Prelims 2017

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Day 26

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 Geography www.iasscore.in

TRANSPORT
An efficient transport system is a pre-requisite for sustained economic development. It is not only the key
infrastructural input for the growth process but also plays a significant role in promoting national integration,
which is particularly important in a large country like India. The transport system also plays an important role
of promoting the development of the backward regions and integrating them with the mainstream economy
by opening them to trade and investment.
India has a well-developed transport network comprising rail, road, coastal shipping, air transport, etc.
Road transport

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India has an extensive system of roads that plays a vital role, as far as the national economic growth of the
country is concerned.
Data:


Worlds second largest road network 4.87 million km.
97,135 kms of national Highways.
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NHs are 2% but carry 40% of the traffic.
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65% of freight & 80% passenger traffic carried by roads.
Implementation Authorities NHAI, State PWDs etc., BRO, newly formed NHIDCL for projects at
border and other strategic locations.
Project implementation modes for highways in India.
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a. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) Toll

b. BOT Annuity
c. Hybrid Annuity Model
d. Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) Public funded.
Benefits of roads transport
1. Roads play a very important role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium
distances.
2. It helps farmers to move their perishable agricultural products soon to markets and mandis. Thus encourage
farmers to switch to more commercially viable agricultural products.
3. Road transport system establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories and markets, thus leading
to better linkage between consumer and producer.
4. Mobility is one of the most fundamental and important characteristics of economic activity as it satisfies
the basic need of going from one location to the other, a need shared by passengers, freight and information.
Road transport provides a better mobility that leads to economic development.
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5. It is suitable for transportation of both perishable and non-perishable goods, controlling the price level in
the economy.
6. It is a relatively cheaper mode of transport as compared to other modes.
7. It is a flexible mode of transport as loading and unloading is possible at any destination. It provides door-
to-door service.
8. It helps people to travel and carry goods from one place to another, in places which are not connected by
other means of transport like hilly areas.
Classification of Roads
1. National Highways: These roads are of prime importance for the country and connect large cities and big
industrial centers. There development and maintenance is the responsibility of the central government.
2. State Highways: These roads connect all the important centers of industry, trade and commerce of the
states and the national highways. There responsibility of the development and maintenance lies with the
state government.

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3. District Roads: These roads connect different parts of the district, important industrial centers and market
centers and usually lead to local railway stations. The responsibility of development and maintenance lies
with the local government.
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4. Rural Roads: These are roads found in the villages and are usually of two types; pukka (metal) and kacha
(non metal). The responsibility of maintenance and development lies with the local government.
Major National Highways in India
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The few important national highways along with their routes are discussed below:
NH1 - Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Ludhiana - Amritsar - Wagah Border.
NH1A - Jalandhar - Jammu - Udhampur - Banihal - Srinagar - Baramula - Uri.
NH1D - Srinagar - Kargil Leh.
NH2 - Delhi - Agra - Allahabad - Kolkata.
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NH3 - Agra - Gwalior - Indore - Dhule - Nasik-Mumbai.

NH4 - Thane - Pune - Bangalore - Chennai. (Mumbai - Pune-1st 6 lane express highway)
NH 5 - Baharagora - Cuttack - Bhuvaneshwar - Vishakhapatnam - Chennai.
NH6 - Hazira - Surat - Dhule - Nagpur - Raipur - Baharagora Kolkata.
NH7 - Varanasi - Nagpur - Hyderabad - Bangalore- Kanyakumari (Longest Highway)
NH8 - Delhi - Jaipur - Ajmer - Udaipur-Ahmedabad - Vadodara - Surat - Mumbai.
NH 24 - Delhi - Moradabad - Bareilly Lucknow
NH 47A - Kundannur - Willington Island in Kochi (Shortest NH - 6 km)
Different projects
A. National Highways Development Project (NHDP)National Highways Development Project (NHDP)
NHDP is being implemented by NHAI. NHDP Phases are:
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Phase I: Golden Quadrilateral.

Phase II: North-South and East-West corridors.
Phase III: Upgrade 12,109km of national highways on a Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis.
Phase IV: Convert existing single lane highways into two lanes.
Phase V: Upgrade four lane highways to six lanes.
Phase VI: Expressways.
Phase VII: Improvements to city road networks.
Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network
Golden Quadrilateral is a network of highways connecting Indias four top metropolitan cities, namely Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, thereby, forming a quadrilateral.

