLJ, Ma ntW X vGij brhYj ntL.
W, bt bgWgtiu fLofyh.
vGJ brhf bgabrhfshf Uj ntL.
(J JJ brhfis vGJ khztfis Maf
isaho milahs fhzyh.)
M. khztfis W FGfshf j ntL.
FGf _tUFnk Uj TlhJ.
FGfSF m, j, g vgJngh vGjh bgaLj ntL.
vLJfhlhf, Ma xU FGF `m vD vGij
brhdJ, mj FG cWdf jf FG `m vG
bjhlF brhfis xU lF iuthf brhYj
ntL.
njngh xbthU FG brhYj ntL.
_W RWf tiu isahil bjhlUj ntL.
vj FG Fahd brhfis Tanjh mjFG btbgw
FGthf fUjgL.
I. bgabrhfisjh TWj ntL.
II. Ta brhiy L TWj TlhJ.
III. m FG vwh, m bjhlF brhfis kLnk
brhYj ntL.

m FG Mir vd Tdh jtW.

j FG jhtu vd Tdh jtW.
j
45
45
thifwf
jhuhghu fij btgl fUJ. jdif bfh

vgJ. jdif bfhtj Kjgo, jid mtJ MF. cid
mJshah?
g - 1
c wikfis goa Lf.
vdF bj.
(v.fh.) to Xl bj, mHfhf vGj bj... dw.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
(cl cs WW wikfis juhk FLj ntL.
njitba, jjhis gagLjyh.)
g - 2
fWbfhs U wfis goaLf.
eh Unw.
(v.fh.) nkilngR, f, eo...
1.
46
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
g - 3
cl cs Fiwfshf fUJtjid goaLf.
eh Uj idnw.
(v.fh.) rbld dbfhtJ, mGtJ, My ngr jaFtJ....
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
g - 4
c vfhy fdf vbdd? goaLf.
eh fd fhnw.
(v.fh.) brid ntiy brj ntL, mkhF eiff th
jUj ntL, kGJ thFj ntL... vgd nghy)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
j
47
47
tsu braghLf
ngRj
braghL : 1 fyJiuahLj
kf nghW jiytuhtjF ca jFf vd vgjid c egfSl

fyJiuahLf.
braghL : 2 dhfSF ilaj
vJ bga cik? - Jizghl fhQ TWf ahUilait?
m. ahulh, v njhl w Uodt? [Cjiyt / njtij]
M. mkh! eh wnyna Klt; elf khlhjt; jiyt njhl v

fh glnt iy. [ghit Hjt / fh Hjt]
. njtijna! eh wFUl; vjid fbfhL ghf Koahjt;

jiyt njhlij eh ghjJ iy. [ghit Hjt / fh Hjt]
<. a cikiag vdF mfiw iy. cikfnyna bga

cikiajh eh njLnt. [Cjiyt / njtij]
eoj
braghL : 3 gnfW eoj
vJ bga cik? Jizghl tU ffS VnjD xwid

khztfis ehlfkhf eof brf.
l : Foir L gFbgWnth : ghitawt, fh Hjt
ghit mwt : D vjid ehjh go gah tho bfhoUgnjh...!
fh Hjt : vd brtJ? Cnu mgojh UwJ. vF ghjhY

fhJngh lwJ; jiyt njhl ju.
ghit mwt : m~bjgo, jiyt njhl kL gRikahf csJ?
fh Hjt : vgonah, mt njhlF kL j tr clh.
48
ghit mwt : mgobawh, mnjhl Fahd fhff
UFnk...... njhlF brW gJ tuyhkh?
fh Hjt : Inah...... jiytUF bjjh joghnu...!
ghit mwt : jofLnk..... gnahL wjiyl, tW iwa

cLL wfyh.
fh Hjt : r nghnth. elgJ elfL!
vGJj
braghL : 4 brhtjid vGJj
brhtjid vGJf.
1. vLbjhif 2. xsitah 3. gJghL
4. nkLgs 5. rf ya 6. bef
7. <uhu 8. MNo 9. bgfP
10. gghL
braghL : 5 brhyhw
ghliy iw brf.
kiy fuij bjhLtJ oF
khiy futid oF
F Fuiy oF
nfhit RitgJ oF
khiy elgJ oF
rhiy kgJ oF
Fj FgJ oF
j
nrJ vWnk oF
49
49
braghL : 6 flj
fhQ dhf cs dh vGJfis flJ vGJf.
1. be Figf bgUFtjF fhuz vd?
2. be Figf gaghil jLgJ ah?
3. be igfis vgjdh clhF ikfis eh czuhjJ V?
4. be igfSF khwhf Jigfis gagLjyh, myth?
5. be bghUfis gagLjhj Cf cnlh?
6. be bghUf gaghil FiwgJ vthW?
dh v dh vGJ
1 v
2
3
4
5
6
fwyil W kL
kbg : 10
I. bghUJf. 3x1=3
1. xsitah - nja fhj brk

2.
jhuhghu - weh}W
3. KJuhkf - izia oJ bjUthF
II. ca ilia njbjLJ vGJf. 3x1=3
1. fl vJthf Uj ntL vW jhuhghu TWwh?

m. J M. KJ .
2. eLt muR KJuhkfUila mr jiyia btl ML

m. 1990 M. 1939 . 1995
50
3. njtijah jofglt
m. Klt M. Cjiyt . ghitawt
III. fhQ bjhlf cs dh vGJfis vLJ vGJf. 4x1=4
1.
nklhf Ujh vd?
2. eyha UJ bgw fP ah?
3. RghZ rungh tUif jj C vJ?
4. njtij rah?
51
51
" vdh Ko, eh brnj"
52
Standard Six
Term II
53
1
Note to the Teacher
teacher and her students through the biography of a person, Helen Keller
.
to the
content, to under
54
55
ENGLISH
56
Which
What want her student Helen to do?
ENGLISH
57
cult for the differently-abled
What do you learn from Helens attitude towards life?
Helen Keller sun glasses

created by Chinese company
Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan

on a U.S postage stamp
Project
Picture Album
In groups, work together to
find pictures of Hellen Keller
and Anne Sullivan. Create a
photo collage on chart papers,
binding the pages together to
create an album.
58
words. One example
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Lets have fun
Santa came out of the

exam hall very sad and told
his friend, I dont know the
past tense of Think.
ENGLISH
I thought and thought and
finally wrote Thonk .
he verbs underlined are in the Simple Past Tense.
59
FILL - IN THE BLANKS
List similar
words that you
can make and stick
pictures in your scrap
book.
60
:
61
ENGLISH
( xUiz )
62
ENGLISH
Think it over! Write and share.
Look around you. Each one of us is unique. All of us have different abilities,
different talents, different strengths. Each of us has a different dream, too!
Find how many different abilities your classmates have. Make a list of what their
dreams are. Build a relationship with one child whom you feel is different from you.
keep a journal. See whether your views change.
63
Supplementary Reader
hildren in her hometown, ,

at Madurai District. She has won many medals for her achievements
in athletics.
- Rajalakshmi.
tells us about
64
65
ENGLISH
to
"Try to imagine how you would feel if you were suddenly stricken
blind today. Picture yourself stumbling and groping at noonday as in the
night; your work, your independence, gone. In that dark world wouldn't you
be glad if a friend took you by the hand and said, "Come with me and I will
teach you how to do some of the things you used to do when you could see?"
That is just the kind of friend the American Foundation is going to be to all
the blind in this country if seeing people will give it the support it must
have". - Helen Keller
Role Play
Helen Keller & Anne Sullivan
With a partner, you will take turns playing the
roles of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan. One partner
from each group will be blindfolded and asked by their
partner to do certain tasks (go to the board, pick up a
pen, etc.). Then, you will switch roles. After the
activity, discuss the below questions with your partner.
What were some of the challenges you faced
when playing Helen Keller? How did it feel to be blind?
What was it like to guide a person who is blind? What were some
challenges you faced when giving your partner instructions?
Afterwards, write down a few sentences about your discussion.
66
2
Note to the Teacher
In this unit, an attempt has been made to create a sense of

involvement with the beauty of nature and to open the learner's mind
to the ways in which it enriches our lives. How the use of language
may add a touch of humour to the text. The second part of this unit
has poems that glorify the special relationships regardless of
changing times one's relationship with one's mother and
grandmother. The questions asked in this unit help the child reflect
on his/her relationship with older people.
ENGLISH
67
Prose
Those three bears
- an excerpt by Ruskin Bond
Ruskin Bond, resident of Mussoorie, is a well-known

writer of fiction and non-fiction. This story is from his
collection of short stories, essays and poems titled ' Animal
Stories'
Most Himalayan villages lie in valleys, where there are small streams,
some farmland, and protection from the biting winds that come through the
mountain passes in winter. The houses are usually made of large stones and
have sloping slate roofs so the heavy monsoon rain can run off easily. During
the sunny months, the roofs are often covered with pumpkins, left there to
ripen in the sun.
One October night, when I was sleeping at a friend's house in a village

in these hills, I was awakened by a rumbling and thumping on the roof. I woke
my friend and asked him what was happening.
'It's only a bear,' he said.

'Is it trying to get in?'
'No. It's after the pumpkins.'
A little later, when we looked out through the window, we saw a black
bear making off through the field, leaving a trail of half-eaten pumpkins.
In winter, when snow covers the higher ranges, the Himalayan bears
come to lower altitudes in search of food. Sometimes they forage in fields
and because they are shortsighted and suspicious of anything that moves,
they can be dangerous. But, like most wild animals, they avoid humans as much
as possible.
Village folk always advise me to run downhill if chased by a bear. They

say bears find it easier to run uphill than down. I am yet to be chased by a
bear, and will happily skip the experience. But I have seen a few of these
mountain bears in India, and they are always fascinating to watch.
Himalayan bears enjoy pumpkins, corn, plums and apricots. Once, while
I was sitting in an oak tree hoping to see a pair of pine martens that lived
nearby, I heard the whining grumble of a bear, and presently a small bear
ambled into the clearing beneath the tree.
68
He was little more than a cub, and I was not alarmed. I sat very still, waiting to see
what he would do.
He put his nose to the ground and sniffed his

way along until he came to a large anthill. Here he began
huffing and puffing, blowing rapidly in and out of his
nostrils, so that the dust from the anthill flew in all
directions. But the anthill had been deserted, and so,
grumbling, the bear made his way up a nearby plum
tree. Soon it was perched high in the branches. It was
then that he saw me.
The bear at once scrambled several feet higher up the tree and lay flat on a
branch. Since it wasn't a very big branch, there was a lot of bear showing on either side.
He tucked his head behind another branch. He could no longer see me, so he apparently
was satisfied that he was hidden, although he couldn't help grumbling.
Like all bears, this one was full of curiosity. So, slowly, inch by inch, his black snout
appeared over the edge of the branch. As soon as he saw me, he drew his head back and
hid his face.
He did this several times. I waited until he wasn't looking, and then moved some
way down my tree. When the bear looked over and saw that I was missing, he was so
pleased that he stretched right across to another branch and helped himself to a plum. I
couldn't help bursting into laughter.
The startled young bear tumbled out of the tree, dropped through the branches
some fifteen feet, and landed with a thump in a pile of dried leaves. He was unhurt, but
fled from the clearing, grunting and squealing all the way.
ENGLISH
New words and meanings:
Slate a dark grey stone. A single flat piece of slate that is used with others
for covering a roof.
Pumpkin a large round vegetable with thick orange skin and large seeds.
Forage search for food in a wide area.
Shortsighted seeing clearly only things near you.
Suspicious making you believe something is bad.
Whining complain in an annoying way.
Snout long nose of an animal.
Scrambled climb with difficulty.
Fascinating making you very interested or attracted.
Curiosity a strong feeling of wanting to know something.
69
Let us understand
Choose the correct ending to complete the sentence.
1. In winter, when snow covers the higher ranges, the Himalayan bears
a. go up the hill to play
b. come to lower altitudes in search of food
c. hunt for fish in the snow
2. Like all bears, this one was full of

a. curiosity
b. bravery
c. kindness
3. The startled young bear

a. jumped on the anthill
b. pulled out a pumpkin
c. tumbled out of the tree
Let us remember
Discuss and answer these questions.
1. Describe a Himalayan village.
2. Why do their houses have sloping roofs?
3. What advice did the village folk give the author about bears?
4. What happened to the startled bear?
5. In a paragraph write about what you have learnt about the Himalayan
bear.
Look at the following compound words from the lesson. A new word is formed by adding
two different words.
Farm + land = farmland
Short + sighted = shortsighted
Now make compound words with the following: choose from the box given below
port flower where flies ball bone mother time
Some + ____________ = _____________________

Any + ____________ = _____________________
Grand + ____________ = _____________________
Back + ____________ = _____________________
Butter + ____________ = _____________________
Air + ____________ = _____________________
Sun + ____________ = _____________________
Foot + ____________ = _____________________
70
Let us revise
Adjectives
Write one word from the lesson against each to describe the following.
1. stones
2. passes
3. animals
4. leaves
5. folk
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that tells us how, where and when an action takes place.
In the following paragraph, circle the adverbs!
Today I helped my mom cook dinner. We carefully cut the vegetables and slowly
placed them into a boiling pot of water. We patiently let them cook through. I eagerly
waited for my next job, which was to gently sprinkle spices into the soup. But, I
accidentally poured in too much cumin. I quietly told my mom my mistake, and she told
me, as a child, she had made the same mistake.
ENGLISH
Select words from the box and complete these sentences.
slowly soundly sternly sadly
1. The woodcutter was tired. He slept ______________ for five hours.

2. Mrs. Sinha is very old and weak. She walks __________________.
3. The students were late for class. The headmaster talked to them
______________.
4. The waves washed away her sandcastle. She stared at the sea
________________.
71
Look at the words underlined:
72
73
ENGLISH
READ AND ENJOY
Nobody's Like You, Mom
By Joanna Fuchs (pronounced as 'fooks')
Nobody's quite like you, Mom.

