MELBOURNE

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ELEN30009

ELECTRICAL NETWORK
ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Semester 1, 2017

Practice Problems and Numerical Answers

Version date: 1st March 2017

Contents

1 Transient Analysis of LTI Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3 Laplace Transforms and Circuit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4 Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5 Frequency-Selective Circuits: Low-pass & High-pass Filters . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6 Frequency-Selective Circuits: Band-pass & Band-reject Filters . . . . . . . . 14
7 Bode Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8 Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9 Two-Port Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10 Numerical Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1 Transient Analysis in LTI Circuits
1. Consider the following circuit in which current in an inductor is driven by a DC source.
1 k

iL
vL +
= L

_ AM +

An ammeter is used to measure the current iL through the inductor and the current time
graph is displayed below. Assume the ammeter has zero impedance.

(a) Estimate the time constant of the transient, as well as the inductance of L.
(b) Estimate the voltage level vL of the DC source.
(c) Estimate the energy stored in the inductor at time t = .

2. Consider the circuit shown below in which the switch has been open for a long time prior
to t = 0.

(a) What is the value of vC before the switch closes?

(b) Obtain a differential equation for vC and solve it to find vC (t) for t 0.
(c) What is the steady state value of vC after the switch closes? Determine how long it
takes after the switch closes before vC is within 1% of its steady-state value.
(d) Repeat part (a) by first obtaining a Thevenin equivalent at the capacitors terminals,
then use this to more easily find the time constant and then vC (t) for t 0.

1
3. The switch in the circuit below has been in the left position for a long time. At time
t = 0 it moves to the right position and stays there.

(a) Find the v(0+ ), the capacitor voltage just after the switch changes position.
(b) Write the expression for the capacitor voltage, v(t), for t 0.
(c) Write the expression for the current through the 40 k resistor, i(t), for t > 0.
(d) What percentage of the initial energy stored in the capacitor is dissipated by the
40 k resistor?

4. The switch in the circuit below has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it
moves instantaneously to position b.

(a) Find vo (t) for t 0.

(b) io (t) for t > 0.
(c) v1 (t) for t 0.

5. The switch in the circuit below has been in position x for a long time. The initial charge
on the 60 nF capacitor is zero. At t = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to position y.

(a) Find v0 (t) for t > 0.

(b) Find v1 (t) for t 0.

2
6. The circuit elements in the circuit shown below are R = 125, L = 200 mH, and C = 5F.
The initial inductor current is 0.3 A and the initial capacitor voltage is 25 V.

(a) Calculate the initial current in each branch of the circuit.

(b) Find v(t) for t 0.
(c) Find iL (t) for t 0.

7. The initial value of the voltage v in the circuit from Problem 6 is 0 V, and the initial
value of the capacitor current, iC (0+ ), is 45 mA. The expression for the capacitor current
is known to be
iC (t) = A1 e200t + A2 e800t , t > 0,
when R is 250 . Find

(a) the values of , 0 , L, C, A1 , and A2 .

diC (0+ ) diL (0+ ) diR (0+ ) v(0) 1 iC (0+ )

 
Hint : = =
dt dt dt L R C
(b) the expression for v(t), t 0.
(c) the expression for iR (t), t 0.
(d) the expression for iL (t), t 0.

8. The switch in the circuit below has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the
switch moves instantaneously to position b.

(a) What is the initial value va (0+ ) just after the switch changes position?
(b) What is the initial value dva (0+ )/dt?

3
 (c) What is the numerical expression for va (t) for t > 0?

9. The two switches in the circuit below operate synchronously. When switch 1 is in position
a, switch 2 is closed. When switch 1 is in position b, switch 2 is open. Switch 1 has
been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instantaneously to position b.

(a) Find vc (0+ ) and the initial inductor current (left-to-right).

(b) Find vc (t) for 0.

10. In the circuit shown below, a switch is connected between a DC voltage source and a
network of five passive devices with the following component values:

R1 = 1 C1 = 125 mF L1 = 0.8 H R2 = 2 C2 = 125 mF

The switch is in the open position before time t = 0. At time t = 0 , there is no energy
stored in either capacitor, and the inductor current is given to be iL (0 ) = 1 A.

At time t = 0, the switch is instantaneously moved to the closed position.

(a) Derive a differential equation for the voltage vC (t) for t > 0.
(b) Derive a differential equation for the current iL (t) for t > 0.
(c) What type of step response does this circuit exhibit? Why?
(d) Using either of your differential equations from (a) or (b), find the following: vC (t),
iL (t), and i1 (t) for t > 0 assuming that the switch remains closed after t = 0.

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 (e) Now assume that at t = 1 second the switch is moved back to the open position.
Find the following: vC (t) and iL (t) for t > 1 assuming that switch remains open
beyond t = 1 second.