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The overall length of the quadrilateral is 5,846 km consisting of four/six lane express highways.
N-S and E-W corridor

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TheNorth-SouthEast-West Corridor(NS-EW) is the largest ongoing highway project in India. It will connect
Srinagar with Kanyakumari and PorbandarwithSilchar. The meeting point of the two corridors is at Jhansi.
B. New Initiatives
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1. Bharat Mala - 5500 km to develop roads along the international borders and coastal areas.
2. Special Scheme 6000 km roads facilitating connectivity to religious/tourist places and providing
connectivity to backward regions.
3. District Connectivity Development of National Highways providing connectivity to district
headquarters.z
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4. Setu Bharatam All the level crossings and narrow/weak bridges to be replaced by Railway Over /
Under Bridges and new constructions.
Major policy initiatives
The Government has progressively taken many policy decisions in the sector, designed to facilitate the execution
of work and make it speedier, more efficient and transparent. Some of the major initiatives of 2015 are as
follows:
a) The Exit Policy framework permits concessionaires/developers to divest 100 percent equity and exit all
operational BOT projects two years after completion of construction. This would help unlock equity from
completed projects making it potentially available for investment into new infrastructure projects across
the country.
b) Fund Infusion to Salvage Languishing Projects: This initiative authorizes the National Highways Authority
of India (NHAI) to intervene in projects that are in the advanced stage of completion but are stuck due
to lack of funds.NHAI has been authorized to provide funds to such projects from within its overall
budget/corpus on a loan basis at a pre-determined rate of return.
c) Rationalized compensation to concessionaires for languishing NH projects in BOT mode for delays not
attributable to concessionaires:
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d) A new mode of delivery under Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode, namely Hybrid Annuity Model,
is being promoted for awarding road projects for implementation under which 40% of project cost is being
provided by the Government to the concessionaire. Remaining 60% is to be arranged in form of debt and
equity to be compensated over 15 years as bi-annualannuities. The private party does not have to bear
the traffic risk.
e) National Highways Authority of India is raising funds through public issue of tax free, secured, redeemable
non-convertible bonds with Face Value of Rs 1,000 each for an amount of Rs 1,000 crore with an option
to retain over subscription of upto additional Rs 9,000 crore, aggregating upto a total of Rs 10,000 crore.
Railways
The Indian railway system is the second largest system in the world under the single management. Railways
virtually forms the life-line of the country, catering to its needs for large scale movement of traffic, both freight
and passenger, thereby contributing to economic growth as well as promoting national integration. It is a multi
- gauge system operating on three gauges the broad, the metre and the narrow.
Railway zones and Headquarters

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S.No. Name Abbr. Headquarters Date of Establishment
1. Northern Railway NR Delhi April 14, 1952
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2. North Eastern Railway NER Gorakhpur 1952
3. Northeast Frontier Railway NFR Maligaon (Guwahati) 1958
4. Eastern Railway ER Kolkata April 14, 1952
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5. South Eastern Railway SER Kolkata 1955

6. South Central Railway SCR Secunderabad Oct 2, 1966
7. Southern Railway SR Chennai April 14, 1951
8. Central Railway CR Mumbai Nov 5, 1951
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9. Western Railway WR Mumbai Nov 5, 1951

10. South Western Railway SWR Hubli April 1, 2003
11. North Western Railway NWR Jaipur Oct 1, 2002
12. West Central Railway WCR Jabalpur April 1, 2003
13. North Central Railway NCR Allahabad April 1, 2003
14. South East Central Railway SECR Bilaspur, CG April 1, 2003
15. East Coast Railway ECoR Bhubaneswar April 1, 2003
16. East Central Railway ECR Hajipur Oct 1, 2002
17. Konkan Railway KR Navi Mumbai Jan 26, 1998
Effect on Indian economy
The construction and expansion of the railways have been proved to be beneficial for the economic and
inclusive growth of the economy. It provides a better linkage between producer, retailer and consumer.
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It has played a significant role in the development of cotton textile industry, jute industry as it provides
free flow of raw materials with proper penetration to market areas.
Railways have been very helpful in the development of Indian agriculture. Now farmers can send their
agricultural goods to distant places and can fetch good incomes.
Railways also help in maintaining uniform price level for agricultural products through better movement.
New industrials hubs have emerged as higher mobility of raw materials reduced the concentration of
industries mainly around raw material centres. As Kanpur is known for cotton garments whereas the raw
materials are present in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Railways are playing significant role in running countrys administration and safeguarding its freedom and
integrity, as it provides easy movement of police, troops, defence equipments etc.
Problems and Issues in Railways Development
1. Problem of acquiring land.

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2. Indian Railways has suffered from chronic and significant under-investment as a result of which the
network expansion and modernization has not happened at the requisite pace leading to an erosion of the

3.
share in national freight and passenger traffic.