You're special in every way.
You cheer me up; you fill my cup
With tenderness, come what may.
Nobody loves me like you, Mom.
No matter what I do,
Good or bad, happy or sad,
You support me; You always come through.
Nobody's equal to you, Mom.
With you in my life, I'm blessed.
I love you so, and I want you to know
I think you're the very best!
74
ENGLISH
Project
Prepare Mother's
Day card and
write a short note
(Poem or
expression) and
present it to your
Mother.
READ AND ENJOY

Mothers Love
I will never know the pain
Hard to comprehend for my brain
................. Trust me Mom
Make an animal mask or a puppet. I wont let it go in vain
Create your own story and enact or present it in class. I was a star ever since
I was there in your womb
- D. Kings Lee
75
76
ENGLISH
Fun Corner
Everybody wants to go to heaven

But nobody wants to die!
Everybody wants to pass
But no one is ready to study.
Ashwin Aadithya
77
ur
ur
ur
ur
78
'I can, I did'
Subject:

No. Lesson
79
Mwh tF
_wh gUt
bjhF 1
ENGLISH
jehL muR
Kj g - 2012
Ua g - 2013, 2014
ghl cUthfK bjhF

khy fa Muh kW g Wtd
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
mrhf
f rhiy, brid - 600 006.
bt
ghl tiyjs
ii
ehLg
ehLg - bghU
vyhUila kdY M brwh.
s mila brwJ.
flyiyfsh tzfgLwJ.
bt! bt! bt!
iii
THE NATIONAL ANTHEM
iv
jjh thJ
uhU tjdbkd fguj fl
bjfzK mwj uhle UehL
jHznf!
c sik w aJ bra kwJ thJJnk!
thJJnk!
thJJnk!
- kndhka bg. Rjudh.
nja xUikghL cWbkh

mua, bghUshjhu FiwghLfSF mik beY mua
cWanw.
cWbkh
v
vi
bghUslf
j (1 - 76)
a jiy gf
1. UFw 1
br bjhny bjt 3
fny fiytz 4
rhjid bgk nk 7
2. jghl 21
mj fhy j fhy 23
jaf jnyna ngRnth 24
ehL efuK 28
3. Fwhy Fwt 42
kuK giHa Fil 44
vJ gghL? 45
tzf Iah! 50
bkh isahLf 61
kdghlgF
a br mof
1. UFw ( 3, 5, 6, 8, 10 ) 10
2. jghl 8
3. Fwhy Fwt ( 1 - 4 mof ) 4
bkhj 22
(* cLFl ghlf kdghl gF )
ENGLISH (77 - 108)
Unit Topic Page No.
1. Prose The Cherry Tree 79
Poem With a Friend * 88
Supplementary
Reader Kari the Elephant 90
2. Prose Why the sky is far away? 93
Poem Cooking * 100
Supplementary
Reader The Colourful Sweets 105
* Memoriter Poems
vii
j
Mwh tF
_wh gUt
viii
a xW br
UFw
ait Tw
(ik gaF brhfis ngRj)
1. brhyh <u mis goWyth

brbghU flhth brh.
bghU: m fyJ trid yhj bkbghU fltf thbrhf
brhfshF.
brhbghU: <u - m; mis - fyJ; goW - tr; brbghU - bkbghU.
2. mfdkJ <j enw KfdkJ
j
brhy Mf bg.
bghU: cs U xUtUF bfhLJ cjtJ eyJ; Kf kyJ xUtiu
ghJ a brhfis TWj mjidl eyJ.
brhbghU: mf - mf, cs; mk - Ug; mkJ - U;
Kf - Kf; brh - abrh; brhy - a brhfis ngRgt.
3.
Kfjh mkJ neh mfjhdh
brh nj mw. *
bghU: Kfjh U ikl neh cs fyj brhfis TW
jik csnj mwkhF.
brhbghU: mkJ - U; mfjh M - cs fyJ; brhnj -
a brhfis ngRjny.
4. Jc Jthik yhF ahkhL

c brh ytF.
bghU: vyhlK g jU a brhfis ngRnthl, Jg jU tWik
mQfhJ.
brhbghU: Jc - Jg jU; Jthik - tWik; ah khL - vyhlK;
c - g jU.
5. gila brhy Mj xUtF

may kW w. *
11
bghU: g cilatdhf brh ngRgtdhf sFtnj xUtDF
cikahd mfy MF. cl mHFfhf m w vyh cikahd
mfyf Mfh.
brhbghU: xUtF - xUtDF; m - mHFfhf m eiff.
6.
myit nja mwbgUF eyit
eho a brh. *
bghU: wF eikahdtiw U ik cila brhfis brhdh,
ghtf njJ Fiw; mw tsJ bgUF.
brhbghU: myit - ght; eho - U.
7. ea<W e gaF ga<W

g jiyah brh.
bghU: wF eikahd gaid jJ, ey gUJ fhj brhf,
tHFnthDF g jJ eik gaF.
brhbghU: ea<W - ey gafis jJ; e - eik; gaF - bfhLF;
jiyah brh - fhj brhf.
8.
Wik a brh kWik
ik g jU. *
bghU: wF Jg isF WikUJ a a brhf
kWwF wF tHFnthDF g jU.
brhbghU: Wik - Jg; kWik - kWw; ik - w.
9. brh w fhgh vtbfhnyh

tbrh tHF tJ.
bghU: a brhf g clhFtjid flD, xUt
fLbrhfis ngRtJ Vndh?
brhbghU: w - J + <w; <w - jUj, clhFj;
tbrh - fLbrh; vtbfhnyh - Vndh?
10. a csthf dhj Tw

fUg fhft jW. *
bghU: g jU a brhf UFnghJ, Jg jU fLbrhfis
ngRtJ, ff UFnghJ fhfis U cgjid nghwJ.
brhbghU: ftj - Efj; mW - mJnghwJ. (K gojJ id
Uwjh? tghf tw ku jJ mW.)
2
br bjhny bjt
br bjhny bjt - mj
wikjh ekJ brt
if fhYjh cj - bfhl
flikjh ekF gj (br...)
giu tsjh gydhF - mJ

ciu fhF czthF
btny ekF JizahF - j
ntitf vyh ijahF
d ntiyL Fy khdKL
j
tUfhyKL mij eLnth (br...)
fh xUeh fahF - e
fd xUeh edthF
fh f iyahF - e
fd id iyahF - cl
thodhY g dhY - t
khlhkny thLnth. (br...)
- gLnfhil fahzRju
Ma F
kf fP vd miHfgL gLnfhil
fahzRju, va j midtUF go
fijfis aat; iuir ghlfis
ash. ciHF kf Jaufis
bghJilik jidfis jKila ghlft
gutyhdh. gLnfhil mUnf cs
brfgLjhfhL vD C wjt. t thj
fhy 13.04.1930Kj 08.10. 1959 tiu.
33
ciueil
fny fiytz
nkny cs glij ghUf. J f brJa g.
cWnehdh, j g cs aW cUtf
btgL. ... bjwjh? vnf brhYf ghngh.
lgfUJ ghjh, fhis cUt bjwJ.
tygfUJ ghjh, ahid cUt bjwJ.
ewhf brhf. vts mUikahf UwJ!
fiyPf JnghW gy gfis brJUwhf.
mit vnf Uwd vWjhnd nff! thUf...
brhnw.
fh gh nrhHts ehL. mJ fiyf isy. afitF
fllfiy gfiy bfhF C Fgnfhz.
bjw myhW* ghwJ. j bjfiu jhuhRu vD C
mikJsJ. nfjh IuhtRtu nfh csJ. ~J VwjhH
vW MLfSF K ulh uhruhr nrhHdh flglJ.
W nfhfSF brW fl gf nguHif ghJ kj
mDgtij j xnu nfh ekF jUwJ. tshf vF
gka. nfh gf eik RoGF.
* fhy muryhW vd tHfgLwJ.
4
xbthU gY xU fijnah
fhankh bghUwJ. Ku
vjt (uhjf) fij xU g;
ahidia bfhW mj njhiy jJ
cLbfhS ahid c nghjt
(f#rAhu _) fij bdhU g;
moKo njlitF mzhkiyah
(nfhgt) fij kbwhU g. go
fijbghj gf gy csd.
uhkhaz, kfhghuj fijf, u
kkj fijf, tuhz fijf
vd v mlfhj fijf eik
<wd. mtWl gujehoa mlfS
wghf brJfgLsd.
md ghF mj mdu,
j
iwa fjhdJF mnw vLJ
fhlhf mikj fzg, gwit, yF,
kj vd fyitah mikj XUl
gf vd, nfh gf jHf
gfiy wF xU nrhWgjkh
sFwd.
xbthU ehF gilfY
mikj nwhaf mJ mHFkh
Mdit. nfh EiHth mikj
VG fUf gof rfkgj vD
VG ehjgofshf tofgLsd. rj fUfgof
nrhH klyJF EiHjhny, vF
irbah, jhjl jl vD
kjs ya x, iz blh,
yhFH fhd x, ehfRu ebyh...
vd irkiH eid mDgt ekF
ilwJ.
jhuhRu nfh Ta khd
njhwK, mjF nH UwK
ahidfS FiufS oa
ujngh mikj klgK thbt
ufaij fhLtjhf fh nrf
(Carl Sagon) vw thda mP TWtJ XUl gf
FljfjhF.
55
mgj, mkah, agifah, irPhah, vgj,
Vdhehadh Kja mWgJ_W ehakhf fijfis TW
fbtL vGJ jiyfSl Toa il gf fQF
bgUUjhf csd.
jir mukidF brhjkhdJ nfh. mHF thj j
giHikia jnghJ ka bjhbghU Jiwd ghJfhJ tUwd.
jid ku milahs dkhf bdnfh (UNESCO) mik mJsJ.
xiwt jid fiyf fl vdyh.
braghL - 1
nfhilfhy Fsfnsh fkhfnsh MWfnsh ta iy
fk vLJ bghikf br bra kahdJ. j k
cfSF VglJ clh? kugh bghikf lij W be
(Plastic) bghikf oJbfhld. milf, beof (bjkT),
bgof, kufilf, fk, gaghlw fhj bragl
fhjT Matwh mHa cUtf brJ ghfyh; ffSF
UJ mfyh; gilghfij tsfyh.
braghL - 2
gHfhy gfiyfis g fsgaz brW mJbfhS
Mt clh? Uth%, jrh, fifbfhl nrhHu, jhuhRu,
kJiu, Utuf, khkyu Kja Cf cs mukidf, tuyhW
Mtff, mUfhaff, bjhbghUJiw fhghaff
Matiw fhz gaz nkbfhsyh. njngh Uka, jufgho,
br, gFo (rkz nfh) Ma CfSF, bgsj jyfSF
gaz brayhnk! jt, Ryha fll fiyf Mad FJ
ma gaz bjhluyhnk!
6
Jizghl
rhjid bgk nk
mikah nghyJ eho 1867M
ML wjh. tUila bgnwhUF
IJ FHijf. tnu mtfS isat.
tj jij X ma Ma.
MdhY FLg tWik. jkif
kUJt f gy Udh. Mdh,
ngha tr iy. isat nk,
FHijfSF w ghl brh
bfhLjh; brngh gilf
brjh. mj_y bghU <o j jkif
f gy cjdh.
j
nk, ma f ff Udh.
Mdh, bgQF ma f njit
iy. rika fiyna nghJ vd f
Uthf TaJ. mjid Vf nk kWjh.
nk, uhR ehL brW f nrjh. j th yfhd
ma fia gwh. jKila tWikia ahU mahtz
f ehfis fjh. xUKiw _W eh cz cbfhshjjdh
kaf milJ nH Gjh. mtiu M brj kUJt ey cz
X juntL vd TanghJ, clgY khztf m milJ,
gytifY cjd.
ma nkij a ia, nk Ukz brJ bfhlh.
mtUl nrJ ma Muh <Lglh. kzthif
kdiwl xU bg FHijia bgbwLjh. Mdh, xU thu kLnk
XbtLJbfhL jKila ma Muh gF Udh.
jKila tUth bgUgFia MuhF bryljdh,
Lntiyfis fzt-kid UtUnk nrJ brjd; vikahfnt
thjd.
ma nkij V.v.bgfhu vgtUl, a nk
aa Muhia nkbfhld. illhJ brj
Muh gadhf fzt-kid UtU Kj bghnyha
vD jk bghUis fLojd; mjwF, uL MLf
bjhlJ Muh brJ, nuoa vD jk bghUis fLojd.
uL ma fLofhf V.v.bgfhuYF a , nk
77
izaUF 1903M ML
aaYfhd nehg gR J
tHfglJ. nehg gR tuyh gR
bgw Kjbgk nk Mth.
nuoa cjah kj FyJF
nfL isF Wneh kW gytif
njhnehfis Fzkhfyh vd
fljd.
nk jKila cleyij
gza itJ fLoj nuoaij
jah Wtd xW 50 yr
lhyfSF iyF thf KtjJ.
Mdh, jKila fLoig ma
cyfJF bfhilahf tHdh .
mtUila fzt vghuhjjkhf
g wjwF, buR muR, mikahUF mtUila bg FHijf
UtUF bghUSj mf KtjJ. MdhY nk, mjid Vf
kWjh.
mjwF, mtUila fzt Ma nguha g nk F
mfglJ. mgia mt wghf brjh. mt nknkY
nta Muhf gy brJ, nuoa mQ vilia fLojh.
mjfhf, mtUF ulhtJ Kiwahf 1911 M ML ntaYfhd
nehg gR tHfglJ.
mjwF, mt gy ehoduhY miHfgL ghuhlglh; gy
glfis gRfis bgwh.
brafa brj mikah 1934M ML aif vdh.
mikahUF, mt kf ID kUkf n#ha
bjhlJ ma Muh <LgL braif fR ga
nta Muhfhf 1935M ML nehg gR bgwd.
xnu FLgij nrjtf _W nehg gR bgw rhjid
Wtiu vj FLgduhY Kaofgliy.
braghL
bghnyha, nuoa, mQ vil, braif fR Kja ma
brf FJ, ma Mal nfL mJbfhf.
8
yfzK bkhwD
1. br bkh
vt bfhnyh?
UFw lbgW brhf jU bghU vd? Vndh?
vd gafUnah? vgJ bghU. br Xirfhf mGj
jUtjfhf gagLjgLs brh - bfh.
J bgUghY IabghU tU.
xU bgiz ghJ, kh bfh? k bfh? vwh, t khndh
knyh vd TWtjhf bghU.
J br tHF.
2. msbgil
j
c... c... vW ahuhtJ c whfsh?
cccc... vW Tthf. myJ cnghxxx.... c vghf.
njngh khmmmgH vW T whf. thW o xgjid
msbgil vg yfzjh.
cccc - vgJ c msbgil. Vbdwh, c vD c vGJ
L xjJ.
bgh... vgJ xwsbgil. Vbdwh, vD bk vGJ
(xbwGJ) L xjJ.
cf ngUJ fS y vLJfhLf juyhnk!
3. iH UjK
nH fhzgLgit iHahd brhbwhlf.
1. f tjh.
2. uhk mGjh.
3. gwitf ghoaJ.
4. mt tnj.
Vbd, brhbwhlf cs idbrhf iHahdit.
vgo Ujh Kiwahf UF?
m. tjJ M. mGjh . ghod <. tjh
iHf neuhk Uf eh iz, gh, v, l g mj ntL.
99
4. iz
caiz, m~iz vd iz UtifgL.
kj caiz Mt.
kj myhj cUsit cuwit m~iz MF.
bgabrhfis caiz bga, m~iz bga vd nwh.
u, mkh, eof, fz - caiz bgaf. , ku, id, FU -
m~iz bgaf.
g
Gs g tzlgl brhf caiz bgabrhfis
m~iz bgabrhfis vLJ vGJf.
mur ntilahLtjF fhL brwh. mtDl ufS
brwhf; gahsf yU brwhf. fho khf Xod;
kiygh CjJ. ObuW fhW fLikahf aJ; kuf Kjd.
mjid ghJ FuFf mr bfhld; Mijf myd.
mukid mu ftiyl Ujh. mikr, jsg MnahU
ftiyl Ujd.
5. gh
gh vgJ kbwhUtif .
bgabrhfis idbrhfis IJ ghfshf nwh.
mit
Mgh - mt, mz
bggh - mt, mu
gygh - mtf, isPf
xwgh - mJ, Fiu
gygh - mit, khLf
Mgh bgabrh Mgh idKoitna bgW.
mt tjh.
(bga) (id)
mt tjh vnwh, mt tjh vnwh vGJtJ iHahF.
njnghjh, w gh brhfis vGJj ntL.
bga - id
mt - tjh
mtf - tjhf
mJ - tjJ
mit - tjd
10
g
tU ciugF cs iHfis Rofho iHU
vGJf.
njhl f J UjJ. ggjF fkyh tjh. Tlnt
uh nt tjh. mnghJ njhl xU gh Xod. fkyh
fdh. uh kL ga ghig beUdhf.
6. mfuKjia ghngh
mfuKj cbuGJ bgW tiria mnjh.
cbuGJ tir : m M < c C v V I x X xs
bghGJ bkbaGJ tirg mnth. Kj bkbaGJfis
vGJnth.
bkbaGJ tir :
td bkd ild

