Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Summer Science Update
Butterfly Wings and Fiber Optics
The butterflies you see all around, and some of the moths at night, get their color on their wings by
two very different processes. Some, like the Monarchs, have dyes in their wings which give color. But
the more interesting ones are the tropical ones that shimmer and glisten – their wing colors are made
from structures that they grow, structures that bend, reflect, and contain light‐like miniature prisms.
These structures have been given the name of gyroids and they are about to change the world we all live
in – in a good way.
These gyroids are nano‐structures. That is, they are very, very small. To make them using the finest
tools we have in labs is possible. What is far more exciting if the breakthroughs coming out of
government labs and Penn State U. where they are starting to grow them, called chalcogenide glass
replicas. So far, word is they have not been too successful. Seems butterflies can grow them perfectly,
whereas we are clumsy. But our scientists are getting better.
Now, you may ask, what are we doing this butterfly wing color stuff for? Well, imagine a fiber optic
cable, channeling light across the nation. Along the way, it leaks signal through its wall and every 200
miles or so you have to put an amplifier in line to re‐boost the signal. We just cannot seem to make fiber
optic cable perfectly, so that 100% of the light in one end emerges out the other. It is kind of like
electricity, without the insulation on the outside, some of the juice will leak to the surrounding
environment. That is why high‐tension wires crackle when it drizzles.
So, by growing these gyroids, chalcogenide glass replicas, to surround the fiber optic cable, it will
keep bending the light back into the cable, enabling all the light to reach the other end. How effective is
Mother Nature’s insulator? So far, scientists think it could save about $1 billion a year in amplifiers,
undersea cable repair, computer installations and other high‐tech needs.
Gravity Shifting
Earth’s gravity is a constant, right? That is what they taught you in school anyway. Well, a new
satellite called Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (Goce) has just finished
mapping the earth and it has discovered that gravity varies all over the place. And it may vary by seasons
as well (the pull of the sun in our summer is higher).
The Earth is a sphere (ball) that has a few flat spots. Goce was designed to sense tiny variations in the
pull of gravity over Earth’s surface. Scientists use that data stream from the satellite to build a gravity
map of the Earth. Using that map, they can see where gravity is less strong and other places where it is
stronger. What is perhaps even more interesting is that Goce can also theoretically see where magma is
building up deep underground as gravity increases beneath a volcano, or where a shift in tectonic plates
is about to happen.
In time, they may use Goce to predict earthquakes and volcano activity. But for now, the gravity map
is helping watch the movement of the mass of water around the globe, better predicting weather and
tidal forces. And what also has come out of this is a gravity color map you can find online. It shows the
strength or weakness of gravity where you live. Okay, the differences may seem slight (variation from
9.78m/sec/sec at the equator to 9.83/sec/sec at the poles), but already scientists are exploring the
animal capability to detect such changes as part of primordial migration navigation. Which way is north
for a Tern? Maybe they follow the gravity gradient.
What is most interesting is research into human evolution and culture. Europe, China and Malaysia
have almost an equal gravitational pull. It is like they are 250 above the surface of the Earth whereas in
N. America and E. Africa the pull is like you are on the surface. Except in N. England, there is an anomaly
there, where you are 120 feet below the surface level, just like in southern India and Mongolia. Such
gravity highs and lows may be what gives us the sense of place, the feeling of being “at home.”