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Cleanliness, punctuality of services, safety, quality of terminals, capacity of trains, quality of food,
security of passengers and ease of booking tickets are issues that need urgent attention.
4. The high density networks of the Indian Railways are facing acute capacity constraints coupled with a low
passenger fares thereby leading to increases in freight tariffs to cross subsidize passenger revenues.
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5. Investments in safety have also suffered on account of low internal generation of resources.
Environmental side effects
1. The laying of new tracks requires clearance of forests that affects the biodiversity and forest dwellers both.
2. Due to presence of railway track in elephant corridor accidents and death of elephants take place.
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3. For the establishment of railway tracks in hilly areas dynamites are used to break hills which in turn cause
air pollution as well as lead to frequent landslides.
Water Transport
Waterways provide the cheapest-means for transportation of commodities in bulk because there is no fixed
cost associated with them. Costly construction of routes is not required.
Inland waterways
India has about 14,500 km of navigable waterways which comprise rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, etc.
However, there is a number of conditionality attached to the river transport, viz:
(a) The rivers must have enough water flowing in them althrough the year;
(b) The rivers must be free from waterfall or rapids;
(c) The rivers must have stabilized courses;
(d) The rivers must not have fluctuating regimes;
(e) The rivers must flow in the right direction; i.e., the direction of dominant trade flows.
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Impediments to the Growth of IWT

Insufficient depths throughout the stretch of navigable waters.
Excessive siltation in major rivers from erosion of uplands and deforestation.
Navigation being relegated to the fourth position due to priorities to drinking water, irrigation and power
(hydel) sectors that results in reduced draft.
Non-availability of low draft high technology vessels.
Non-availability of adequate navigational aids resulting in restricted sailing over long periods of time.
Non-availability of permanent terminals with adequate infrastructure for loading/unloading, storage etc.
Non-availability of bulk commodities along the water front.
Non-availability of return cargo on most of the routes.
Advantages of IWT

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Low capital cost- Cost of development of inland waterway has been estimated to be a mere 5-10 percent
of the cost of developing of an equivalent 4-lane highway or railway.
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Low maintenance cost- Cost of maintenance of inland waterway is placed at 20 percent of that of roads.
Low fuel cost- Inland Water Transport is a highly fuel-efficient mode of transport. This fact is borne out
by the estimate that one litre of fuel can move 24 tonnes/km of freight by road, 85 by rail and 105 by
IWT.
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Cost-effective transport mode- It has also been estimated that diversion of one billion tonne-km of cargo
to the IWT mode will reduce transport fuel costs by 5 million USD and the overall transport costs by 9
million USD.
Need for Infrastructure building- An analysis of the need for building essential infrastructure like mechanized
handling at terminals and night navigation facilities reveals how these can translate into reduction of cost
of transportation per tonne-km (TKM) over short haul as well as long haul carriage by IWT. It was
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observed that the TKM cost of movement would come down from the present Rs.3.55 to Rs.1.44 for
a short haul of 100 km and from Rs. 0.95 to 0.39 for a long haul of 2000 km.
Seaports in India
The coastline of India is dotted with 12 Major Ports and about 200 Non-major Ports.
Kandla - It is a tidal port located at the eastern end of Gulf of Kuchchh.
Mumbai It is situated on Salsette Island on the western coast. It is a natural harbour and the largest port
of India handling about 1/5th of Indias foreign trade.
Jawaharlal Nehru port It has been built at Nhava Sheva Island across the Elephanta caves, about 10
km from Mumbai. Main objective is to relieve the pressure on the Mumbai Port.
Marmagao It is a natural port located at the entrance of Zuvari estuary in Goa.
New Mangalore - Located at the southern tip of Karnataka coast, north of Gurpur River.
Kochi - A natural harbour on the western coast of Kerala (in Vembanad Lake).
Tuticorin It is an artificial deep sea harbour in Tamil Nadu, north of Adam Bridge and east of Sri Lanka.
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Chennai - It is the oldest artificial port on the eastern coast of India.

Ennore: Recently developed to reduce pressure of traffic on Chennai port. It is located slightly north of
Chennai on T.N. coast. It is countrys first corporate port.
Vishakhapatnam - It is the deepest land-locked and protected port at the coast of Andhra Pradesh.
Paradeep It is a deep-water & all weather port on Orissa coast in Mahanadi delta region.
Kolkata-Haldia It is a river rine port located on the west bank of the Hooghly River.
New initiatives
A. Sagarmala project
Sagarmala will lead to large scale employment generation of skilled and semi-skilled manpower.
Industrial clusters and parks, large ports, maritime services, logistics services, and other sectors of the
economy will be directly and indirectly impacted by port-led development under Sagarmala.