j

gbdL bkbaGJfS mfuKj tir thW tJsd.
tbyGij bjhlJ mj dkhd bkbyGJ tUtJ
nehfjfJ. mLJ, ild vGJf tUwd.
, kL W tUwd.
mgoahdh, mfuKj mfh vD brh Kj tUkh?
mz vD brh Kj tUkh? bkbaGJ tiria ghUf.
mfh vD brhjh Kj tU.
mkh, mgh, m, mfho, md vD brhfis mfuKj
tir vGJtjhdh mfho, m, mgh, mkh, md vWjh
vGJj ntL.
g
fS Ka brayh.
mfuKj tir vGJf.
Mik, Ma, ML, ML, Mu, Mu, Mt, Miy, MW, Mt.
11
11
tFgiwwf
1. ngRf.
gLnfhilah ghl lbgw brhfis ikakhf itJ
IJ kJ ngRf.
m. ntit M. tUfhy . rh <.
2. dh vGf.
tU bghUfis ikakhf itJ, cdF njhW dhfis
vGf.
m. g M. fLbrh . fd <. f
3. fyJiuahLf.
m. a brh ngRnthl tWik mQfhJ - cikah?
M. br bjhny bjt - j bfhif Kiwahdjh?
4. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il vGJf.
m. vj M bjfiu jhuhRu csJ?
M. IuhtRtu nfhiy foat ah?
. mikah vj ehil nrjt?
<. mikah, j fztUl nrJ Kj fLoj
bghU bga vd?
c. mikah FLg vjid nehg gR bgwJ?
C. Jthik vD brh bghU ahJ?
v. vnghJ mw bgUF?
m. cs U bfhLgjidl wjJ vJ?
M. jhuhRu nfh khdK klgK vjid fhLtjhf
fh nrf TWwh?
. nuoa cjah kjFyJF ilj ga vd?
<. xUtUF cikahd mfyfshf ftd vit?
12
III. ehF tfSF fhk vGJf.
m. V brh ngRj ntL?
M. mikah rhjid.
IV. tU Ffis bfhL xU fLiu tiuf.
jiy : cley fhngh.
1. cl ik gHff
m. rhLtjF KD D if, th fGj.
M. fhiy u g JyFj.
. ef btLj.
<. ehnjhW Fj.
c. mGfw cil cLJj.
2. cz gHff
m. giy bfLF bghUfis jj.
j
M. iu, fhffis ehnjhW cz nrJbfhs.
. < bkhj, goj bghUf thFtjid jj.
3. isahL
m. khiy ehnjhW isahLj.
M. elj, to XLj.
. btFneu bjhlJ bjhiyfh ghgjid jj.
thifwf
1. ngRw (ait Tw)

btF mogilahdJ ngRw. ngRw gy tf
btgL. ikahf ngRtJ xUt. a ngR - ekF bt jU;
wUF bt jU.
m. tU brhf wiu Kf kyu itF brhfis flf.
1. Mfh! 4. e 7. rfiy
2. ml, nr! 5. eW 8. mUik
3. X! 6. Rkh 9. nkhr
M. ehfhJ VW nH FJfhL Wt, mghl
vghF ngR vJ?
m. nl, vrif! . mUik mUik!
M. ehfhia cilJlhnj!
13
13
. mLJ vnghJ ghfyh vW cwd nfwh. ah ngRtJ a
ngR?
m. iHR ljh ghfyh!
M. ehk idwJ vnf elFJ?
. flha u rngh.
<. a ngRF ghrhF ngRF ntWghL cL. aJ vJ?
ghrhF vJ? flf.
m. c ngR wghf UjJ.
M. cidnghy ngRtjF cyf Mns iy.
. ngho bt bgWth.
<. cndhL ngho nghlh kakiyna MF.
2. vGJf.
uL %ghF xUbghU thFj ntL. filfhul UgJ
%ghjhis Lwh. filfhu Kf RJ yiw iyah vd
nfwh. filfhu kdij khW a il vJ?
3. uj
gfis ghJ ufsh?
gilgJ xU fiy.
ugJ kbwhU fiy.
uf bjjtf k ftfshf Uwhf.
iuglfis, iugl ghlfis ugtf gy Uwhf.
Mdh, mJ kLkh? ir, Xa, g vd ugjF gy fiyf
Uwd. thd, , KGy vd gy aif fhf
Uwd.
m. vjidKiw ghjhY cdF rfhj aiffh vJ?
mJg _W tf vGJf.
M. dW F myJ kiy V guj fhfis fl
mDgt clh? Ujh, mJ FJ _W tf vGJf.
. e ghlgF cs gfhf cid ftj gfh
vJ? V?
14
tsu braghLf
ghLj w braghL - 1
fhQ ghliy Xirl ghLf.
brh
mHF Kiy mUj

mH kz fkGnk!
gHF j ngo
mjh vW Fnk!
w ber gl
ngRw nghny!
cw bfL nghL
j
cs mjdh thoL
fia L frL
fhia fognjh?
a brhf Uif
j brhiy ciugnjh?
nfl w braghL - 2
Gs ciugia Ma gof, khztf cWnfL dhfSF
ilaf.
kjDila kd czfis vG mHif gij mw
g mHFfiyfSF cL.
mHFfiyf, kdny czia vG mHF fhia g
czia bfhLJ kwgodhny, ehff gilj kf mHF
fiyfis nghWwhf; ng tswhf; JJ W kwhf.
mHFfiyF fiy vW ffiy vW efiy vW ntW bgaf
cL. tHF fiyf IJ. mit, fllfiy, gfiy, Xafiy,
irfiy, fhafiy vgd.
kiy . ntflrh, jH tsj mHFfiyf
15
15
dhf
1. ehff gilj kf vjid nghWwd?
2. mHFfiyfhd g ahJ?
3. mHFfiyfhd ntW bgafis vGJf.
4. mHFfiy vjid tiffshf fgLsJ?
5. ciugF bghUjkhd jiyLf.
goj w braghL - 3
Gs ciugia Funyw wfJl goJ fhLf.
tsK ytsK cila jeho gilfhyKj gbjhny wj
bjhyhf fUjgL tUwJ. Kfhy jH, bjhGJL thH Udh
my; cGJL thHnt Udhf. iu njo Viu njL vwh xU yt.
Vbjh J eilbgWtjF kiH aikahjJ. jh Kffhzh is,
kiH Kffhzh gU brgiltiy. Mfnt, jehlh thdny jtG
nkfijna neh thjhf. X caj kiyf kiHnkf jtH flh
jH cs jiHF. fhnkf ilna d r flh, mt cs
J kG.
MWuhY kiHuhY cz bghUfis isw cHtiu jehL
ghuho kjJ. cHt VuoF Wnfhny muruJ brnfhiy elJ nfh
vW ghodh fg. fUij kdbfhL, cHF bjhYF tjid
brnth - cL fUnghiu jid brnth vwh ghuah.
uh.. nrJis, j UJ
fyJiuahl braghL - 4
fhQ ciuahliy goJ tF cdJ fUij _W kJ ngRf.
Ky : ah! iwa yakwHh ngRngho eh ngr
nghtjid idjh vdF mrkhf csJ.
a : V mthW TWwh? IJ l ngRtjF ehF k neu
ciHf ntL vghf. ehF ehfshf jfhf ciHJ
bfhoUwh myth?
Ky : Mkh. Mdh, ahidF mo rWF vghf. vdF rW
gjwkhfnt csJ.
a : Kyh, Ka UidahF vD tSt thF vW
bghfhJ; cWl U; bt cdnf!
16
brh cUthFj braghL - 5
FfisbfhL brhfis cUthFf.
1. KjbyGJ, jf _whbkGJ;
ulhbkGJ, Kjt _whbkGJ;
_whbkGJ, gj _whbkGJ.
m~bjd?
2. KjbyGJ, jF KjbyGJ;
ulhbkGJ, ir ulhbkGJ;
_whbkGJ, mj _whbkGJ.
m~bjd?
3. KjbyGJ, gz KjbyGJ;
j
ulhbkGJ, ju KjbyGJ;
_wh vGJ, iy KjbyGJ.
m~bjd?
yfij gagLJj braghL - 6

glYs ma mPf fLofis yf thyhf mJ vGJf.
r... uhk Ir l
17
17
brhynfL vGJj braghL - 7
fhQ ciugia brhynfL vGJf.
nk, uhRehL brW f nrjh. jth yfhd ma
fia gwh. jKila tWikia ahU mahtz f ehfis
fjh.
vLJ vGJj braghL - 8

vbrh mJ vGJf.
( eyit, f, kWik, ed, Jg, btis, , gf, nkL, fr )
fh X f u X
ik X fW X
myit X gs X
g X nk X
fd X X
kabfh vGJfis vGJj braghL - 9

bfhLfgLs kabfh vGJfisbfhL brhfis iw brf.
H, , , , , s
k iy = kHiy
vyh =
KHbth =
bjh yh =
yhFH =
mF =
18
bghUJj braghL - 10
v gh brhiy flJ bghUJf.
1. khzt mu mJbfhSf
2. cHt njh gh gfh bgaf
3. Wt khz FHij ngij
4. ghl W mth
ViH nkij
5. njhH gho
mikr nehah
6. mur cH
flJ vGJj braghL - 11

fhQ bjhlf cs wbkh brhfis flJ vGJf.
j
(F : jFiy mLJ ufu xW () tjh mJ wbkh brh)
1. mRd ij wjt Mth.
2. jk jiyfhF vgJ gHbkh.
3. wj th vd ghntjid midtU ghuhod.
4. fu V iwtid tgLtJ a.
5. v Jf fk vgJ tSt thF.
6. RWyh jh fl aiffhfis fiyau tJ Tdh.
7. jhf flgl mj oF neWjh tz rglJ.
8. rgid flJ, is mjid jhf KglJ.
9. ngRt mj vdF aiy.
10. jh, j FHijfhf nfh mrid brJ iwtid tglh.
(v. fh.)1. mRd
2. 5. 8.
3. 6. 9.
4. 7. 10.
19
19
brh cUthFj braghL - 12
vGJ FafUJ iu kW iw vD vG Ko brhfis
cUthFf. mbrh bghUis FG fyJiuahLf.
iu iw
fiu fiw
F

c f
m
fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. bghU TWf. 2X1=2
m. goW M. mk
2. Gs bjhlf lbgWs ebgGJ brhfis tlLf. 2X2=4

m. mikah FLg tWikl UjJ.
M. mikah j fLoig ma cyFF bfhilahf
tHdh.
3. uf. 2X1=2
m. kf fP vd miHfgLgt .
M. iwa fjhdJF mnw vLJfhlhf fjt .
4. brhbwhl fhQ iHia UJf. 2X1=2

m. mt gojJ. M. mt ghodh
20
a uL br
jghl
* fiyjh kizjh fhjh

Fofjh f jhdh?
iyjh bghidjh vdFjh
bfhLJjh u jhdh?
miyjh brhjh Miujh
nehtjh Inah vF
giyjh wfjh gJkjh
jh g dhnd. 1
j
tzftU yneu Fku fl
ttU yneu ta bra
fzFtU yneu ntil ehngh
foftU yneu fat bfyh
zftU gojiH gho gho
vjideh JJ cHnt Iah!
Fzflny mUflny mRu uhd
Fiufliy btwgu FW shnd! 2 *
- uhkru fuha
21
21
ghl 1 - bghU
fiy kiz fh Fof iwt brh juiyna!
bghbghU bfhLJ vid fhf iyna! jfhf ahiu Fw
brh vd ga? vF, vyhlK giyfho iHFkhW iwt
vid gilJlhnd!
brhbghU
ujhdh? - fhghdhdh?
miyjh - mJ myhk
Miujh - ahiujh
gJkjh - jhkiu cs uk
- cyf
ghl 2 - bghU
ghL gho gR thf gz giljtfis ghf nghFnghJ, y
neu mtf tzf brh tuntwhf. yneu vid flJ
mtfSF Fkufl t tUwJ. Kfij U bfhwhf.
y neu, vid VL ghfhk ntLbknw fzF jfij
uLwhf. yneu ehfisnghy fof tUwhf. gogl
fatfl jiH ghogho gR thf D vjid eh, eh J
miynt? xF flyhf Uj muffis btwtnd! Ugu
Fw sF KUfh! TW.
brhbghU
Fkufl t - xUtif tneh
zftUgo - mtf kd fgo
Fzflny! mUflny! - KUfid thW miHwh
Fiufl - xF fl; mRuf fl to
tjhf vgJ fij
guFWsh - UguFw cs KUf
F
yt gy, mtnghJ ghoa gy ghlf bjhFfglhk Ujd.
mtiw jghl uL vD bga bjhFJsd. bgUghyhd
ghlf UWKj KW MLfSF ghlglit. ghlgF
lbgWs ghlfis ghoat uhkrufuha; Jgij
eifRitnahL brht tyt t.
22
mj fhy j fhy
bedrij vyh vG trJ
mj fhy - vij
ne ghnj rgJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy
kiHtU vnw ku brrJ
mj fhy - mJ... mj fhy
kiHia bgha itfnt vu tjJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy.
Fy vnw dij btWjJ
mj fhy - kfis
izJ mizf Ka gQtJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy
nuhgij jid J crJ
j
mj fhy bgiz
bjhL ghjh RLLth
j fhy Mkh.. j fhy
rhu gogJ mj fhy
ru gogJ j fhy
nfhu ghgJ mj fhy
Fzij ghgJ j fhy
g Ka mj fhy
go Ka j fhy
f LtJ mj fhy
LtJ j fhy
bgiz ngbad ng mizrJ
mj fhy - th
f xwh v elgJ
j fhy Mkh... j fhy.
- cLkiy ehuhazf
Ma F : cLkiy ehuhazf j iuglghl

