Formation Y BUS

1
Power system representation

NODE or BUS
(substation) BRANCHES
(lines or
transformers)

NETWORK
(but unloaded
and unsupplied)

2
Power system representation
LOAD: Extracts MW out GENERATOR: Injects
of the node (injects negative MW into the node
MW into the node)

NETWORK
(loaded and
supplied)

3
Power system representation
Approximate
branch model

Best branch
model

NETWORK
(loaded and
supplied)

4
 Power system representation
Approximate
branch model

Branch resistance
Branch inductive reactance
Branch capacitive susceptance

Ignore resistance, OK because it is much less than reactance.

Ignore susceptance, OK because its affect on MW flows very small.
Only model reactance, OK for getting branch flows.

5
Power system representation
Here is what we will model as a network (reactance only)

NETWORK
(loaded and
supplied)

6
Power system representation
The impedance is a complex number zij=rij+jxij.
We ignore the resistance: zij=jxij

z12
1 2

z13
z14
z23

4 3
z34

7
 Power system representation

Impedance relates voltage drop and current via Ohms law:

1
I ij (Vi V j )
Current(amps)
zij
Voltage drop (volts)

Vi Iij
Vj
zij
i j

8
 Power system representation
1
I ij (Vi V j )
zij

Admittance, yij, is the inverse of impedance, zij:

Iij yij (Vi V j )

Vi Iij
Vj
yij
i j

9
Power system representation

Label the admittances yij

y12
1 2

y13
y14
y23

4 3
y34

10
Power system representation

Current injections: Ii flowing into bus i from generator or load.

Positive if generator; negative if load.
I1, I4 will be positive.
I3 will be negative.
I1 y12 I2 I2 will be positive if
gen exceeds load,
1 2 otherwise negative.

y13
y14
y23

4 3
y34 I3
I4
11
Power system representation

Voltages: Vi is voltage at bus i.

I1 y12 I2
1 2
V1 V2
y13
y14
y23

V4
V3
4 3
y34 I3
I4

12
 Power system representation
Kirchoffs current law: sum of the currents
at any node must be zero.
I1 I12 I13 I14
Note:
We assume there are no
bus shunts in this system.
I1 y12 I2 Bus shunts are capacitive
1 2 or inductive connections
I12 V2 between the bus and the
V1 ground. Although most
I14 y13 systems have them, they
y14 I13 inject only reactive power
y23 (no MW) and therefore
affect MW flows in the
V4 network only very little.
V3
4 3
y34 I3
I4
13
Power system representation
Now express each current using Ohms law: Iij yij (Vi V j )
I1 I12 I13 I14
I1 y12 (V1 V2 ) y13 (V1 V 3) y14 (V1 V4 )

I1 y12 I2
1 2
I12 V2
V1
I14 y13
y14 I13
y23

V4
V3
4 3
y34 I3
I4
14
Power system representation
Now collect like terms in the voltages:

I1 y12 (V1 V2 ) y13 (V1 V 3) y14 (V1 V4 )

I1 V1 ( y12 y13 y14 ) V2 ( y12 ) V 3( y13 ) V4 ( y14 )

I1 y12 I2
1 2
I12 V2
V1
I14 y13
y14 I13
y23

V4
V3
4 3
y34 I3
I4
15
 Power system representation
Repeat for the other four buses:
I1 V1 ( y12 y13 y14 ) V2 ( y12 ) V 3( y13 ) V4 ( y14 )
I2 V1 ( y21 ) V2 ( y21 y23 y24 ) V 3( y23 ) V4 ( y24 )
I3 V1 ( y31 ) V2 ( y32 ) V 3( y31 y32 y34 ) V4 ( y34 )
I4 V1 ( y41 ) V2 ( y42 ) V 3( y41 y42 y43 ) V4 ( y43 )

I1 y12 I2
1 2
I12 V2
V1
I14 y13
y14 I13
y23

V4
V3
4 3
y34 I3 16
I4
 Power system representation
Repeat for the other four buses:
I1 V1 ( y12 y13 y14 ) V2 ( y12 ) V 3( y13 ) V4 ( y14 )
I2 V1 ( y21 ) V2 ( y21 y23 y24 ) V 3( y23 ) V4 ( y24 )
I3 V1 ( y31 ) V2 ( y32 ) V 3( y31 y32 y34 ) V4 ( y34 )
I4 V1 ( y41 ) V2 ( y42 ) V 3( y41 y42 y43 ) V4 ( y43 )
Notes:
I1 y12 I2 1. yij=yji
1 2 2. If branch ij does
I12 V2 not exist, then yij=0.
V1
I14 y13
y14 I13
y23