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It will result in sustainable development of the population living in the Coastal Economic Zones
(CEZ) by synergising and coordinating with State Governments and line Ministries of Central

OR
Government through their existing schemes and programmes such as those related to community and
rural development, tribal development and employment generation, fisheries, skill development, tourism
promotion etc. Today about 70 lakhs persons are dependent on fisheries for their livelihood.
B. Jal Marg Vikas Project
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The Projects objective is to provide an environment friendly, fuel efficient and cost-effective alternative
mode of transportation, especially for bulk goods, hazardous goods, captive cargo and over dimensional
cargo.
The projects include construction of terminals, jetties, river training and conservancy works, modern
automated information system, navigation aids, etc.
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Issues in sea transport

Most major ports were originally designed to handle specific categories of cargo which have declined in
time while other types of cargoes gained importance. The ports have not been able to adjust to the
categories of cargo which grew the most. There are thus several berths for traditional cargo, which are
under-utilised, and only a few for new cargo, which are overutilised.
Equipment utilisation is very poor both because equipment is obsolete and poorly maintained.
Over staffing at Indian ports remains rampant and productivity indicators in respect of cargo and equipment
handling continue to be poor.
Documentary procedures relating to cargo handling such as customs clearance requirements are unduly
complicated and time consuming. Electronic document processing is still to be introduced in all the ports.
Port access facilities and arrangements for moving in-bound and out-bound cargo are inadequate and
unsatisfactory.
Absence of inter-port and intra-port competition which have been conductive to substantial productivity
increases in other countries is absent in Indian due to poor inland connectivity and a policy regime that
protected domestic ports against competitive pressures.
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Air Transport
Aviation as an infrastructure segment has played vital role in facilitating the growth of business and economy
in India. A robust civil aviation set-up is key to seamless flow of investment, trade and tourism, with significant
multiplier effects through the economy.
International Airports:
Airport City State/Union Territory
Veer Savarkar International Airport Port Blair Andaman and Nicobar
Islands
Visakhapatnam Airport Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad Telangana
Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport Guwahati Assam
Indira Gandhi International Airport New Delhi Delhi
Goa International Airport

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whole state Goa
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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad Gujarat
Kempegowda International Airport Bengaluru Karnataka
Mangalore International Airport Mangalore Karnataka
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Cochin International Airport Kochi Kerala

Calicut International Airport Kozhikode Kerala
Trivandrum International Airport Thiruvananthapuram Kerala
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Mumbai Maharashtra
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Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport Nagpur Maharashtra

Tulihal Airport Imphal Manipur
Biju Patnaik International Airport Bhubaneswar Odisha
Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport Amritsar Punjab
Jaipur International Airport Jaipur Rajasthan
Chennai International Airport Chennai Tamil Nadu
Coimbatore International Airport Coimbatore Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirapalli International Airport Tiruchirapalli Tamil Nadu
Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport Lucknow Uttar Pradesh
Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport Varanasi Uttar Pradesh
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport Kolkata West Bengal
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GAGAN Project
GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation ''Gagan'' is an augmentation system to enhance the accuracy
and integrity of GPS signals to meet precision approach requirements in Civil Aviation.
Being implemented jointly by AAI and ISRO.
Provide navigation system for all phases of flight over the Indian airspace and in the adjoining area.
Cover a vast geographical area from Africa to Australia and hence facilitates expansion of the of the
service area of ''Gagan'' far beyond Indian airspace.
Provides precision approach and landing guidance up to category I to aircraft hitherto not available due
to terrain conditions.
Flight Management System based on GAGAN is poised to save operators time and money.
The FMS will improve the efficiency and flexibility by increasing the use of operator-preferred trajectories.

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It will improve airport and airspace access in all weather conditions, and the ability to meet the
environmental and obstacle clearance constraints.

Meaning

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Public Private Partnership in Transport Sector