MaU ehlf vGjhsU Mth. ghku kfilna
zit VgLJ tif rKjha ghlfis vG
Uj fUJfis guat. gFj fuha
vd jHf kfsh miHfgLgt. t thjfhy
25. 09. 1899Kj 23. 05. 1981 tiu.
23
23
ciueil
jaf jnyna ngRnth

L
ky...
mgh miHjh.
vdgh? vwh ky. ky, Mwh tF gowh.
ngh M tiuF bfhr nghL tah? vwh mgh.
ky, mtiu Kiwjh.
mr iyaD brhy bjahjh cfSF? vW nflh.
bjkh. Mdh, brhy jafkh UF. ahU ghfnshD
gakh UF vwh mgh.
jF ngU jhkdghikD vf Ma brhdh vd
btLbfd brhdh, ky.
ngh Mn[ gH nghR vwh mgh, kWgo.
gHf UJ LglQ. ehbkd moikahD vf Ma
nfwh! vd fUjhliy bjhljh ky.
gogoah kh bfhnw. rah? vwh mgh.
bj. Mdh, ngrkhnlh. V?

o - bjhiyfh blngh - bjhiyng
nuonah - thbdh ~ng -
og - Wo nr - ehfh
O - nj iy - sF
fu - rhu js - Ftis
24

(mgh kfS ngbfhnl elwhf.)
mgh : ky... iuth th! gi[ ofQ.

ky : mgh! f brhdJ kwJ nghrh?
mgh : vd brhnd?
ky : cfSF gJ taR UFnghnj kJiu, bgah

ngUJ iyaD bga gyif gonrD brhf.
g cfSF taR ehgJ.
mgh : brhtJ rjh. KgJ ehgJ MLfSF Kd

ngUJD brhdh ahUF ahJ. Mdh, g
vyhUF J. mjdh, ngUJnd brhyyh!
j
ky : obuid u toD brhtJ, rjhndgh!
mgh : bjhlf iftoD brhndh. tof fah

Xoa fhy mJ. ifia fbfhL XL. iwF
mgo brht jiy.iftoDbrhYnghJ,
mj tuyhW idF tU. uiy bjhlto
vd brhY tHfK UwJ. nghnlhit ifgl
vWjhnd brhnwh!
ky : mgh! ngUJ tjhR.

ir - to nuhL - rhiy
shghu - eilnkil is - th}
M - mYtyf ng - t
kh - iugl nal - iuauF
iliul - jlRbgh Mg - kUJtkid
25
25
tFgiw
ky!
Ma Tlh. ky vGjh.
nghil m vwh.
fUgyifiajhnd! vwh ky mlfkhf.
mllh! ehnd kwJnl. eh fnghy xolF
gHnghd brh! vwh Ma.
f vgo nghF? vd nflh, ky.
vyhU czJ ngr ngr f fiu vwh, Ma.
mLj eh...
(tUif gnghJ ntbwhU fUjhl eljJ.)
Ma bga thjh :
M. myh... v. m... v. a... v. ky
thJ KojJ ky vGJ nflh.
ky : bga KbdGij (a) MyY bgaiu
jY Ubkh fyJ vGJnwhnk, J Kiwah?
Ma : KiwawJjh! bkh FJ ekFs mfiwikjh
jF fhuz. VnjD xU bkhjh bgaiu
KbdGij vGJj ntL. j khwij ekJ
tFgiw Unj bjhlfyh. nk, bgaiu
KbdGij jnyna vGJtJ vd eh
cWbfhnth.
khztf : cWbkh vLJbfhnth!
mLj eh tUif g go eljJ...
uh. myh... R. m... kh. a... eh. ky
(tFgiw bfhlhl)

fl - f lbe - iza
fhny{ - f T - g
to - gfiyfHf r - ma
blynfh - bjhiyneh ikuhnfh - Enzh
bjkhl - btgkh eg - v
26
L L
ky :
mgh! gHf khWkh? khw tUkh?
mgh : khW. v mgh fhy, xUtiu xUt ghJbfhlh,
ekfhu vd brhthf. W mHfhf j, tzf
brhwhf. bjhiyngia vLjJ tzf brhwhf.
$uhk, $k vd vGJ tHf bgUghY nghlJ. U.,
Uk vWjh vGJnwh. rtfyhrhiyia gfiyfHf
vW, ftdiu, MSe vW brhtJ eilKiw MlJ.
lh nghJ gf MlJ. o iy
thlifF ilF vD bgagyif, FH sF
ilF vd kh UwJ.
ky : wbkhbrhf gy thW khwiyna, V?
mgh : kf VWbfhSj ntL. mJ f aikahjJ
ngUJF ilj Mju,kGJF (fh) ilfiy.
j
njUF (O) ilj Mju Fs UF (fh) ilfiy.
iris <UU vd mKfgLj mP y Ud. kf
eh <UU xliy. to xoaJ. to iya
vD bga gyiffis f aghf fhz KowJ.
mPf bkhbgaJ jUtdtiw kfS VW
bfhSj ntL.
ky : jbrhfis cUthF Ka bjhlwjh?
mgh : Mkh! Ka bjhlwJ. be (sho), Clf (oah)
vd fiybrhf mHfhd j tjgo csd. bt
bgWwd. cikahd Ka bt bgwhk nghFkh...?
Kj a... d gil
KjKjyhf ngUJ, rhiyf XoanghJ jH kiyJ ngh
ghodh.
nkhlhU toah
Kgf vukh
khoyhk XLjo
kha btisfhu to.
W jHDF ngUij af bj; cUthf bj.
jhf fLofgL fUfSF aufSF izahd
j brhfis gilF Ka xU gf elwJ.
j KaF ehK xJiHngh. ehS j tsngh.
27
27
Jizghl
ehL efuK
ehL
ehL vD brh M kf thG yij FgjF tHfglJ.
mjKiw jH thj ehL jehL vd bga bgwJ. _ntjf
MF cgl jeho gFf mtut bgauhnyna nruehL, nrhHehL,
ghoaehL vW miHfgld. bgaf f bjhik thj j
yaf fhzgLwd. ehsil KehLf cfS
ehL vd miHfgld. bfhFehL, bjhilehL Kjad jF
rhwhF.
Wghikahf y j CfS ehblW bga bgW tHFj
cL. Kdh KuehL vgJ gho klyij nrj ehLfS
xW. bghGJ, mbga bghUieah fiuYs xU
bgauhf ywJ. mjF vnu M kWfiu cs kbwhU
tyehL vD bga cilaJ. d, ehL vD brh Ciu FF
Kiwid nrhH ehoY fhzyh.
khatuF mjhf cs X% bfhuehL vd tHfgLwJ.
TiwehL vgnj bfhuehL vd kUW. gLnfhil tl fhdhL,
kJuhjf tl bjhdhL csd.
ehL vD brh bghU tHfh ew jikia
bgaf czJwd.
efu
wj Cf, efu vD bgauh tHF. eho jiyikrhw efu
jiyefu vdgL. Kdh C vW, go vW tHa y lf,
fhy wW efuf Md.
Mthf wj ekhth wj l FUT vD gHbgaiu
JwJ, MthUefahf fwJ. gho ehoYs UJgo,
thfjh nkgL W UJefuhf sFwJ. fhy njhW
28
fS efu vD bgaiuna braghL - 1
bgJ ehLtdthf bjwd.
nfL mf.
brid gFahd ahfuha
efuK, fh efuK, jguF cf CUF mU ehL vd
mik mikJ UF Ko Cbgaf csdth?
mzhkiy efuK, jir cf o bgatfl
njhs fzg efuK jF ehL vgjhd Cbgafis
rhWf MF. nfL bjJbfhs.
brid braghL - 2
fhy jeho jiywJ
cfSF bjkh?
sF efu brid khefu. KW
bjhfsh wgil
MLfF Knd brid xU
Cf ngil vd bga
godkhf fhzgliy. flfiu bgW. nryF mU
JiwKf iy; nfhil iy.
j
brthHikf
bgUghY nkLgskhf ljJ rij eilbgW X C,
ml. brthngil vdgLwJ.
ngil vD bga
brid gFfshf W mikj ntW Cfis
sF kyhU, Utnf bjJbfhs.
flfiu fshf meh fh
mjd.
braghL - 3
kyh cs fghRu
mJbfhsyh.
vD thya f giHik thjJ.
UPhdrgj mjid ghosh. cf C kW mU
cs y CbgafSfhd
UkiyF mUnf cs fhuzfis mJbfhs
Utnf, Kj Mthfsh ghl Ka brayh. yf
bgwJ. m bga mnf J bjhlghd fis
vgjhF. mnf vgJ goJ bjJbfhsyh.
mFs. m kyf mHFw
kyJ fid ftj nf braghL - 4
mUnf vGj C mnf vd
tiugl ghJ vGJf.
bga bgwJ. mnf bgUkh, nfh
jHf tiugl ef
bfhlikah U vD milbkh
vD bga bgw Cfis
bgW Utnf MW. fLoJ vGj.
29
29
UtnfF tlnf nkLgsKkhf gy lf Ujd.
mtW xW enkL.
W kzo vd tHF l xU nko mU bgUgskhf

meh fhzglJ.
(uh..nrJis, CU ngU vD UJ
vLjhsgl gF.)
u vD brh, wj Cfis FgjhF. M fh vd

bga bgw C d, u vgJ nrJ fhu MW. gytu
(gyhtu), fifbfhl nrhHu, jUku Kjait nkY y
vLJfhLf MF.
god
flfiu cUthF efuf god vd bga bgW.
fhgod, ehfgod, fhagod, Fynrfugod,
rJufgod Mait god vd bga bgw Cf MF.
ghf
flfiu f ghf vd bga bgW. godghf,
nfhlghf, dghf, Efghf, nrghf go ghf vd
bga bgw Cfis Flyh.
y
y vD brh yij FF. vLJfhlhf, khy,
jhkiuy, Fuity Kjatiw Flyh.
Fg
bej y mikj thlf, Fg vD bgauh
tHfbgW. fhLFg, behFg, krFg, kjhuFg
Kjatiw Flyh.
30
yfzK bkhwD
1. khiu
yfz khiu vgJ vGJf x msit FF
brh. khiu vgJ a xas.
f L neu myJ u brhLF neu khiu fhy
msthF.
j vGJfSfhd khiu msit bjJbfhSf.
bkbaGJ - miu khiu
cbuGJ (F) - xU khiu
cbuGJ (beo) - U khiu
cbk (F) - xU khiu
cbk (beo) - U khiu
j
j msit jhL xasit msbgil vnwh.
K ghl eh msbgil g goJ mnjh.
2. v
xUik, gik vd v UtifgL.
xwid FgJ xUik; xWF nkgltiw FgJ gik.
- xUik
f - gik
khzt - xUik
khzt - gik
bga xUik Ujh, idKo xUiknyna Uj ntL.
(v.fh.) Ul oglh.
bga gik Ujh, idKo giknyna Uj ntL.
(v.fh.) Ul ogld.
3. l
jik, Kiy, glif vd l _whF.
eh, mt LF nghnd. V tuiy?
brhbwhl,
31
31
eh - jik, - Kiy, mt (mt, mJ) - glif.
gik tUnghJ ehf - jik.
f - Kiy, mtf, mit - glif.
jik vgJ jid FgJ.
Kiy vgJ Kdh Ugtiu FgJ.
glif vgJ jik, Kiy myhj kwtiu FgJ.
xnth lK mjnfg idKoig bgWj ntL.
g
jikFa idKWf jugLsd. Kiy, glifF ca
idKWfis vG uf.
I. eh brnw.
mt
II. ehf cnlh.
f mtf
III. eh Gnj.
mt
4. mfutiria mJbfhnth.
cbk vGJ tiria ghngh.
f, fh, , , F, T, bf, nf, if, bfh, nfh, bfs vd cbkbaGJ
tir tU.
Wt, rhghL, br, r, nrhs vD brhf mfutir
r, rhghL, Wt, br, nrhs vD tir tU.
j tir brhf y nH csd. mtiw mfutir vGJf.
iz, jf, Jiz, njhH, bjU, jhgh, , , bjh.
32
5. foj vGJj ( cwKiw foj )
foj lbgw ntoait
foj vGJnth KG Kft
foj vGJ eh
bjf ntoa br
foj ciw foj bgWgt KG Kft (mr FpL vQl)
kh foj
(bt cs egDF/ njhF vGJ foj)
6/2m, behugfhL,
mHfhu bga ,
nry - 636 016.
20. 01. 2014
j
mUiknjh rhF,
eh F ey. eykh? c bgnwh eykh? CUF
brwUJ F vdF bghGnj nghfiy. eh, e
njhf fa, fyh, rhjh, mjh, fha, nrhah, b#g,
, mjh, ukhnj, Rk, rjh vyhU c tufhf
fhUnwh. tU KGk eh, tjh kahf
isahlyh.
ml,
uk
(ifbahg)
ciwnk Kft
bgWe
br kh. rh,
ehnfhgo,
ea} - 636 458,
nk^ tl, nry khtl.
g
c eg/njh y ehshf gF tuiy. gUJ
WjgL ntiyF mDggl br tUwJ. L gF
tUkhW c egDF/njhF xU foj tiuf.
33
33
tFgiwwf
1. dh vGf.
bghU
m. ga
M. jaf
. gHf
<. jh kdghik
c. khw
2. fUjhl brf.
m. vGJnghJ gagLJ jbrhfis ngRnghJ VgL
jaff vbdd?
M. j fhy elJs khwf vbdd?
3. FG f
W FGfshf J cf C cs bjUbgafis bjhFf.
Ciu Rs f bgafis bjhFf. cfSF
bjj bga fhuzfis TWf.
4. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il jUf.
m. sho vgjF izahd jbrh vJ?
M. shghu vgjF izahd jbrh vJ?
. UJef Kija bga vd?
<. ghf vD bgaUila f vj mU csd?
c. mj fhy vJ Ka? j fhy vJ Ka?