R1

i2
+
+ C1 L1 R2 C2 vC
10 V = i1 iL _

11. The circuit below shows a series RLC circuit with an input voltage vin (t). You are given
the following component values:

R = 100 C = 62.5 F L = 100 mH

R L

i
+
vin + C vC
=
_

(a) For the input vin (t) = 3u(t), find both vc (t) and i(t) for t > 0. Assume for this part
that zero energy is stored in the circuit at time t = 0 .
(b) Now assume the input is

5 V < t < 0
vin (t) =
2V t0

Find both i(t) and vC (t) for t 0.

5
2 Convolution
12. A rectangular pulse vi (t) = [u(t) u(t 1)] V is applied to the RL network shown below.

(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.

(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t)
(c) Interchange the position of the inductor and resistor in the circuit and repeat (a).

13. Consider the same RL network in the previous problem shown in the figure above, as well
as the same input vi (t) = [u(t) u(t 1)] V. You are going to consider an alternative
way to find vo (t) using convolution and superposition. You are to perform the following
steps:

(a) Consider the input to the circuit to be v1 (t) = u(t) and apply the convolution integral
to determine the resulting output vo1 (t). Do not specify for t 0 in your answer,
but instead use u(t) to signify this, as it will be important for the next part.
(b) Now consider the input v2 (t) = u(t 1). This is just a time shifted version of v1 (t),
and due to a circuit being an LTI system, the output time shifted version of vo1 (t).
Apply time shifting to the function vo1 (t) to create the output vo2 = vo1 (t 1). Be
sure to time shift the u(t) function used to indicate validity for t 0 in vo1 (t).
(c) Use the principle of superposition to find the output vo (t) when the input is vi (t) =
v1 (t) v2 (t), and verify this answer is equivalent to that in part (b) of the previous
problem.

14. Consider the RC network shown below, where the input voltage is a rectangular pulse
shown to its right.

(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.

(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t) and sketch it for 0 t 100 ms.
(c) Now assume that the resistors value decreases to 200 . Repeat parts (a) and (b).

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 (d) Does decreasing the resistors value increase or decrease the memory of the circuit?
Hint: Use your two sketches and consider which network comes closer to transmitting
a replica of the original input voltage.

15. The input voltage in the network shown below is

vi (t) = 5[u(t) u(t 0.5)] V

(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.

(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t).

3 Laplace Transforms and Circuit Analysis

16. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = 5u(t) 5e2t (1 + 2t)u(t). Put your answer in the
form of a rational function of two polynomials in s.

17. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = 10e4t cos(20t + 36.9 )u(t). Put your answer in the
form of a rational function of two polynomials in s.
s+3
18. Find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) =
s2 + 7s + 10
10
19. Find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) =
(s2 + 6s + 10)(s + 2)
4
20. Find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) = .
(s + 1)2 (s + 2)
4s3 + 15s2 + s + 30
21. Find the inverse Laplace transform of F (s) =
s2 + 5s + 6
22. For the following circuit, the input current is iin (t) = 3et u(t) mA. Given that R = 10 k
and C = 20 F, find the output Vo (s) and vo (t). Assume the capacitor has no charge
stored at time t = 0 .

iin (t) C R vo (t)

7
23. There is no energy stored in the circuit below at the time the two sources are energised.
(a) Find Vo (s).
(b) Find vo (t) for t > 0.

24. There is no energy stored in the circuit below at the time the switch is opened. The
sinusoidal current source is generating the signal ig (t) = 25 cos(200t) mA. The response
signal is the current io (t).
(a) Find the s-domain ratio Io (s)/Ig (s).
(b) Find Io (s) with the numerator and denominator in factored form.
(c) Describe the nature of the transient component of io (t) without solving for io (t).
(d) Describe the nature of the steady-state component of io (t) without solving for io (t).
(e) Verify the observations made in (c) and (d) by finding io (t).

25. Find vo (t) for t 0 for the circuit shown below given that iL (0 ) = 0.5 A and vc (0 ) = 2.5
V.
R1 = 15 L = 2.5 H

iL +
C = 10 mF
vi (t) + R2 = 5 vo (t)
=

26. Find Vo (s) and vo (t) for the circuit shown below given that ii (t) = 4u(t) A and vi (t) =
12u(t) V. Assume there is no energy stored in the circuit at time t = 0 .
Note that there are several ways to approach the analysis, including NVA, MCA, use of
superposition, and using a Thevenin equivalent.
Another question to consider: Does R1 affect vo (t)? Why or why not?

8
 C =1F
R1 = 3

L=1H
ii (t) R2 = 2 vo (t)

vi (t) +
=

4 Transfer Functions
27. Determine the transfer function H(s) of the circuit shown below. Your answer should be a
rational function of two polynomials in s, and the highest-order term in the denominator
should have a unity scale factor.