Public Private Partnership means an arrangement between a government / statutory entity / government
owned entity on one side and a private sector entity on the other, for the provision of public assets and/
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or public services, through investments being made and/or management being undertaken by the private
sector entity, for a specified period of time, where there is well defined allocation of risk between the
private sector and the public entity and the private entity receives performance linked payments that
conform (or are benchmarked) to specified and pre-determined performance standards, measurable by the
public entity or its representative.
Different types of PPP
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1. BOT-Toll (Build Operate Transfer Toll) : The private entity meets the upfront cost of design,
construction and recurring cost on operation and maintenance. The Private entity recovers the entire cost
along with the interest from collection of user utilization during the agreed concession period. Capital
infusion is available from the public entity. A risk sharing model is predominant in this model.
2. BOOT (Build Operate Own Transfer) : This engagement model is similar to the Build Operate Transfer
model except that the private entity has to transfer the facility back to the public sector
3. Joint Venture (JV) : In a PPP arrangement commonly followed in our country (such as for airport
development), the private sector body is encouraged to form a joint venture company (JVC) along with
the participating public sector agency with the latter holding only minority shares. The private sector body
will be responsible for the design; construction and management of the operations targeted for the PPP
and will also bring in most of the investment requirements. The public sector partners contribution will
be by way of fixed assets at a pre-determined value, whether it is land, buildings or facilities or it may
contribute to the shareholding capital. It may also provide assurances and guarantees required by the
private partner to raise funds and to ensure smooth construction and operation.
4. Management Contract (MC) : A management contract is a contractual arrangement for the management
of a part or whole of a public enterprise by the private sector. Management contracts allow private sector
skills to be brought into service design and delivery, operational control, labour management and equipment
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procurement. However, the public sector retains the ownership of facility and equipment. The private
sector is provided specified responsibilities concerning a service and is generally not asked to assume
commercial risk. The private contractor is paid a fee to manage and operate services. Normally, payment
of such fees is performance-based. Usually, the contract period is short, typically two to five years. But
longer period may be used for large and complex operational facilities such as a port or airport.
5. BOT (Build Operate Transfer) : The private business builds and operates the public facility for an agreed
period of time. Once the facility is operational as agreed, or at the end of the time period, the private
entity transfers the facility ownership to the public, here it may be construed as Government. Under this
category, the private partner is responsible to design, build, operate (during the contracted period) and
transfer back the facility to the public sector. The private sector partner is expected to bring the finance
for the project and take the responsibility to construct and maintain it. The public sector will either pay
a rent for using the facility or allow it to collect revenue from the users. The national highway projects
contracted out by NHAI under PPP mode is an example. This model is a classic example for IT industry
6. BOT Annuity (Build Operate Transfer Annuity): This model though is globally accepted one does
not have the favour of the Planning Commission of India. In case of annuity model, the cost of building
the entity is paid to the private entity or the developer annually after the starting commercial operations

E
of the facility.
7. DBFOT (Design Build Finance Operate Transfer): These are other variations of PPP and as the
OR
nomenclatures highlight, the private party assumes the entire responsibility for the design, construct,
finance, and operate or operate and maintain the project for the period of concession.
8. BOO (Build Own Operate): In a BOO project, ownership of the project usually remains with the Private
entity. The government grants the rights to design, finance, build, operate and maintain the project to a
private entity, which retains ownership of the project. In BOO the private entity is usually not required
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to transfer the facility back to the government

9. BOOST (Build Operate Own Share Transfer): This model is very similar to the BOOT model, except
that there exists an arrangement or sharing the revenue to the private entity for a longer time even after
the rights of the private entity are transferred to the public entity.
10. Hybrid Annuity Model: Under this model, the government will provide 40 per cent of the project cost
to the developer to start work while the remaining investment has to be made by the developer. The main
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objective of the approval is to revive highway projects in the country by making one more mode of
delivery of highway projects. Under this, all major stakeholders in the PPP arrangement the Authority,
Lender and the Developer, Concessionaire would have an increased comfort level resulting in revival of
the sector through renewed interest of private developers/investors in highway projects and this will bring
relief thereby to citizens/travelers in the area of a respective project.
Advantages of PPP model
a. Better quality since the concessionaire (private sector) is to maintain the road for the period of concession.
b. Early completion of the project, since the concessionaire could save interest and earn early toll (in the case
of BOT project) / additional annuity installments (in the case of Annuity project).
c. No costs overrun (price escalation).
d. The Client (Government/NHAI) does not have the burden of maintaining the highways.
e. Involving the private sector leads to greater efficiency.
f. The private sector has more flexible procurement and decision-making procedures and therefore, it can
speed up implementation efforts.
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SPECIAL PROVISIONS IN THE CONSTITUTION

SPECIAL STATUS OF J & K (Article 370)

Jammu & Kashmir has truly federal relation with the union.

J & K got independence on 15th Aug, 1947 along with India, but daunted with the problems of forced
annexation with Pakistan, it signed the Instrument of Accession with India & became a part of it.

Instrument of Accession - Signed between Nehru & Maharaja Hari singh on 26th Oct, 1947.

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OR
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Under this, India acquired jurisdiction over the state with respect to subject of Defence, External affairs
& communication.
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People of J & K elected a sovereign constituent assembly which met for the 1st time on Oct 31, 1951.
History of Article 370:
The provision was drafted in 1947 by Sheikh Abdullah, who had by then been appointed prime minister
of Jammu & Kashmir by Maharaja Hari Singh and Jawahar Lal Nehru.
Sheikh Abdullah had argued that Article 370 should not be placed under temporary provisions of the
Constitution.
He wanted 'iron clad autonomy' for the state, which Centre didn't comply with.
What is Article 370?
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is a 'temporary provision' which grants special autonomous status
to Jammu & Kashmir.
Under Part XXI of the Constitution of India, which deals with 'Temporary, Transitional and Special
provisions', the state of Jammu & Kashmir has been accorded special status under Article 370.
All the provisions of the Constitution which are applicable to other states are not applicable to J&K.