m. ytiu ghjJ brtfSF y neuf tU neh vJ?
M. jik vd gQkhW gJkjh gilJlh vW yt
tUJwh?
34
. obuid vbdd bga eh TWnwh?
<. ehL vD brh Ciu FFkhW mikj Cbgaf

ytiw TWf.
III. ehF tfSF fhk il jUf.
m. brtf ytfl elJbfhSKiw.
M. KW MLfSF Kija brid.
5. Ffis brJ xUgf ms fLiu tiuf.

jiy : v C
F
m. vDila C bga
M. bgafhuz
j
. kfbjhif
<. Lf tiff - Foir, XL, fll
c. bjUf vif mt bgaU
C. gf vif
v. kUJtkidf
V. ngUJiya
I. iu muF
x. yf
X. eilbgW UHhf
xs. C vdF ojit
6. L g
1. o cs bgatfl fhy bry bry VgoUF
khwfis, ma JizfUf gaghil nfL
vGj.
2. cf jh, jij, jhjh, gho MnahnuhL cfhJ jeho

gL vd Ko Cbgafis bjhFJ, kWeh tF
gof.
35
35
thifwf
kyl UjJ KKa. KKa cstf w Vsd brthfns

vd idJ jaFtJ iy. w eKl tUwhfsh vd ghgJ
iy. Kj Mshf eljhY ftiynah mrnkh yhk elwhf.
jh kdghik cstfl KKa UfhJ.
f vgo elJbfhf?
1. cwd L HhF brf. ahU cfSl fyfyghf
gHfiy. vd brf?
m. clnd v Kf thoL.
M. iu LF bry id tU.
. ehnd ta brW fyfyghf ngRnt.
2. tFgiw kahd xUeh. Ma, xU ghL ghl brh

cfis nfwh. f vd brf?
m. vdF ghl tuhJ vng.
M. vJ ngrhk vGJ jiyia Fjgo ng.
. vdF bjj ghl uL monah ehF monah ghLnt.
3. cf njhwijnah cf cilianah cf goignah ahuhtJ

cf KJFF dh Vsdkhf jh,
m. f tU.
M. kdJF Lnt.
. vJ nfng.
4. Jtiu f fWbfhshj xU g: fWbfhwhah?

nrJ Lnw vd mgh nfwh. vd brhf?
m. ntlh, vdh KoahJ vng.
M. m~J vdF xJtuhJ vng.
. fWbfhs Mtkh xJbfhnt.
vyh dhfSF jh il vgJ cfSF bj.
fUid btgLj Kiwahd braiy bra f
xUnghJ jaFj TlhJ.
36
tsu braghLf
nfl w braghL - 1
fhQ fijia Ma gof, khztf cWnfL, dhfSF
ilaf.
kiy thJ tj a, ntiyyhk zhf bghGJngh tjh.
mt iyiafL mtDila jh f tUdh. xUeh aid
miHJ, cqjh ntiy bra Ugiy. gfJ CUFbrW ntiy
ilwjh vW ghJL th vW Tdh. jh kd tUjTlhJ vd
va a, fLnrhW _ill wglh. gf KGtJ ntiyia
njo miyjh. Mdh, mt vghjgo vj xU ntiy mikaiy.
f fisgilj a, mUUj tuR ku H cfhJ XbtLjh.
d, fLnrhW _ilia mJ twhu nrhW clh. cl kaf
u ifia jiyF itJ mnfna gLJlh. cwf vGj a,
kuij cW nehdh. j tuRku f bgajhf csnj, j kuijna
bto wF wh vd? iwa gz tUnk vW vdh. mLj eh
j
fhiy, if nfhll tjh. mj tuRku isfis btl
bjhldh. fis Fah mku Hnyna gLJwdh. thW
XbtLgJ kuisia btLtJ khiy neukhdJ wFfis xwhf
nrJfo jiy RkJ brtJkhf Ujh. eh brybry tuRku
KGikahf btlgL mj l btWikahf khaJ.
y eh fJ L ntiy njo miyj a tHfngh ku H
XbtLf Udh. Mdh, mF tuRku yhjjdh, bt mtid
RbljJ. H jj kuij btoaikfhf f kd tUdh.
dhf
1. fij ikafUJ ahJ?
2. fij lbgW ku bga vd?
3. a tuRkuij btl fhuz ahJ?
4. tuRkuij btlbjhlaJ a xbthU ehS vthW
fjJ?
5. fij thyhf mJbfhtJ vd?
goj w braghL - 2
fhQ ciugia thL gof.
eh g Mf nghnwhkh? j G ffshf nghnwhkh?
gkhfjh Mj ntL. mjF Ka brj ntL; KLfilfis
cilbjj ntL.
37
37
cF ma f gkhf KoahJ; Jislglhj _ yhFHyhf
KoahJ; Rlglhj jf Rll KoahJ; mofglhj U Mjkhf KoahJ;
cUshj ff cUilahf KoahJ.
tuyhiw gogJ KakW; tuyhiw gilf ntL. cyfij
ghJ eh agJ KakW; cyfnk eik ghJ aj ntL.
vLj w braghL - 3
fhQ ghl lbgWs Cbgafis vLJ vGJf.
Utzh kiyfh Ufh s
fh jgubj dh% fh
FUehL nfjhu nfhy bfhil
nfhfuz brfehj Fg nfhz
ma uf Uth idfh
mlfYngh jid njo f
tUuh gL kJiu njo
kbfhlh Tl vflhnd.
- UFwhy Fwt
Utzhkiy
vGJj w braghL - 4
flYs xUik brhfSF gik brhf vGJf.
f F nrJ gikahFf.
kiy - kiyf -
is - m -
38
iy - fij -
ehL - fiy -
C - eh -
MW - fl -
flJ vGJj braghL - 5

fhQ ghliygoJ ebgGJ (dbtGJf) brhfis flJ
vGJf.
sfhiy bghGny f - 1. 2. 3. 4.
brfnuh vGUf. . .
r - 1.
bfhil nrtbyhW
Tiunkny T f . . . l- 1.
gwit Tlbkyh
j
j - 1. 2. 3. 4.
glglnj gwUf . . .
sbjw fhWtJ g - 1.
bjkhF ghoirf . . .
w - 1. 2.
fh fhQnghnj
nrhg ber FU.
ghliy iw brj braghL - 6

ca vGij u ghliy iw brf. ( U / W )
U U UL - ehS
iy gof L
f ignghy ikah - kd
fUij tsJ caL
nghy jaij - vW
c ahf brL
mUgh UF nghny - ey
mit tsJ cu bg .
39
39
vGJj braghL - 7
cbk vG bjhlF brhfis vGJf.
f fhiy , , bfil
r , ,
P , ,
j , ,
e , ,
g , ,
k , ,
a , ,
t , ,
ghl vGJj braghL - 8

ghliy iw brf.
(nfh, njhif, Jif, xWik, eif, ntWik)
kYF mHF
kJiuF mHF
ahidF tik
kjDF tik
ehLF ntL
vW ntlh
40
bkh isahL braghL - 9
U flY xUJ vfis bjhlJ brwh gHbkhf ilF.
mtiw flf.
1 jh 2 9 10 j 1 fh 2 9 10 25
4 3 W 8 11 24 F
4 lh 3 M 8 Y 11
5 s 6 ngh 7 nj 12 bfh 23
5 6 7 lh 12 j
16 15 a 14 K 13 22 ah
16 15 L 14 M 13 ij 17 18 19 U 20 21 id
j
fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. ca jbrhiy vGJf. 3X1=3
m. nghL -
M. T -
. obu -
2. uf. 3X1=3
m. yt tWikia ghoat .
M. gFj fuha .
. CU ngU vD Ma .
3. v gh brh jUf. 2X1=2
m. kf X
M. jij X
4. mfuKj tir vGJf. 1X2=2
mil, mfh, mr, mfho, mr, ml
41
41
a _W br
Fwhy Fwt
Fwhy kiy ts
* thduf fbfhLJ kbahL bfhR

kJ ffSF thff bfR
fhdtf vJ thdtiu miHg
fkdj tJtJ fha isg
njdU iuvG tht xGF
brfnuh gfhY njfhY tGF
Tds iwKoj nt myfhu
Fwhy Tl kiyvf kiyna! * 1
Xl fhgJ d bts
xLf fhgJ naha cs
thl fhgJ dh kUF
tUj fhgJ Ncis rF
nghl fhgJ J
yg fhgJ bfhJ
njl fhgJ eyw
UF why bj Ma ehnl! 2
- Tl uhrg fuha
42
42
ghl-1, bghU
tisj siwia j ril mj tbgUkh UF
kiy Fwhykiy. mJjh vf kiy. j kiy M FuFf
bg FuFfSF gHfis gJbfhL tJ jU. cQnghJ
bg FuFf gHfis jtwL L. mit J gHfis nfL
njtf bf ghf. caj vf kiy cs fhdtf thd
UF njtfis fo miHghf.
jf, wig F _iffis vf kiy tsJ tUthf.
mU miy caJ vG thdijna bjhL. mj miy fut
nj oa Fiuf fhfS nj rfufS tGG.
ghl-2, bghU
Fwhyehjuha tbgUkh thG ehL vf ehL. vf eho
kf m XonghtJ iy; btsjh XL. kf F xL
j
Ugiy; jt brnth csjh xL UF. kf F
neh, tWikah thLtJ iy; bgf bkil kLnk thL. kf
F tUJtJ iy; KJfis <D rFf kLnk tUJwd.
F ga mwit vd vit nghlgLtJ iy; ijf
kLnk k nghlgLwd. kf nf Jg ytJ iy;
FHijf fh m fns yg x vGwd. kf
nf brtfis njo miytiy; mw, bgUik uil kLnk
kf F njLthf. thW Fw, j kiytsK ehLtsK
FJ TWwh.
brhbghU
1. thduf - brh, bghJthf FuFfis FF.
F M FuFfis FjJ; k - bg FuF;
thff - njtf; fkdj - thtna idj
lJF brY jf; fha - kj wig
fhF _if; gfh - Fiufh; Td - tisj;
nt - ril.
2. dh - bgf; kUF - il; Ncis - fUitjhF
Jg.
F : KGbga UFwhy Fwt. Ma Tl
uhrgfuha Mth. Fwt vD ya tifia rhjJ .
Xireaf ghlf iwJ fhzgLwd.
43
43
nyilghl
kuK giHa Fil
R lF bgUkiHF jhfhJ
r mjD btxGF - jrvnwh
ntlJmU KJRth Jiuuh nruhnf!
nfhLku w Fil.
- mHa brhfehj yt
ghlbghU
milfy vW tJ miljt Uajid mF kdnd!
(KJrhJiu) nfghahf!
isfis cila ku, s fhfis cilajhf UF; f kiH
bgjh jhfhJ G; mjilna mikj ilbt tahf bt tU.
giHa FilahdJ, UF; bgUkiHia jhfhJ; Jisf
tahf bt cns brY. vdnt, jifa fhuzfsh, w Fil,
kuJF xghdjhF.
brhbghU: nfhL ku - isfis cila ku; w Fil - j Fil.
Ma F
mHa brhfehj yt Ubent khtl cs jre
wjt. UgijJF nkgl jghlfis aat. tj
fhy .. 19M whL.
F
jghl uo lbgWs nyilghl xW ghlgFahf
jugLsJ.
xU brhnyh bjhlnuh UbghU jUkhW ghLtJ nyil vdgL.
jid, uLwbkhj vd TWt. uL + cw + bkhj -
uLwbkhj. UbghUgl ghLtJ.
(v.fh.) MW
MW vgJ XLw Miw FF.
v Mwid (6) FF.
brY tia FF.
44
ciueil
vJ gghL?
(To ngRnth thf...)
f - 1
briy ghUfsh? Mwh tF gowh; mt gLRo;

X l fkhlh; vnghJ XlK eilkhfjh Ugh.
mtl xU gHf cL. elFnghnj tbayh viy
Jth. ahuhtJ nflh, cdbfd? vgh.
jonflh, mtDF d tU. Mdh, v Jtjid

kL Wjnt khlh. thW v Jtjdh, fh neh cf
gu, kwtfSF nehtu thf cL vd T Jwh.
45
45
To ngRnth
br brtJ Kiwah?
bghJ lf v Jdh vbdd bfLj tU?
viy vnf Jdh vd? vd nfF brYF cf
g vd? cDl tUnth v Jdh, mtfSF vthW
vLJiugh?
f - 2
Rju mgh bga gH. Mdh, vyhUF e gH vwhjh

clnd bj. m~bjd... e gH...? ahl vd ngdhY, vd
brjhY clnd e brhw gHf cilat gH.
xUehisF Mu jlitahtJ, e vD brhiy
gagLLth.
ngU elJe gazL bfhLgh; gH e vgh.
mrfhu gHl foj bfhLgh, mjF e Iah vgh.
Rju, mghF j bfhLgh; mjF e brhth gH.
46
To ngRnth
vjbfLjhY, e brhw gHf cilatfis f
ghUfsh?
e vgJ btW brhjhnd, mjid brhdh vd,
brhyhlh vd vW idfsh?
ahUfhtJ f e brhdJ clh?
k' vD brhiy vbfF vyh gagLjyh vd

egfSl fyJiuahLf.
f - 3
mj tir oUjJ. xnu Tl.