V4
V3
4 3
y34 I3 17
I4
Write in matrix form:
I1 y12 y13 y14 y12 y13 y14 V1
I2 y21 y21 y23 y24 y23 y24 V2
I3 y31 y32 y31 y32 y34 y34 V3
I4 y41 y42 y43 y41 y42 y43 V4
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
Define elements of the Y-bus:
Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14
Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24
Y
Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 18
Forming the Y-Bus by Inspection method:

y12 y13 y14 y12 y13 y14

y21 y21 y23 y24 y23 y24
Y
y31 y32 y31 y32 y34 y34
y41 y42 y43 y41 y42 y43

1. A diagonal element Yii is obtained as the sum of admittances for

all branches connected to bus i (yik is non-zero only when there
exists a physical connection between buses i and k).
2. The off-diagonal elements are the negative of the admittances
connecting buses i and j, i.e., Yij=-yji.

Note : Y Bus matrix is symmetric matrix. i.e., Yij=Yji.

19
Problem Form the Y Bus for system shown in figure

5 6

Note: The given Values are impedance

20
Step 1: Check for dummy bus 5 & 6, can ignore the node
step 2 : Convert the voltage source into current source

21
1. A diagonal element Yii is obtained as the sum of admittances
for all branches connected to bus i (yik is non-zero only when
there exists a physical connection between buses i and k).
2. The off-diagonal elements are the negative of the admittances
connecting buses i and j, i.e., Yij=-yji.

y12 y13 y14 y12 y13 y14

y21 y21 y23 y24 y23 y24
Y
y31 y32 y31 y32 y34 y34
y41 y42 y43 y41 y42 y43

22
Line Admittance :
Y12 = -j8, Y13 = -j4, Y14 = -j2.5, Y23 = -j4, Y24 = -j5, Y34= 0.
Shunt admittance at node
Y30 = -j0.8, Y40 = -j0.8..

1 2 3 4

j14.5 j8 j4 j 2.5 1

j8 j17 j4 j5 2
Y
j4 j4 j8.8 0 3

j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3 4

23
 Y Bus Formation by Building block method

Step 1 : Assume the direction, + ve sign for current flow from the
bus(Node) to line and ve sign for current flow from line to bus
Step 2 : Form building block for each line
Step 3 : Combining together those elements of the above matrices
having identical row and column labels gives 24
Block of Line b Block of Line e
3 2 4 2
3 1 1 4 1 1
j4 j5
2 1 1 2 1 1
Block of Line c Block of Line d
3 1 2 1
3 1 1 2 1 1
j4 j8
1 1 1 1 1 1
Block of Line a
Block of Line f 4 1 4 Block of Line g
3
4 1 1
j 2.5 3 1 j 0.8 4 1 j 0.8
1 1 1

Line a is exist bw Bus 3 to Ref bus; Line b is exist bw bus 3 & 2; line
c is exist bw bus 3 & 1; line d is exist bw bus 2 & 1; line e is exist
bw bus 4 & 2; Line f is exist bw bus 4 & 1; line g is exist bw bus 4
and Ref bus
25
n Bus No
 1 2 3 4

j14.5 j8 j4 j 2.5 1

j8 j17 j4 j5 2
Y
j4 j4 j8.8 0 3

j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3 4

26
 Y Bus formation by Singular transformation

Step 1: Form the Bus incidence matrix (A)

Step 2 : Form Y primitive matrix (Yp)
Step 3 : Calculate as Y Bus = [AT Yp A]

Graphical representation of Given problem

27
Step 1 : Form the Bus incidence matrix (A)
With the help of graph theory
Size of A matrix N*M
Where N No. of branch
M No. of buses

The elements of matrix A are found as per the following rules:

A(i,k) =1 if ith element is incident to and oriented away from the kth node
A(i,k) =-1 if if ith element is incident to but oriented towards the kth node.
A(i,k) =0 if the ith element is not incident to the kth node.