+
vi (t) + L C vo (t)
=
_

28. Consider the circuit shown below where R = 2 , L = 1 H, and C = 1 F.

Vout (s)
(a) Determine the transfer function H(s) = of the circuit shown below. Your
Iin (s)
answer should be a rational function of two polynomials in s, and the highest-order
term in the denominator should have a unity scale factor.
(b) Determine the impulse response of the circuit.

iin (t) C L vout (t)

29. Consider the circuit shown below. You are given that

C1 = C2 = 0.5 F , R=2 , L=2H

9
 Vo (s)
(a) Find the transfer function H(s) = . Your answer should be a rational function
Vi (s)
of two polynomials in s, and the highest-order term in the denominator should have
a unity scale factor.
(b) Find the unit step response of the circuit, i.e., the output when vi (t) = u(t) V.

C1
R
_ vo (t) +
vi (t) +
=

L C2

30. Consider the circuit shown below with input vi (t) and output vo (t).
(a) Derive the transfer function H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s). Your answer should be a rational
function of two polynomials in s. Furthermore, in the denominator, the highest-order
term should have a unity scale factor.
Note: there are multiple ways to derive the transfer function, including use NVA,
MCA, etc.
(b) Let R1 = R2 = 1 and L = 1 H. For the following values of C, use your transfer func-
tion to determine whether the output response will be underdamped, overdamped
or critically damped.
i. C = 8 F
ii. C = 16 F
iii. C = 32 F
(c) Now consider the input to be vi (t) = u(t) V. For each of the values of C in the
previous part, use your transfer function in determining the output vo (t).

R1 L

vi (t) + R2 C vo (t)
=

31. You are given a linear time-invariant system with the following transfer function
Vo (s) 2s + 10
H(s) = = 2
Vi (s) s + 7s + 12
An input source vi (t) is applied to the system, and the following output vo (t) is observed:
vo (t) = 10e3t 20e4t + 10e5t u(t)

10
 Assume the system has no energy stored at time t = 0 . Determine vi (t).

32. The transfer function for a linear time-invariant circuit is

Vo (s) 25(s + 8)
H(s) = = 2
Vi (s) s + 60s + 150

If the input to the circuit is vi (t) = 10 cos 20t V, what is the steady-state expression for
vo (t).

33. When an input voltage of vi (t) = 30u(t) V is applied to a circuit, the response is known
to be
vo (t) = 50e8000t 20e5000t u(t) V

What will the steady-state response be if the input is vi (t) = 120 cos 6000t V ?

5 Frequency-Selective Circuits: Low-pass & High-pass

Filters
34. Consider the RC low-pass filter shown below.

(a) Find the cutoff freqency (in Hz) of the filter.

(b) Calculate H(j) at for the following frequencies: 0, c , 0.1c and 10c .
(c) If vi (t) = 25 cos t mV, write the steady-state expression for vo (t) when = c .
(d) A filter with the same frequency is to be designed with the same 160 resistor along
with an inductor in series. Calculate the required inductance for this filter and draw
the new filter network.

35. A black box has two input terminals for input vi (t) and two output terminals for output
vo (t). You are told that inside the box is a series RC network. An engineer tests the
black box and gives you the frequency-response magnitude plot below. The engineer also
states that the frequency response decays to zero as the input frequency goes to infinity.

(a) What type of filter is this?

(b) Draw the network inside the black box, and label where input and output terminals
connect to the RC network.
Vo (s)
(c) Estimate the transfer function H(s) = of the black box.
Vi (s)

11
 |H(j!)|

! (rad/s)

(d) A 200 resistor has been connected across the output terminals of the black box.
The engineer states that the maximum magnitude of |H(j)| has been reduced to
0.5. Estimate the value of the capacitor inside the black box.

36. Consider the circuit shown below.

(a) With the input and output functions being vi (t) and vo (t), respectively, what type
of filter does this circuit behave as?
(b) Write the transfer function of this filter and specify the cutoff freqency.
(c) Design the exact same filter using a 150 resistor and a capacitor. Specify the value
of the capacitor and draw the new filter circuit.

37. You are to design a first-order RL low-pass filter with cutoff frequency 5 kHz. The only
inductor available is a single 1 mH inductor.

(a) Specify the required resistor value and draw the filter network.
(b) It is now desired that a first-order high-pass filter with cutoff frequency 5 kHz is
required using the same given inductor value. Specify the required resistor value
and draw the filter network.
(c) Compare your answers from (a) and (b). What does it take to convert from a simple
RL low-pass filter to RL high-pass filter (and vice versa)?
(d) Repeat parts (a)(c) for the case of a RC filter with a 1F capacitor.

12
38. You are to design a first-order high-pass filter that has a maximum frequency-response
magnitude of 0.5 and a cutoff frequency c = 2000 rad/sec.