MfS bgfS fyJ xnu tir Ujhf.
j
nkUJ ghjh bga kiygh gLUgJngh tir bj.
fj wfL vd vyhU fhUjd.
KJ mnf tjh; M ey cau; ifia fobfhL Jneu
ntoif ghjgo wh.
mt tir fiy.
47
47
fj wjJ iuth Kdh Xodh, KJ.
Tl Uj y brhdhf.
ahugh mJ? ehf tiry nwhnk, bjayah!
KJ, Kiwjgo Tlij ghJ brhdh:
cf ntiyia ghUf. vyh vdF bj.
D y brhdhf.
ekF vJF t? nghdh nghL nghwh.
xUt cuf brhdh.
gona twtf Kdhy nghdh, ehk vngh nghwJ?
jid ahjh nfgJ?
To ngRnth
KJ brjJ Kiwjhdh?
kf tir Ujh f vd brf?
M, bg vd jj tir njitah? vbfF vyh
tirKiwia gWj ntL? V? tirKiwia brgtiug
vd idwh?
f - 4
brgf mgh vyhiu mt, t vWjh miHgh.

rhiy nghF fhffhuiu, V, fhf vW miHgh.
oF tU njhlfhu khfij, njhlfhuh...nf th!
vW mgh TLth; ehnjhW oF brjh nghLgtiu,
nggfhu vWjh brhth.
mghF ne vuhdt mkh. ta FiwjtfisTl
thf, nghf vWjh brhth.
br bjhiy itJ xUtiu kahij Fiwthf TLtJ
mkhF ofhJ.
mgh wiu TLtjid ghj brgfK xUeh khfij,
njhlfhuh... nf th! vW Tlh.
mkh mjodh. bgatfis mgo Tl TlhJ, bjjh?
brgf gYF nflh. mgh kL mgo Tlyhkh?
48
j
To ngRnth
xUtiu bga brh miHfyhkh?
ta bgatfis th, ngh vd xUik ngryhkh?
cfis bga brh miHjh, kahf Uwjh?
V... nf th vd bga Twhk miHjh kahf Uwjh?
F
khztfis FGfshf f. MW myJ VG khztf
xU FG UfL. nkfl nffis FGf To ngr
brhYf. vJ Kiw? vJ KiwawJ? vgjidl, khztf kd
gl fUij fyJiuahl brhYf.
FGF xU jiytiu mtfns njbjLfL. mj
FG fUij mj jiyt bjhFJ TWgo brhy.thW
rKjha fG g KiwnfLfis goaLf. mgoa cs
gnfLfisg, xbthU ehS xwidg fUjhl f.
rKjha vgJ ehjhnk. eh xbthUtU gl elFnghJ,

rKjhank gghLf rKjhakhf khL. ehjh ey gghil
cUthFj ntL. mjF, ekF cWahd ey kdghik ntL.
filongh; ey gf rKjhaij cUthFnth.
49
49
Jizghl
tzf Iah!
rij To UjJ. tiftifahd bghUfis F gntW filf.
TT bghUfis F tff. Ua gf vyh kf
Tl. fhf, gHf, kghlf, Jkf... go gy bghUfS
F filfSF eLnt khWgl xU Fu xjJ.
brh thfnah .... brh!
ehFy ey brh UF; bfl brhY UF.
brh thfnah... brh...!
mnf nghwtf, tUwtf vyhU al U ghjhf.
bgat xUt nflh: j Crij f ffJ. f lyfh
UJ, JJtiuF vyh thfyh. Mdh, brhiy whna!
J J thfkhf Unf...?
mj tf brhdh: J thfjhf... thif fhagl
kfSF ftiygLw kfSF MWj brh ntL. FHgJy
jw nfhlhDnfho kfSF brh ntQ... mjdhjh brhiy
nw...
gf Vnjh rj cuf nflJ. mghahf njhw mj
xUt U iffis o thdij ghJ RR tjh. gf
Ujtf vdgh go, cidna R bfhwhna vd nfld.
mkh ehD rijF tnjh. mkhit fhnzh; R R
njl brh xUt brhdh. mjdhjh RWnw. vwh, mj
mgh.
rahd Klh vwh X M. jid nfLbfhoUj brh
tf, y Klhfis mthahf brh vl UwJ...
vW brhdh. mgh, mtl tJ, vd f? vW
nflh. brhfis nw. fhR Ujh bfhL. cdF brhf
njitgL...vwh, tf.
vl fhR iyf... ehisF jnwnd... vw mj mghl,
r, cid ghjh ghtkhf UF. eh xU brhiy jnw...
vyhlK mjidna brhY. tzf... mJjh, eh cdF
bfhLF brh.
50
j
mgh mtl, tzf brhL mw brwh.
rWbjhiy brtjF btehL ga xUt vnu tjh. mtiu
ghjl, tzf vwh mgh. mtuJ Kf ngh kyjJ.
kah mghia mizJ bfhlh; jo bfhLjh.
fhiyUJ V vW nfgh yhk tnfL miynj.
tjtfis kf bjjt jh... tzf vD brhiy vts
ml, mHfhf brhwh. mUik... mUik.. vd ghuhodh. mJl
fiy; bghfhRfis tHdh.
mgh Fj kl brh tfl ngh eljjid
brhdh. mtl bghfhRf midij bfhLjh. mtnuh,
jdF gh kL nghJ; ia na itJ bfh vd brhdh.
tfl, jdF ntW a brhfis fW jUkhW mgh nflh.
mt, clnd U brhfis brh bfhLjh. kah Uf.
j brhfis ahiu ghjhY brh, rah? vd, mt brhdJ
mgh kl sdh.
efu bjU mgh brwh. vnu tj xbthUtiu ghJ
kah Uf vd brhbfhnl brwh.
vnu bgU Cty xW Muthukhf tjJ. myffgl glJ
ahidf tjd. Fiugil uf tjhf. KuRf mu, bfhof
gwf tjhf. vd br...? ntilahLtjfhf brUj mur
ehL U bfhoUjh.
51
51
mgh mjid ghjh. fhtyf jLjhf. Mdh, KoaoJ
bfhL mur Kghf brWlh. gt tj mur vnu W,
kah Uf vwh.
mur d bfhlh. vd ! j eho mur eh. vid
t kJ thJwh xU bghoa vW fdh. fhtyfis
miHjh. mghia iw milFgo Mizlh.
clnd mgh, kah Uf. vwh.
murDF D d FjJ. t vid nf brwh;
VsdgLlh. tid bfhiyfsF bfhLbrW jiyia
btLf. vW Mizlh. mghnah, kah Uf
vwh.
mghia bfhiyfsF GJ brw uflK kah
Uf vwh. jiyia btLtjF jahuhf thSl w Kulf
UtlK mnj brhfis brhdh. KulfSF aiy. jiyia
btl this Xdhf. mnghJ mgh kah Uf vwh.
KulfSF f fyaJ; btl Xa thfis mtf nH
nghLlhf.
bfhiyahf ehf! bfh^ukhd Kiw fGij btLnwh.
vfis ghJ, kah Uf vW brhd Kj kj tjh.
t brhf fUiz UwJ. vfsh tid btl KoahJ. mur
vfis mthsh TWnghlhY r; ehf mjid VWbfhnth
vwhf.
vyhU murlnk brW mtdJ Koit khbfhs brh
nflhf. eljtiw vyh brhdhf. mur FHg miljh.
mnghJ btehL ga muritF tjh. mghia ghjJ
fo bfhlh. munr! tjh cf ehL gghil vdF
a itjt vwh. kd k miljh. mghia Ljiy
brjh. mtDF bghD bghUS if iwa tHdh.
bghbghU Kjyhd gRfSl mgh, mkhl Udh.
kfid k bghf mizJbfhlh, mkh. tzf... kah
Uf! vW mkhl brhdh, mgh.
(ehLw fij)
52
yfzK bkhwD
1. iH UjK
m. eh neW iuglF brnw.
M. mt ehisF tjh.
. j jfij uL MLfSFK eh thFnt.
j brhbwhlfis gojJ, t cs iHf vd vgJ
cfSF UF.
idbrhf fhy iHahf tUwJ.
vgo Ujh Kiwahf UF.
m. brnw M. tUth . thnd
2. fhy
j
wjfhy, ffhy, vfhy vd Kfhyf UgJ cfSF
bj.
fhyij FF ca idbrhiy gagLJj ntL.
gh vD idbrh fhyF Vwgo tUkhW khWwJ.
ghnj ( wjfhy )
ghnw ( ffhy )
ghng ( vfhy )
g - 1
tU brhbwhlfSF vnu mit vj fhyij Fwd
vd vGJf.
ghkh ewhf nj vGdh
fhu filF nghf kWjh
gf Ugtid ghJ ghJ vGJwh
Ma tjJ nf nfgh
g - 2
mil FF UF idbrhiy fhyJF Vwgo kh
vGJf.
(v.fh.) mW elj ngRngho eh xU kneu ngnd. (ngR)
53
53
1. neW u j ghlij eh (go)
2. c L UJF flha eh (th)
3. mgh tjJ (L)
4. nghJ eh j (go)
3. cL, iy
cL, iy vD U brhfis eh Fahf gagLJnwh.
cL, iy vd Ko brhf fhy btgilahf iy.
Fghfjh eh JbfhSj ntL.
(v.fh.)
ghkh njit ewhf vGjiy. (wjfhy)
mz tjJ cdF gR cL. (vfhy)
4.mfuKj ghngh
tU brh bjhF mfuKj Kj tuToa brhiy
flJ vGJf.
m. jr, jf, jfu
M. gU, d, gyif
. Rt, Rf, N
<. njit, bjh, bjid
c. mkh, mgh, mz
C. kj, kif, kHiy
5. Jtiu eh gojtiw bjhFJ ghngh.

1. mogil
vGJ, brh, brhbwhl vd _W bkh mogil cWf.
m - vGJ.
m - brh.
mng bjt - brhbwhl.
brh vgjid bkh, gj, s, thij vd brhnth.
brhbwhliu tha vd brhnth.
54
2. vGJ
m. vyh vGJfSF mogilahdJ x.
mut, th vLJ rilF nghdh vd vGJtJ jtW.
ngRtJ jtW. xnth vGJF X x cL.
vGij Kiwgo xf eh g vLj ntL.
M. xnth vGJ xU gia brwJ.

m, , c - RL vGJf (RblGJf) (c- gagho iy.)
v, ah, M, X, V - Mait dh vG vGJf. (dh vGJf)
V - vgJ brh KjY WY W dhbghUis jU.
. vGJfSF ilna e cL. mjid Jbfhlh

bgUghyhd iHfis fyh.
j
bkd vGJ, mj e vGjhd td vGJ mLjLJ
tUtJ a.
f; r; l; j; g; w j aig Jbfhltf,
clh vd, wh vd Kiwahf vGJwhf.
ahjtf clh wh vd iHahfnt vGJwhf;
ngRwhf.
<. iH netJ vnghJ?

I. xWiH
ghliy J go. (iH).
ghliy J go. (Uj)
II. F beoiH
m) j Fojh. (j)
M) filF ngh bto ril thdh. (nto)
) vd nfhLik J! (bfhLik)
III. JizbaGJ iH
m) mghF bgD bgUS iljJ. (bghD bghUS)
M) nrht ril ghnj. (nrt)
55
55
IV. kabfh iH
ghij fS KY ljd. ( fY KS)
3. brh
bgabrh, idbrh, ilbrh, cbrh vd brh
ehtifgL. bgabrh, idbrh Ma Ubrhf g j
tF mJbfhnlh.
bga brhiy caizbrh, m~izbrh vd ulhf
fyh.
bga, idbrhfis Mgh, bggh, gygh, xwgh,
gygh vd nwh.
4. brhbwhl
brhf izJ brhbwhliu cUthFwd.
brhbwhliu mikFnghJ gntW iHf VgLwd.
xUik gik iHfS, fhyiHfS mofo VgL iHfsh.
I. xUik - gik
iH Uj
m. fhW d; kuf mirjJ. fhW aJ; kuf mirjd.
M. jfgD brygD jfgD brygD
gF brwh. gF brwd.
II. fhy
iH Uj
m. ehisF eh CUF ehisF eh CUFngh
ngh nrnj. nrnt.
M. neW gh bghFwJ. neW gh bghaJ.
5. foj vGJ g (mYtyf foj)

mYtyf foj vGJnghJ y Kiwfis filoj ntL.
56
kh foj
mDe
eh. bkfUrh ,
17, rhiy,
fyit - 632 506,
nt khtl.
bgWe
tl tHf mYty,
tlha mYtyf,
MfhL,
nt khtl.
Iah,
j
bghU: FLg mil Jj - bjhlghf.
------
FLgJl ehf bt brUjjdh, vf FLg

milia Jf ayiy. FLg mil xefiy Jl
izJns. FLg milia JJ ju ntLnw. e.
fyit, jf ciks,
20.01.2014 eh. bkfUrh
ciwnk Kft
bgWe
tl tHf mYty,
tlha mYtyf,
MfhL,
nt khtl.
g : efuh/csh cs Rfhjhu mYtyUF cf

bjU bfhRkUJ bjf nto foj tiuf.
57
57
tFgiwwf
1.ngRf.
IJ kJfSF Fiwahk ng gHFf.
m. vid ftj kj M. vdF ojkhd gHf
. v L <. v bjU
c. v egf
2. dh vGf.
tU jiyf cdF njhW dhfis bjhLf.
m. fgid M. cik . aha
<. maha c. bgh
3.FGf
IJng bfhl _W FGfshFf. xbthUtU aghf ehF
tf ngRf. vbghU gahtJ ngRf. (v.fh.) vdF oj iugl.
xbthUtU vjid My brhfis fyJ ngRwhf vd
fzLf. Fiwthf My brhfis fyJ nga FGit btbgw
FGthf m brf.
4.fUjhl brf.
m. Tlf, nfhf, iu muFf f elFnghJ,
brng ngRnth elJbfhS Kiw.
M. tzf Iah fij fWbfhLF gf.
5. vGJf.
I. XU brhf il jUf.
m. yg fhgJ
M. UFwhy kf njLtJ
. U bghUgl ghLtJ
II. ehF t il jUf.
m. Tl kiy wfis vGJf.
M. nfhLkuK w Fil xghF. vthW?
. ghlYs gghL ff flhakhf gw
ntoabjd vjid fUJwh? V?
58
III. WW fLiuf vG gHFf.
m. v L
M. v egf
. v ya
<. v njitf
c. v Ugf
C. tzf Iah fijia ehlfkh eoJ fhLf.
IV. isahLf.
njit : _W FGf; FGF _t.
isahL Kiw:
ah bt bgWthf? xbthU FGF X vGJ jUj ntL.
mj vGJ cbkahf Uj ntL.
j
(v.fh.) f j g
Ma VjhtJ xU FGFa vGij cuf brhth.
vLJfhlhf, f. KgJ dhofSF mj FG f bjhlF
xU brhiy brhYj ntL.
mbrh vjid vGJ csnjh mjid kbg mj
FGF.
(v.fh.) fg brhdh 4 kbg.
flfiu brhdh 5 kbg.
flfhu brhdh 6 kbg.
iwa vGJf bfhl brhfis J brhYj ntL.
xnu tir nffhk khkh nfl ntL.
IJKiw j isahL eilbgWj ntL.
mf vGJfis bfhl brhfis brh, mf kbg
bgWw FGnt bt bgw FGthf mj ntL.
(xnu xU fLghL: bgabrhfisjh brhYj ntL.
idbrhfis brhYj TlhJ. fnl, jtnd, gonj
nghwit idbrhf)
59
59
thifwf
gFjh w
vjid gojhY vjid nflhY mgona VWbfhSj TlhJ.
gFJ MJ ghj ntL.
Vf ntoajid VWbfhSj ntL; js ntoajid
jSj ntL.
gFjh w thifF njitgL w.
1. Fwhy Fwt ghl MFuFfS bgFuFfS bfh
isahL fh g MuhJ TWf.
m. elf ToaJ; aifahdJ.
M. elfKoahjJ; fgidahdJ.
2. fhdtf njtfis fo miHF fh
m. elf ToaJ; aifahdJ.
M. elf KoahjJ; fgidahdJ.
3. mU miy, thdij Ko Na ghijia tGf itwJ.
J
m. elfToaJ; aifahdJ.
M. elf KoahjJ; fgidahdJ.
4. FHijF fhr, UZo Rnghlyh vwh gho. vd
idwh?
m. gho brhtJ rahfjh UF.
M. cldoahf kUJtl miHJ brYj ntL.
5. ru ufz vgo fwJ?
m. bga gh tJ ruid GFwJ.
M. NaDF ruDF ilna tUtjdh clhtJ.
60
bkh isahLf
1. brh isahL
mltiz cs brhfis fLoJ vGJf.
2. brh isahL
r j gh
R F iz j th
j
U e z
f M a
c l w
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
61
61
ehnd cUthFnt
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
62
Kont bjhlf
brh W Ko vGij KjyhtjhfbfhL kbwhU brhiy
vG brhgofL cUthFf.
if
ifR
j
Rzh
aku
Jisj
ehnd brnt
63
63
itJ
ehnd brnt
3. brh isahL
njitahd vGJfis btW fl u brhfis cUth vGJf.
bg ah
U ik
64
ehnd brnt
j
4. brh isahL
mfutirgo vG gHFf.
rhW : gyhL, KJ, MkzF, mur, bfh.
mfutir : mur, MkzF, bfh, gyhL, KJ.
mfutirgLJf.
1. e, m, k, g, isahL, L, njhl.
mfutir
, , , , .
2. gir, njfh, tl, njf, kiP.

mfutir
, , , , .
65
65
gilghw
ifbaGJ j cUthFj
(vifF Vg khztfis FGfshf J ifbaGJ j cUthFj)
( m Rl V myij btf! )
fij bghf cHt eg

(bfhlhL fhuz)
tsbkyh bghf! gl tiuj (khL)
Lfij gHbkh mJbfhnth!