1 2 3 4
0 0 1 0 a
0 1 1 0 b
1 0 1 0 c
A 1 1 0 0 d
0 1 0 1 e
1 0 0 1 f
28
0 0 0 1 g
Step 2 : Form the Y primitive matrix.
Dimension of Y primitive is N*N
Diagonal Elements of Y primitive contains value of line admittance of
respective line

a b c d e f g
j 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 a
0 j4 0 0 0 0 0 b
0 0 j4 0 0 0 0 c
Ypri 0 0 0 j8 0 0 0 d

0 0 0 0 j5 0 0 e

0 0 0 0 0 j 2.5 0 f
0 0 0 0 0 0 j 0.8 g

29
Y Bus = [AT Yp A]

1 2 3 4

j14.5 j8 j4 j 2.5 1

j8 j17 j4 j5 2
Y
j4 j4 j8.8 0 3

j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3 4

30
Consideration Mutual coupled branches in Formation Y bus

b c
b
Zb Zm b
Zprim
Zm Zc c

b c
j 0.25 j 0.15 b
Zprim
j 0.15 j 0.25 c
c

Two branches (lines b & c ) mutually coupled branches.

Figure shows that Primitive impedance diagram
31
Figure shows that Primitive admittance

1 1 Zc Zm
Yprim Zprim 2
ZbZc Zm Zm Zb
b c
j 6.25 j3.75 b
Yprim
j3.75 j6.25 c
32
Formation of Y bus with mutually coupled branches
by Singular transformation
Bus incident matrix (A) is same as previous case (without mutual
coupling)

1 2 3 4
0 0 1 0 a
0 1 1 0 b
1 0 1 0 c
A 1 1 0 0 d
0 1 0 1 e
1 0 0 1 f
0 0 0 1 g
33
The Elements of the primitive admittance matrix formed by inspection.
Each branch of the network contributes a diagonal entry equal to the
simple reciprocal of its branch impedance except for branches b and
c ,which are mutually coupled
a b c d e f g
j 0.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 a
0 j 6.25 j3.75 0 0 0 0 b
0 j3.75 j 6.25 0 0 0 0 c
Ypri 0 0 0 j8 0 0 0 d

0 0 0 0 j5 0 0 e

0 0 0 0 0 j 2.5 0 f
0 0 0 0 0 0 j 0.8 g
Y Bus = [AT Yp A] 34
 1 2 3 4

j16.75 j11.75 j 2.5 j 2.5 1

j11.75 j19.25 j 2.5 j5 2

Ybus
j 2.5 j 2.5 j 5.8 0 3

j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3 4

35
Modifying the Existing Y bus matrix for consideration
mutual coupling branches by building block method

b b c
j 6.25 j3.75 b
Yprim
j3.75 j6.25 c

36
 Block of Line c Block of mutual coupling bw line b & c
3 1 3 1
3 1 1 3 1 1
j 6.25 j 3.75
1 1 1 2 1 1
Block of mutual coupling bw line b & c Block of Line b

3 2 3 2
3 1 1 3 1 1
j 3.75 j 6.25
1 1 1 2 1 1

Y Bus formed as Combining together those elements of the above

matrices having identical row and column labels gives
1 2 3
j 6.25 j3.75 j 2.5 1
Ybus j3.75 j 6.25 j 2.5 2
j 2.5 j 2.5 j5 3
3
Block of Line b Block of Line e
4 2
3 2
4 1 1
3 1 1 j5
j 6.25 2 1 1
2 1 1
Block of Line c Block of Line d
2 1
3 1
2 1 1
3 1 1 j8
j 6.25 1 1 1
1 1 1
Block of Line a
Block of Line f 4 1 4 Block of Line g
3
4 1 1
j 2.5 3 1 j 0.8 4 1 j 0.8
1 1 1
Block of mutual coupling bw line b & c Block of mutual coupling bw line c & b
3 1
3 1
3 1 1
j 3.75 3 1 1
2 1 1 j 3.75
2 1 1
38
n Bus No
The existing Y bus value are modified according to Y bus of mutually
coupled braches. It will affect the existing Y bus element where having
mutual coupling. Remaining elements of Existing Y bus will not be
affected.
Existing Y bus Y bus of mutually coupled braches
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
j14.5 j8 j4 j 2.5 1
j 6.25 j3.75 j 2.5 1
j8 j17 j4 j5 2
Y Ybus j3.75 j 6.25 j 2.5 2
j4 j4 j8.8 0 3
j 2.5 j 2.5 j5 3
j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3 4

1 2 3 4
Modified Y bus j16.75 j11.75 j 2.5 j 2.5 1

j11.75 j19.25 j 2.5 j5 2

Ybus
j 2.5 j 2.5 j 5.8 0 3
4 39
j 2.5 j5 0 j8.3
 Matrix Reduction
The reduction in size of the equation set leads to efficiency of
computation and helps to focus more directly on that on particular
portion of the overall network which is of primary interest.
It reduces required memory space for calculation.