E
For example, till 1965, J&K had a 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' for governor and prime minister in place of chief
minister.
OR
Article 1 stated as, J & K is a constituent state of Indian union, however Article 370 grants a special status
to J & K on the basis of agreement concluded at time of J & K accession to Indian union:
J & K has its own constitution apart from Indian constitution (Framed on 17th Nov 1956 & came in force
on 26 Jan 1957).
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Parliament cannot make laws with regards to J & K on subjects stated in state list.
Residuary powers lies with legislature of J & K.
Follows dual citizenship, only citizens of J & K can take part in elections to state assembly.
Only citizens of J & K can acquire, own & dispose of immovable property in J & K.
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Only national emergency proclaimed on the grounds of war & external aggression shall have automatic
extension to J & K.
National emergency proclaimed on the grounds of internal armed rebellion shall not be automatically
extended to J & K.
Parliament cannot change name, boundary or territory of J & K without the concurrence of state
legislature.
No preventive detention law made by government can have automatic extension to J & K (PMLA is also
applicable for J & K).
Union has no power to proclaim a financial emergency to J & K.
State government shall be consulted by centre before appointing a person as governor of J&K.
Apart from Presidential rule, governor rule can also be imposed for a maximum of 6 months.
DPSP & Fundamental duties enlisted in Indian constitution are not applicable to J & K
Urdu - Official language of the state.
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Provisions of Article 370:

As per this Article except for defence, foreign affairs, finance and communications, Parliament needs the
state government's concurrence for applying all other laws.
Thus the state's residents live under a separate set of laws, including those related to citizenship, ownership
of property, and fundamental rights, as compared to other Indians.
As a result of this provision, Indian citizens from other states cannot purchase land or property in Jammu
& Kashmir.
Under Article 370, the Centre has no power to declare financial emergency under Article 360 in the state.
It can declare emergency in the state only in case of war or external aggression.
The Union government can therefore not declare emergency on grounds of internal disturbance or imminent
danger unless it is made at the request or with the concurrence of the state government.
J & K High Court -

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Can issue writs only in case of violation of FRs.
Cannot declare a law unconstitutional - Lack of Judicial activism.

OR
SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR STATES (ARTICLE 371)
Article 371 - Special Provisions for Maharashtra & Gujarat:
President is authorised to provide that Governor of Maharashtra & Gujarat would have special responsibilities
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for:
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Establishment of separate development boards for Vidarbha, Marathwada & rest of Maharashtra moreover
to Kutchh & rest of Gujarat.
A report on working of these boards will be placed each year before state legislative assembly.
Equitable allocation of funds for developmental expenditure over the mentioned areas.
Equitable arrangements providing adequate facilities for technical education, vocational training & adequate
opportunities for employment in state services.
Article 371 - A - Special Provisions for Nagaland:
Act of parliament relating to following matters would not apply to Nagaland unless state assembly so
decides:
Religious & social practices of Nagas
Nagas customary law & procedure
Administration of civil or criminal justice involving decisions according to Naga customary law
Ownership & transfer of land & its resources

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Special responsibility of governor with respect to law & order in the state (after consulting COMs, but
his decision will be final) regarding internal disturbances occurring in Naga hills mainly in Tuesang area
OR
(Special responsibility ceases if President directs so).
Governor has to ensure that money provided by the GOI out of consolidated fund of India for any
specific purpose, is included in the demand for grant relating to that specific purpose only, not any other.
A regional council for Tuensang district, consisting of 35 members should be formed & governor in his
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discretion shall make all the rules & terms regarding this council.
For a period of 10 years, from formation of state of Nagaland or for further period as specified by
Governor, on recommendations of regional council, following provisions would be operative for
Tuensang district:
Administration of Tuensang district shall be carried on by the governor.
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Governor in his discretion shall arrange for equitable distribution of money, between Tuensang district &
Rest of Nagaland, provided by center.
There shall be a minister for Tuensang affairs in state COMs.
Final decision on all matters relating to Tuensang district shall be made by governor in his discretion.
Members in Nagaland assembly from the Tuensang district are not elected directly by the people but by
regional council.
Article 371 - B - Special Provisions for Assam:
President may provide for the constitution & functions, a committee of Legislative assembly of the state,
consisting of members of that assembly elected from the tribal area of Assam.
President can also direct that the governor shall have special responsibility to secure proper functioning
of that committee.
Article 371 - C - Special Provisions for Manipur:
President may provide for the constitution & functions, a committee of Legislative assembly of the state,
consisting of members of that assembly elected from the hill areas of Manipur.
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President can also direct that the governor shall have special responsibility to secure proper functioning
of that committee
Governor should submit an annual report to the President regarding the administration of Hilly areas.
Article 371- D - Special Provisions for Andhra Pradesh:
President is empowered to provide equitable opportunities & facilities for people belonging to different
parts of the state in matter of public employment & education.
For above purpose, President may require the state government to organize civil posts in local cadre for
different parts of the state & also provide for direct recruitment to posts in local cadre (or in any such
educational institution).
President may provide for establishment of an administrative tribunal in state to deal with certain disputes,
relating to appointment, allotment or promotion to civil posts in state.
Only SC is to exercise jurisdiction over such tribunal which means they are outside the purview of HC
(President may abolish the tribunals if he thinks it is not necessary).