1.
2.
3.
il : 1. 2. 3.
eif J kwbr
(fbgwtf jdif tf) j kw khj
ff
66
ytr gaz mil zg got
I. uf.
1. khzt bga :
2. goF g bga :
3. tF :
4. :
5. wgL l :
6. nrU l :
bgnwh ifbahg khzt ifbahg
j
jiyikaha ifbahg
bjhlto Kg zg got
II. uf.
1. bga
2. M/bg
3. bjhlto v
4. gaz eh
5. wgL l
6. nrU l
7. Uif vif

zgt ifbahg.
67
67
tsu braghLf
gl ghJ ngR w braghL - 1
fhQ glfis ghJ c fUij tFgiw _W kJ ngRf.

1 2
3 4
68
goj w braghL - 2
ca Funyw wfJl cz btgLkhW thL gof.
mF atfns! MU egfns! mwyj jhkiungh J

FYF v nghw whfns! nghuhu brJ Xuhu ahidfis bfhw
Fynjhnu! khil cyf ehisa kdfns!
ju jHuh wnjhnk! jiHna jhbkhah bfhnlhnk!

m, miw jH u isahLfS VnjD xwidahtJ iw
jHuha eh fnwhkh? if fbgLJ ML yghl bjjt e
vjid ngnuh? njh tikia fhL knghiu kwfhjt e vjid
ngnuh? nghfiy Egfis csla njtuhlij mjt e vjid
ngnuh? _rl Mfl _ KbjLf Koahk nghdhY kzyhtJ vLf
ntlhnth?
j
jifa u isahLf <LgL, e cl tikia bgUf
ntlhnth? Rt Ujhjhnd u tiua Ko vgjid mjt eh
jhnd! mUJ cley fhg Ug bfhshjJ Vndh? cl eyjhnd
c ey. mjdh mnwh, cl tsnj c tsnj vwhnu U_y.
jHuh ejH u isahLfis ehS fW isaho knthnk!
vGJj braghL - 3
fhQ UbghU jU brhfis bjhlf mikJ vGJf.
t.v brh bghU bjhl
jhkiu - ky Fs jhkiu kyUjJ.

1. jhkiu
ca fh jhkiuia
jh+ kiu
fnl.
- jhw kh
gyif - kugyif
2. gyif
gy + if
- gy iff
69
69
vgh
- kWJ Tw
3. vgh
v+ gh
- vghd
khku
- xU tif ku
4. khku
kh + ku
- bga ku
MWjiy
- njWj
5. MWjiy
MW + jiy
- MW jiyf
vGJj braghL - 4
vJ gghL? vD ciueil lbgWs fijkhjf gfis
flf uf.
gH
br Fzeyf KJ
brgf
mkh
70
brh UJ brh cUthFj braghL - 5
FfisbfhL xJs brhfis flJ vGJf.
brh xUgJ eg;

1. mU m
ulh vGij dh mJ ilF.
brh xUgJ Y yY
2. MSik thG yF; ulh vGij dh mJ
ilF.
brh xUgJ xU yF; ulh
3. ef
vGij dh mJ ilF.
brh xUgJ ngR cW; _wh

4. thik
vGij dh mJ ilF.
brh xUgJ iuthf XL
j
5. g yF; _wh vGij dh mJ
ilF.
brh UJ brh cUthFj braghL - 6

bfhLfgLs vGJfis nrJ brhfis cUthFf.

bfhF
bfh F j L
bfhF

ehnd cUthFnt
g J
71
71
tifgL vGJj braghL - 7
flYs brhfis tifgL vGJf.
gonj, tUnt, nw, tnj, gonw, ng, gong, tUnw,

nw, ngRwh, brnw, eowh, eogh, brnw, ngRth,
eojh, ngdh, brnt
wjfhy ffhy vfhy
1. gonj 1. gonw 1. gong

2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
6. 6. 6.
LfijF il fhz braghL - 8

LfijF ca ilid vLJ vGJf.
(fU, y, C, brf, thiH)
t.
Lfij il
v
1. NLgL tjt, Lfl cjth.
2. F, uhil mW; Mil be, j mW.
3. Mid U, nrid U,
mojh tF, fojh F.
4. ku Vdh tGF; fh wh JtF;
gH wh F.
5. xahd kj, xnu fhJ kj, mt fhJ nghdh,
VJ ga?
72
j vfis mnth. braghL - 9
mu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
v
j
v f c r U T v m
nkfl mltizia gagL jbHfis uf.
1. bjhyhs eh - nk 1 - nk
2. fhaof wj eh - mnlhg 2 - mnlhg
j
3. cyf jf eh - Vu 23 - Vu
4. FHijf eh - etg 14 - etg
5. RWNH eh - #] 5 - #]
6. FoauR eh - rdt 26 - rdt
7. bfho eh - org 7 - org
8. kf eh - kh 8 - kh
9. nja xUikghL eh - etg 19 - etg
10. kj cikf eh - org 10 - org
73
73
fwyil WkL
kbg : 10
1. bghUJf. 2x1=2
m. Td - j
M. w - tisj
2. bghUjhj izia tlLf. 3x1=3
m. wjfhy - vGJnt
M. RL vGJ - m, , c
. ebgGJf - g, l
3. bfhLfgLs brhf < Vfhu mikJ vGJf. 3x1=3
m. egf
M. bgnah
. rhnwh
4. bjhlf cs iHfis UJf. 2x1=2
m. iy go.
M. neW tUth.
74
x g
j
sz
w
u
yed
aghd ehF
75
75
vdh Ko, eh brnj
( I can, I did )
khzt fw braghLf gntL
ghl :
t.v eh ghl v ghljiy braghL Fiu
76
STANDARD SIX
TERM III
77
Note to the Teacher
In this unit, an attempt has been made to open the door to the
world of literature through a story from Ruskin Bond's book 'The
Cherry tree'. This unit allows a young learner to ask what his or her
response to a piece of work really is and to acknowledge it. Vivian
Gould's beautiful poem 'With a friend' is intended to help the child look
at his or her relationship with peers.
78
1
Ruskin Bond is a renowned children's writer. He has written

many short novels, stories, poems and journals. He has spent
most of his life in the Garhwali hill station of Mussoorie.
The Cherry Tree
- Ruskin Bond
One day, when Rakhi was six, she walked home from the Musoorie bazaar
eating cherries. They were a little sweet, a little sour- small, bright red cherries
that had come all the way from the Kashmir valley.
There were not many fruit trees in the Himalayan foothills of northern
India where Rakhi lived with her grandfather. The soil was stony, and only on the
more sheltered slopes were there forests of oak and deodar.
By the time Rakhi reached her grandfather's cottage, there were three
cherries left. "Have a cherry, Dada," she said when she saw her grandfather in
the garden.
Grandfather took a cherry, and Rakhi promptly ate the other two. She
kept the last seed in her mouth for a long time, rolling it around on her tongue
until the tang had gone. Then she placed the seed on the palm of her hand and
studied it.
ENGLISH
Bazaar market
Cherry a small round or black fruit with
a large seed inside.
Sour not sweet, having an unpleasant
taste or smell
Oak a large tree found in the Northern
countries
Sheltered covered or protected from
bad weather or danger.
Cottage small house usually in the
countryside
Tang a strong, sharp pleasant taste or
smell
79
Are cherry seeds lucky?" she asked.
"Of course," said Grandfather.
"Then I'll keep it."
"Nothing is lucky if you put it away. You must make it work for you."
"What can I do with a seed?"
Charcoal a black "Plant it!"

substance made
Rakhi went to the corner of the garden, where the earth was
from burnt wood,
soft and yielding, and pressed the seed into the soil with her
used as a fuel
ghosts spirit of a thumb. It went right in.
dead person which When it was winter in the hills, a cold wind blew and the
appears to people garden was bare. In the evenings Grandfather and Rakhi sat
who are alive
outside near a charcoal fire, and Grandfather told stories-
peer look carefully
about people who turned into animals, ghosts that lived in
pebbles small
trees, and beans that jumped and stones that wept.
stones
privacy the One spring morning Rakhi bent to pick up what she thought
freedom to do was a small twig in the garden and found it was rooted. She
things without other stared at it for a moment, then ran to fetch Grandfather,
people watching you
calling, "Dada, come and look. The cherry tree has come up!"
or knowing what you
are doing Grandfather bent almost in half to peer down at the tiny
twig small, thin tree. It was
branch of a tree about four
inches high.
"Yes, it's a
cherry tree," said
Grandfather. "You should
water it now and then."
Rakhi gave it a sprinkling

and circled it with pebbles.
"What are the pebbles for?"
Grandfather asked.
"For privacy," Rakhi said.
80
She looked at the tree every morning, but it did not seem to be growing. So
she stopped looking at it- except once in a while, quickly, out of the corner of her
eye.
That year the monsoon rains came early, and Rakhi plodded
to and from school under her umbrella. Even when it wasn't raining, crept moved
quietly
the trees dripped as the mist came curling up the valley. The
miracle an
cherry tree grew quickly.
event
It was about two feet high when a goat entered the garden surprising and
and ate the leaves. Only the main stem and two thin branches difficult to
remained. believe
"Never mind," said Grandfather, seeing that Rakhi was

upset. "It will grow again. Cherry trees are tough."
Toward the end of the rainy season, new leaves appeared on the tree. Then
a runaway cart rumbled down the hill and snapped the young tree in half.
"Will it die?" asked Rakhi.
"It might," admitted Grandfather.
But the cherry tree did not

die. By the time summer came
Deodar Tree
around again, it had sent out
several new shoots. Even
when there was rain, Rakhi
ENGLISH
would sometimes water the
tree. She wanted it to know
that she was there.
One day Rakhi found a hairy

caterpillar on the tree. It
was making a meal of the
leaves. The girl removed it
quickly and dropped it over
the wall. "Come back when
you're a butterfly," she said.
81
One February it
was Rakhi's birthday. She
was ten, and the tree was
nearly four but taller than
the girl. Then on a sunny
morning Grandfather
came into the garden to
"let some warmth get into
my old bones," as he put it.
He stopped in front of the
cherry tree, stared at it
for a few moments, and Oak Tree
called out: "Rakhi, come and look!"
Rakhi dashed over to see a pale pink blossom at the end of a branch. They
gazed at this little miracle.
The following year there were more blossoms. The tree overshadowed
Rakhi, even though it was less than half her age. That summer there were small
cherries on the tree. Rakhi tasted one and spat it out.
"It's too sour," she said.
"They'll be better next year," Grandfather replied.
One afternoon Rakhi went to the garden and rested beneath the tree. She
gazed up through the leaves at the blue dome of the sky. She could see the
mountain disappearing into the clouds. She was still lying beneath the tree when
the evening shadows crept across the garden.
Grandfather came and sat down, and they waited in silence until the stars
came out.
"Just one small seed," said Rakhi, and she touched the smooth bark of the
tree she had grown. She ran her hand along the branch and put her finger to the
tip of a leaf.
"How it changed!" she said.
"Just like you," smiled Grandfather.
Night settled on the foothills, and Rakhi looked at the tree spread against
82
the starry sky. She said to herself, "One day I will tell my children how Dada and
I planted this cherry tree many years ago when I was six."
Let us understand (Tick the right answer)
1. Rakhi lived in
a) Kashmir Valley b) Mussoorie c) Shimla
2. The soil found in the Himalayan foothills was
a) fertile b) black c) stony
3. Why did Rakhi put pebbles around the tiny tree? For ________
a) fun b) privacy c) heat
4. When Rakhi was ten years old, the young cherry tree was _______
a) 2 years old b) four years old c) six years old
5. The tree overshadowed Rakhi
It means that the tree
a) gave her shade b) was larger than her
c) was smaller than her
Say whether the following statements are 'true' or ' false'
1. By the time Rakhi reached her grandfather's cottage, there were two
ENGLISH
cherries left.
2. Rakhi went to the corner of the garden where the earth was soft and
yielding.
3. The plant was about four foot high when a goat entered the garden and
ate the leaves.
4. That summer there were small cherries on the tree. Rakhi tasted one
and ate it up.
Complete these sentences from the lesson
1. She kept the last seed in her mouth for a long time,
______________________________________________________
83
2. One spring morning Rakhi bent to pick up what she thought was a
______________________________________________________
3. She looked at the tree every morning, but
______________________________________________________
4. Then a runaway cart rumbled down the hill and
______________________________________________________
5. She gazed through the leaves at
______________________________________________________
1. Describe the cherries that Rakhi had bought.
2. Why did Rakhi keep the last seed in her mouth for a long time?
3. Where in the garden did she plant the seed?
4. What did Rakhi and her Grandpa do in the winter evenings?
Who said it to whom and why?
1. Nothing is lucky if you put it away.'
2. 'For privacy'
3. Just one small seed'
4. Just like you'
Fun with words - Circle the antonyms (opposites)
1. small
a) tiny b) big c) scary
2. end
a) finish b) start c) new
3. warmth
a) cold b) heat c) love
4. better
a) healthier b) worse c) recovered
84
c o
o h
u e k
r r r z z a b
r n
y g
p e b b e s
ENGLISH
Let us learn
Sentence pattern: SV IO DO
Rakhi gave Grandfather a cherry.
Subject(s) + verb(v) + object + object
85
Rakhi gave Grandfather a cherry.
Give the patterns for the following sentences
86
87
ENGLISH
88
Craft Corner
Make a greeting card and
decorate.
Send a message to your
close friend on friendship
day.
Read and Enjoy
A True Friend
ENGLISH
Who is a true friend?
Not just who says Hello! as a trend
A person who thoroughly knows you
In spite of your weakness loves you
Whenever you are in danger

Unlike others waits no longer
Comes to your rescue when needed
And gives you counsel when heeded
All your secrets, in whom you confide

In sorrow, a solace you will find
Your joys increase as you share
With a friend so faithful and loving care
-D. Margaret Emily

89
around his waist and lifted him gently up and down. After Kari did
90
held and lifted him up and down, _________.
Draw or paste the

picture of your
animal friend
ENGLISH
91
Note to the Teacher
world of food through the use of an African folk tale. Wasting food
TORTILLA material is a matter of concern for all and this has been dealt in this
unit. The poem by Emma Richards can make the children to think it
over and to be compassionate towards the poor.
RAITA
There is a functional enrichment activity and there are

suggestions for projects as well.
SALAD
92
2
Why the sky is far away?