The coefficient matrix in the reduced order set of equation then

represent the Y bus for an equivalent network containing only those
buses which are to be retained. All other buses are eliminated in
the mathematical sense that their bus voltage and current injection
dont appear explicitly.

There are way to elimination

(i) KRON REDUCTION
(ii) TRIANGULAR FACTORIZATION
40
 The Method of Successive Elimination

Step 1 :
1. Divide the Eq. (1) by the Pivot Y11 to obtain :

41
2. Multiply Eq. (5) by Y21, Y31 and Y41 and subtract the result from
Eq. (2) through (4), to get

Eq. (6) = (2) ((5)*Y21)

(7) = (3) ((5)*Y31)
(8) = (4) ((5)*Y41) Y12(1)

42
Eq (6) through (8) may be written more compactly in the form

10

11

12

Where the superscript denotes the step 1 set of derived coefficient

43
 Generalized form expression for step 1

Left hand side

expression

Right hand side

expression

44
 Step 2 : Elimination of variable V2
1. Divide Eq ( 10) by the new pivot Y221 to obtain

13

2. Multiply Eq ( 13) by Y32 (1) and Y42(1) and subtract the result Eq ( 11)
and (12) to get

Eq. (14) = (11) ((13)*Y32(1))

(15) = (12) ((13)*Y42(1))

14

15
45
Eq (13) through (15) may be written more compactly in the form

16

17

18

Generalized form expression for step 2

46
Step 3 : Elimination of variable V3
1. Divide Eq ( 17) by the new pivot Y33(2) to obtain

19

2. Multiply Eq ( 19) by Y43(2) and subtract the result Eq ( 18) to get

Eq. (20) = (18) ((19)* Y43(2)

20

Eq (20) may be written more compactly in the form

21
47
Step 4 : Elimination of variable V4
1. Divide Eq ( 21) by the new pivot Y443 to obtain

22

1 (1) (1) (1)

1 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1 I
1
(1)
0 1 Y23(2) Y24 (2) V2 I
2
(3) (3)
0 0 1 Y34 V3 I
3
(4)
0 0 0 1 V4 I
4

48
 KRON reduction
The Given Nodal admittance equation

23
24

25
26

Ex Prob. Consider same network. We have Y bus as 4*4 matrix.

Node to be eliminated is node (2)
The Pivot element is Y22
1) Divide the Eq. (24) by Y22 to obtain
Y21 Y23 Y24 I2
V1 V2 V3 V4 27
Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22
49
2. Multiply Eq ( 27) by Y12 and subtract the result from Eq ( 23) to get
Eq. (28) = (23) ((27)* Y12 )

Y12Y21 Y12Y23 Y12Y24 Y12 I 2

Y11 V1 Y13 V3 Y14 V4 I1 28
Y22 Y22 Y22 Y22

50
Similarly the values of 3rd and 4th row are obtained.
The elimination of node (2) yield the other elements of the Kron-
reduction matrix

51
 Triangular Factorization
The Process of developing the triangular matrices L and U from Y
bus is called as triangular factorization. Y bus is factored into the
product of L and U.

Upper Matrix (U) is same as final result of Kron reduction method.

Lower Matrix (L) is obtained from each step reduction.
52
Ex. Problem. Consider same network

L=

U=

53
Application of Factorization

As an intermediate step in the solution of above Eq. we m ay replace the

product UV by a new voltage vector V' such that

54
Expressing the above Eq. in full format shows that the original system of
Eq. is now replaced by two triangular systems given by

and

The lower triangular system is readily solved by forward substitution

beginning with V1. We then use the calculated values of V1, V2, V3 and V4
to solve Upper triangular Eq.by back substitution for the actual unknowns
V1, V2, V3 and V4 .
55