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Article 371 - E -Special Provisions for Sikkim

& 1 in parliamentary constituency.
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Legislative assembly shall not less than 30 members in addition with 1 seat from the state in Lok Sabha

For the purpose of protecting the rights & interest of different sections of Sikkim population, Parliament
is empowered to provide number of seats in Sikkim administrative assembly for the people belonging to
such sections.
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Governor in his discretion (On direction of President) have special responsibility for peace & equitable
arrangement for socio- economic development of different sections of Sikkim.
Article 371 G - Special Provisions for Mizoram:
Legislative assembly shall not be less than 40 members
Act of parliament relating to following matters would not apply to Mizoram unless state assembly so
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decides:
Religious & social practices of Mizo
Mizo customary law & procedure
Administration of civil or criminal justice involving decisions according to Mizo customary law
Ownership & transfer of land & its resources
Article 371 H - Special provisions for Arunachal Pradesh:
Legislative assembly shall not be less than 30 members
Governor of Arunachal Pradesh, on directions of President, shall have special responsibility for law &
order in state (May consult with COMs but his decision will be final).
Article 371 - I - Special provisions for Goa
Legislative assembly shall not be less than 30 members.
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HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION AND

LICENSING POLICY
The government has decided to launch new Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) to cover
all hydrocarbons such as oil, gas, coal bed methane etc. under a single licensing framework.
What were the flaws in NELP?
The present policy regime for exploration and production of oil and gas, known as New Exploration Licensing
Policy (NELP), been in existence for 18 years but various issues are present under this.
1. There are separate policy regimes for conventional oil and gas, coal-bed methane, shale oil and gas and
gas hydrates.

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2. Different fiscal terms are also in force for allocation of acreages for exploration for different hydrocarbons.
3.
4. OR
Unconventional hydrocarbons (shale gas and shale oil) were unknown when NELP was framed.
This fragmented policy framework leads to inefficiencies in exploiting natural resources. For example,
while exploring for one type of hydrocarbon, if a different one is found, it will need separate licensing,
adding to cost.
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5. The pricing of gas in the current system has undergone many changes and witnessed considerable litigation.
Currently, the producer price of gas is fixed administratively by the Government. This has led to loss
of revenue, a large number of disputes, arbitrations and court cases.
6. The current policy regime, in fixing royalties, does not distinguish between shallow water fields (where
costs and risks are lower) and deep/ultra-deep water fields where risks and costs are much higher.
Thus the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy have the following key features:
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1. There will be a uniform licensing system which will cover all hydrocarbons, i.e. oil, gas, coal bed methane
etc. under a single license and policy framework.
2. Contracts will be based on "biddable revenue sharing". Bidders will be required to quote revenue sharein
their bids and this will be a key parameter for selecting the winning bid. They will quote a different share
at two levels of revenue called "lower revenue point" and "higher revenue point". Revenue share for
intermediate points will be calculated by linear interpolation. The bidder giving the highest net present
value of revenue share to the Government, as per transparent methodology, will get the maximum marks
under this parameter
3. An Open Acreage Licensing Policy will be implemented whereby a bidder may apply to the Government
seeking exploration of any block not already covered by exploration. The Government will examine the
Expression of Interest and justification. If it is suitable for award, Govt. will call for competitive bids after
obtaining necessary environmental and other clearances. This will enable a faster coverage of the available
geographical area.
4. A concessional royalty regime will be implemented for deep water and ultra-deep water areas. These
areas shall not have any royalty for the first seven years, and thereafter shall have a concessional royalty
of 5% (in deep water areas) and 2% (in ultra-deep water areas).
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5. In shallow water areas, the royalty rates shall be reduced from 10% to 7.5%.
6. The contractor will have freedom for pricing and marketing of gas produced in the domestic market on
arms length basis. To safeguard the Government revenue, the Government's share of profit will be
calculated based on the higher of prevailing international crude price or actual price.
Proposed benefits
1. It is expected to stimulate new exploration activity for oil, gas and other hydrocarbons and eventually
reduce import dependence.
2. It is also expected to create substantial new job opportunities in the petroleum sector.
3. Marketing and pricing freedom will further simplify the process.
4. These will remove the discretion in the hands of the Government, reduce disputes, avoid opportunities
for corruption, reduce administrative delays and thus stimulate growth.