Raman looked at the food in his
lunch box and made a face. "Idli and
chutney and chutney and idli again," he
said to his friend Bhim."
Bhim gave his own lunch a critical

look and frowned. "You think that's
bad," he said, "I've got bread and jam
again. It's the third time this week!"
They pushed the food aside. "We can get something at the burger place
after school," Raman said. They concentrated on studying for their English test
instead of eating. English was next period, and Mr. Frank had a reputation for
giving difficult tests. When the bell rang, they dropped their uneaten lunches
into the garbage. Mr. Frank was standing nearby. "Not hungry, guys?" he asked.
They shook their heads and hurried off to class.
When the test was over, there were still ten minutes left in the period. Mr.
ENGLISH
Frank stood at the front of the class.
"Before you leave today," he said, leaning against the desk, "I'd like to
share an old African folktale with you. I think you'll find this one interesting. It's
called 'Why the Sky Is Far Away'":
Long ago the sky was close to the Earth. Men and women did not have to
plant their own food. Instead, when they were hungry, they just reached up and
broke off a piece of the sky to eat. Sometimes the sky tasted like ripe bananas.
Other times it tasted like roasted potatoes. The sky was always delicious.
People spent their time making beautiful cloth. They painted beautiful
pictures and sang songs at night. The grand king, Oba, had a wonderful palace. His
servants made beautiful shapes out of pieces of sky.
93
Many people in the kingdom did not use the gift of the sky wisely. When
they took more than they could eat, the sky became angry. Some people threw
the extra pieces into the garbage.
Early one morning the angry sky turned dark. Black clouds hung over the
land, and a great sky voice said to all the people, "You are wasting my gift of food.
Do not take more than you can eat. I don't want to see pieces of me in the garbage
anymore or I will take my gift away."
Critical important,
judgemental The king and the people trembled with fear. King Oba
Apologetic sorry said, "Let's be careful about how much food we take."
Delicious tasty, yummy For a long time, all the people were careful.
Reputation character,
But one man named Adami wasn't careful. At festival
opinion
time, he took so many delicious pieces of sky that he
Slouched - to sit, walk, or
stand with your couldn't eat them all. He knew he must not throw them
shoulders bent forwards away.
and your head low so that He tried to give the pieces to his wife. "Here, wife,"
you look lazy
Adami said. "You eat the rest."
"I can't," Adami's wife said. "I'm too full."
Adami asked all his children to help him eat the delicious pieces of sky, but
the children couldn't eat one more bite. So Adami decided to try to hide the
pieces at the bottom of the garbage pile.
Suddenly, the sky became angry and the clouds

turned black. "You have wasted my gift of food again,"
yelled the sky. "This time I will go away so you cannot
waste me anymore."
All of the people cried, "What will we eat? We

might starve!"
The sky said, "You will have to learn how to plant

crops in the ground and hunt in the forests. If you work
hard, you may learn not to waste the gifts of nature."
Everyone watched as the sky sailed away. From

that time on, they worked hard to grow their food and
cook their meals. They always tried to remember not to
94
waste the gifts of nature.
The bell rang for the next period. "That's the end," Mr. Frank said,
smiling. He looked at Raman and Bhim.
"What did you think of the story?" he asked. They slouched in their chairs
and looked apologetic.
"We get the message," they said, smiling. "No more lunches in the
garbage!"
Answer the Following

1) According to the folktale, Adami is
a) Thankful b) Honest c) Obedient d) Greedy
2) According to the folktale, why does the sky become angry with the
villagers? What lesson does he want them to learn?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3) Read this sentence from the story
'Bhim gave his own lunch a critical look and frowned'
What does 'critical' mean?
a) Judgemental b) Funny c) Hungry d) quick
4) According to the folktale, what happens when Adami cannot finish all of
ENGLISH
the food he has taken?
a) He asks King Oba to help him finish eating the food.
b) He saves some of the pieces of food for his meal the next day.
c) He tries to hide the pieces of food at the bottom of the garbage pile.
d) His wife and children offer to eat the rest of the pieces for him.
5) The beginning of the story takes place
a) In the school cafeteria b) In Mr. Frank's class
c) In Africa d) In the school library
6) Read this sentence from the story
'They slouched in their chairs and looked apologetic'
What is an antonym for the word 'slouched'?
95
a) Drooped b) Ran c) Straightened d) Leaned
slouched __________?
7) Based on the end of the story, what do you think Raman and Bhim will
do next?
a) Stop bringing their lunches to school
b) Be more careful not to waste food
c) Eat lunch at the burger place more often
d) Share their food with the other students
8) Why do you think Mr. Frank tells the class the African folktale?
Tick the correct meaning
1. critical
1) important 2) tasteless 3) loud
2. reputation
1) hidden 2) opinion 3) disease
3. Interesting
1) Boring 2) fascinating 3) lucky
4. Delicious
1) Ugly 2) hard 3) tasty
5. Slouched
1) follow 2) straighten 3) lazy way of sitting
Match words with the correct antonyms
i) Nourished a) unfortunate
ii) Fortunate b) forgot
96
iii) Healthy c) destroy RIDDLE CORNER
Who am I?
iv) Remembered d) malnourished
1. I am a ball of leaves.
v) Preserve e) unhealthy 2.I am long, orange in
Fill in the blanks using the correct suffixes and prefixes colour and shaped like a
co, un, ness, in, dis, im cone.
3. I am slender and long,
a) different _____________________ like the fingers of a lady.
b) _____________ natural 4. When you cut me up, I
c) alert _____________________ make you weep.
5. I wear a green crown,
d) _____________ unhealthy
purple in colour and oval
e) _____________ polite/ pure in shape.
(carrot, brinjal, cabbage, lady's
f) _____________ approve/ agree
finger, onion)
Let us understand
1. This lesson is about
a) the hungry sky b) not wasting food
2. Mr. Frank was known for giving
a) difficult test b) tasty dishes
3. King Oba's servants
a) spent their time making beautiful cloth
b) made beautiful shapes out of pieces of sky
4. Adami asked his children to help him eat the delicious pieces of sky.
ENGLISH
because he
a) knew he must not throw them away
b) was not afraid of the king
Select the words from the box
1. The meal you have in the morning __________.
2. The afternoon meal _________.
3. What you eat in between meals __________.
4. The meal you have at night ________.
5. Something sweet you have at the end of a meal __________.
lunch, snacks, dinner, breakfast, dessert
97
Fill in and Share this comparison map
Talking together [in small groups]
Thinking further Discuss, think, write

On how we can stop wastage of food at home, in school and in a hotel.
Write in about 200 words the importance of 'Eating to live' and not 'Living to
eat'
98
RIDDLE CORNER
Who am I?
1. I am soft, round and red
in colour.
2. I am brown and grow
under the ground.
3. I am small, round and
green and live with my
brothers in a pod.
4. I am white in colour and
shaped like a cone.
5. I look like a top. On top I
am white and at the
bottom, violet. I am
neither a raddish nor
a beetroot.
( raddish, peas, turnip,
potato, tomato )
ENGLISH
prepare
99
Cooking
When you're cooking in the kitchen,
You're learning all the while --
To pour and measure, mix and stir
To cook and eat
And sift flour into a pile.
To cook and eat
Scrub your hands before you start Is an art,
Then gather up the gear -- Yet a part
Like pots'n pans and measuring cups Of everyday life.
That you use throughout the year. We take it for granted
Go over the recipe, step-by-step, not knowing,
not caring,
So you'll know just what to do.
that others
By carefully following the directions,
may not have this thing
It won't be hard for you. which we so foolishly
Have a hot pad handy waste.
And an adult standing by -- - Emma Richards (aged 12)
So you won't hurt yourself
When using the stove or baking a pie.
Besides the fun and learning,
There's always cleaning up to do,
And even though it's quite a chore,
It's part of cooking too.
But after all the work is done,
It will soon be time for dinner.
And when someone asks for seconds,
You'll know you've cooked a winner!
- anonymous
100
Comprehension Passage
Different Cultures
Amy's school needed to have a fundraiser so they could earn money to buy
more computers.
Amy knew that many of her classmates' families were from different
countries around the world. They had many special traditions, spoke many
different languages, and ate many different types of foods.
Amy had a brilliant idea for a fundraiser! She suggested that every
student could bring in their favourite dish and hold an ethnic dinner night. She
knew parents and members of the community would be glad to pay money in order
to try foods from all over the world!
That's a great idea, Amy's teacher said. Let's call it 'Dinner around the
World'.
Amy brought in her favourite meal, chicken with mashed potatoes.
Her friend Amina was from Ethiopia, an African country. She brought in
stewed meat with spices over rice pilaf with Ethiopian bread.
Ibrahim, from Morocco, brought a dish of spiced grilled lamb over white
rice with fried eggplant and hummus with pita bread.
Juan, from Mexico, brought chicken fajitas with Spanish rice and tortilla
chips with cheese dip.
Rajat, whose family is from India, brought in chicken curry over rice with
raita, a sauce of yogurt mixed with cucumber.
ENGLISH
Anita, a vegetarian, brought a meal with no meat. She brought lentil soup,
dinner rolls, and a salad.
The fundraiser was a great success. Everyone enjoyed seeing, smelling,
and tasting foods from so many different cultures.
Words and meanings

Fundraiser - a social event organized to make money for a specific purpose
community - the people who live in an area
ethnic national, cultural
tortilla - a type of thin flat Mexican bread that is often rolled or folded and filled
with cheese, beans, or meat
Salad - a mixture of raw vegetables cut into pieces
101
1. What did the teacher name Amy's idea for the fundraiser?
2. Where is Amina from?
3. What did Ibrahim bring?
4. What is raita?
5. Why did Amy's school need to raise money?
6. Why did Anita choose to bring lentil soup, dinner rolls and salad?
Guess and Check
Match the food items with the exercises suggested for burning the calories to
balance the pans.
Food Item (Intake) Exercise (Output)

Omlette with cheese and
1 a 30 minutes gardening
vegetables - 250 calories
3 cups raw vegetables
2 b 30 minutes aerobics
assorted 160 calories
1 medium sized portion
3 c 30 minutes swimming
of chips - 270 calories
Boiled potato with
4 d 40 minutes salsa dancing
peel 220 calories
Pasta with sauce (150 g)
5 e 30 minutes tennis
190 calories
102
103
py
sou
my
yum
ty
tas
nutr
itiou
Soup n salad
del s
icio
us
su
mp
tu
ou
s
ENGLISH
104
105
ENGLISH
106
Acknowledgment:
1. The Cherry tree - Ruskin Bond
ENGLISH
2. With a friend - Vivian Gould
3. The unlucky face - Adapted from 'Stories of Birbal' by Eunice de Souza
4. Guess and Check - Ms. Jayanthi Ravi, Educational Consultant
107
'I can, I did'
Subject:

No. Lesson
108

Overall

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Overall

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU

NOT FOR SALE

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime

Department of School Education

Textbook Prepared and Compiled by

This book has been printed on 80 G.S.M Maplitho Paper

Printed by Web Offset at :

1. Natural Numbers & Whole Numbers 2

2. Divisors and Factors 11

3. Fractions and Decimal Numbers 32

5. Point, Line, Line Segment and Plane 66

SCIENCE (83 - 151)

1. The World of Plants 86

2. Food Habits 100

3. Changes around us 113

4. Measurement and Motion 124

SOCIAL SCIENCE (152 - 200)

1. Prehistoric Period 153

2. Indus Valley Civilization 160

3. Ancient Tamilnadu 168

4. The Earth and the Solar System 176

5. Family and Society 187

6. Society and School 190

7. Economics - An Introduction 195

Three medical representatives meet a doctor on a particular day. The first

Common Multiples of 10,15,20 = 60,120

L.C.M of 10,15 and 20 = 60

~ Three of them meet the doctor on the 60th day.

Add the numerators and write the

5.6.1 COLLINEAR POINTS

As we present this revised edition of the Science Textbook, we would like to

Why does the sun appear only

sugarcane field vegetable farm

millet field coconut groove

Food item Ingredients required Plant part used

thoor dhal, drumstick,chilli, curry seed, unripe fruit,

In addition to vegetables, cereals, diseases. These medicines are

Uses of Herbal plants

Pea egg plant

cures jaundice Carry me seed

cures mouth ulcer,

Holy basil cures cold, cough,

increases sweating, Country

Sweet flag cures abdominal

used as germicide Turmeric

Veldt grape increases appetite,

Parts of the plants used as spices

Fenugreek (Vendayam) Fennel (Sombu) Mustard (kadugu)

Dry ginger (Sukku) / Ginger Turmeric (Manjal)

Unripe fruit Fruit Bark Leaves Flower bud

Cardamom Pepper Cinnamon Mint Clove

Write any ten products made by

Teak: Construction Jack fruit Eucalyptus tree Mango tree

Silk cotton tree Coconut tree Mulberry tree Pine tree

(( creating gardens in the backyard and

Willow tree: Sports Babul bark tree Sandal tree :

Plants Name Uses

Rafflesia Boabob tree Redwood tree

IV. Choose the correct answer

VII. Fill in the blanks

 arry me seed (Keezhanelli) cures _____________ (Jaundice/Anaemia)

2. Pepper cures _______________ (Throat infection / Stomach ache)

IX. Think and answer

I'm Popeye; Substances

arry me seed (Keezhanelli) cures _____________ (Jaundice/Anaemia)

Cucumber 95% ff dequate

Heterotrophic nutrition

(( egetables and greens should be taken raw or half-boiled. By

(( ating leftover food preserved in the refrigerator leads to health

(( onsuming bottled drinks, packed chips, fried food items, etc.

Fast change __

Slow change __

3. Take a small amount of glucose in a beaker and add water to it.

4. Take a small amount of water in a beaker. Add Ammonium Chloride