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GREEN FINANCE
Green Finance is a strategic approach to incorporate the financial sector in the transformation process towards
low-carbon and resource-efficient economies, and in the context of adaptation to climate change.
Green finance refers to financial support for green growth.
The environmental benefits include, for example, reductions in air, water and land pollution, reductions
in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improved energy efficiency while utilizing existing natural resources,
as well as mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and their co-benefits.
Green finance involves efforts to internalize environmental externalities and adjust risk perceptions in

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order to boost environmental friendly investments and reduce environmentally harmful ones.
Green finance covers a wide range of financial institutions and asset classes, and includes both public and

financial system.
OR
private finance. Green finance involves the effective management of environmental risks across the

Green finance is a phenomenon that combines the word of finance and business with environmentally
friendly behavior.
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Green finance can be expressed differently depending on the participant, and it may be led by financial
incentives, a desire to preserve the planet, or a combination of both.
Green finance is about avoiding the promotion of any business or activity that could be damaging to the
environment now or for future generations.
Green Growth for Green Finance
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Green growth is defined as growth generated through the harmony between the economy and the
environment.
It aims to achieve the goal of a low-carbon economy.
It strategically promotes green industry, including environmental pollution prevention projects and renewable
energy development projects.
Green growth is the solution to three current threats to the global economy:
Climate change
Energy constraints
Financial crisis.
Key options to create an enabling environment for mobilizing private capital for green investment
Provide strategic policy signals and frameworks
Promote voluntary principles for green finance
Expand learning networks for capacity building
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Support the development of local green bond markets

Promote international collaboration to facilitate cross-border investment in green bonds:
Encourage and facilitate knowledge sharing on environmental and financial risk
Improve the measurement of green finance activities and their impacts
Categorization of green finance in private sector:

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General challenges to green finance and selected country/Market practices to address such challenges
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Over the past decade, various complementary financial sector options have emerged in many G20 countries,

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from both private and public actors, to support the development of green finance. These include:
Voluntary principles for sustainable lending and investment,


OR
Enhanced environmental disclosure and governance requirements,
Financial products such as green loans, green bonds, green infrastructure investment trusts, and green index
products.
International collaboration among central banks, finance ministries and regulators (focused in large part on
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knowledge sharing and capacity building).
Way forward
Green finance is part of a broader occurrence from the incorporation of various non-financial or ethical
concerns onto the financial universe.
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Generally green finance is considered as the financial support for green growth which reduces greenhouse gas
emissions and air pollutant emissions significantly.
Green finance in agriculture, green buildings and other green projects should increase for the economic
development of the country.
The challenge, before developing economies is to mainstream green finance so as to incorporate the environmental
impact into commercial lending decisions while simultaneously balancing the needs of economic growth and
social development. This will necessarily mean setting out on the journey of integrating financial system and
sustainable development which has numerous goal-posts.
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GREEN BONDS
A green bond is like any other bond where a debt instrument is issued by an issuer for raising funds from
investors. However what differentiates a Green bond from other bonds is that the proceeds of a Green Bond
offering are 'ear-marked' for use towards financing 'green' projects.
The key benefits of issuing green bonds are as under:
i. Positive public Relations: Green bonds can help in enhancing an issuer's reputation, as this is an effective
way for an issuer to demonstrate its green credentials. It displays the issuers commitment towards the
development and sustainability of the environment. Further, this may also generate some positive publicity
for the issuer.

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ii. Investor Diversification: There are specific global pool of capital, which are earmarked towards investment
in Green Ventures. This source of capital focuses primarily on environmental, social and governance
(ESG) related aspects of the projects in which they intend to invest. Thus, green bonds provide an issuer
OR
the access to such investors which they otherwise may not be able to tap with a regular bond.
iii. Potential for pricing advantage: The green bond issuance attracts wider investor base and this may in
turn benefit the issuers in terms of better pricing of their bonds vis-a-vis a regular bond. Currently there
is very limited evidence available in this regard, however as demand of green bonds increases it is likely
to drive increasingly favorable terms and a better price for the issuer. Further, with increasing focus of
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the global investor community towards green investments, it is expected that new set of investors will
enter into this space leading to lowering the cost of funding for green projects.
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Notes