(a) Write the transfer function H(s) for the network that meets these specifications.
(b) You only have 1k resistors and capacitors of any value. Design and draw the circuit
diagram, which includes component values and labels where the input and output
are.
Hint: Think about voltage division at = , where the capacitor acts as a short
circuit.
(c) Without changing the number, type and value of the components, redesign and draw
the circuit so that it becomes low pass filter with a maximum frequency-response
magnitude of 0.5.
(d) Compute the new cutoff frequency for the filter in part (c).

39. The RC filter shown below as a load resistor RL connected at its output terminals. This
is known as a loaded filter.

(a) Derive the transfer function H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s). Your answer should be a rational
function of two polynomials in s. Furthermore, in the denominator, the highest-order
term should have a unity scale factor.
(b) What type of filter is this network?
(c) Specify the following in terms of the given parameters R, C and RL :
i. At what frequency will the magnitude of H(j) be maximum?
ii. What is the maximum value of |H(j)| ?
iii. At what
frequency will the magnitude of H(j) be equal to its maximum divided
by 2? In other words, determine the cutoff frequency.
(d) Compare your answer in (c) to the case of the unloaded filter. Note that this is
equivalent to setting RL = , i.e., an open circuit.
(e) As a numerical example, consider the filter from Problem 34, where R = 160 and
C = 5 F. Assume a load resistor RL = 320 is connected in parallel with the
capacitor. Calculate the maximum magnitude H(j) and the cutoff frequency for
both the loaded and unloaded cases.

13
40. Shown below is a low-pass filter, which also has a resistor Rl in series with the inductor.
Such a resistor near the input is sometimes used to model the resistance of the input
voltage source, which is not an ideal voltage source in practice. Your goal in this problem
is to determine how Rl affects the filters frequency response.

(a) Derive the transfer function H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s). Your answer should be a rational
function of two polynomials in s. Furthermore, in the denominator, the highest-order
term should have a unity scale factor.
(b) Specify the following in terms of the given parameters R, C and RL :
i. At what frequency will the magnitude of H(j) be maximum?
ii. What is the maximum value of |H(j)| ?
iii. At what
frequency will the magnitude of H(j) be equal to its maximum divided
by 2? In other words, determine the cutoff frequency.
(c) Compare your answer in (b) to the case where Rl = 0.
(d) As a numerical example, consider the following component values: L = 50 mH,
R = 1200 . Calculate the maximum magnitude H(j) and the cutoff frequency for
the cases of Rl = 300 and Rl = 0.

6 Frequency-Selective Circuits: Band-pass & Band-reject

Filters
41. Use a 5 nF capacitor to design a series RLC bandpass filter. The center frequency of the
filter is 8 kHz and the quality factor Q = 2.

(a) Specify the numerical values of R and L.

(b) What is the lower cutoff frequency in kilohertz.
(c) What is the upper cutoff frequency in kilohertz.
(d) What is the bandwidth of the filter in kilohertz.

42. Consider the circuit shown below where L1 = 25 mH, R = 180 , L2 = 15 mH, and
C = 40 nF.

(a) Find the transfer function H(s) of the circuit and identify the filter type.
(b) Determine the centre frequency, cutoff frequencies and bandwidth of the filter.
(c) Sketch the magnitude response of the filter, as well as clearly labeling all parameters
bound in (b).
(d) Determine the Q factor of this filter.

14
 (e) Calculate the steady-state output voltage if vi (t) = 800 cos(25000t + 30 ) mV.
(f) Using the numerical value in (d) as a hint, sketch the expected transient response
of the voltage vC (t) across the capacitor if the circuit is driven by a unit-step input
voltage. Use left-to-right for the + and reference polarities for vC (t).
(g) If a non-ideal source with a series resistance Ri is connected, how would this affect
the bandwidth and passband magnitude of the filter?

L1 C L2

+
vi (t) + R vo (t)
=
_

43. Consider the circuit shown below which contains a series RLC bandpass filter. The filter
contains a 20 nF capacitor, has a center frequency of 50 krad/s, and a quality factor
Q = 6.25.

(a) Specify the numerical values of L and R for this filter.

(b) What is the lower cutoff frequency in kilohertz.
(c) What is the upper cutoff frequency in kilohertz.
(d) What is the bandwidth of the filter in hertz.

C L

+ +

vi (t) R vo (t)

_ _

44. Now consider the circuit and given information in Problem 43. The filter is now connected
to a source that has an internal resistance Ri = 80 and to a load resistor RL = 480 .

(a) What is the quality factor of the interconnected system?

(b) What is the bandwidth (in hertz) of the interconnected system?

Ri C L

+
vi (t) + R RL vo (t)
=
_

15
45. The purpose of this problem is to investigate how a resistive load connected across the
output terminals of a parallel RLC bandpass filter affects the quality factor and hence
the bandwidth of the filtering system. The loaded filter circuit is shown below.

(a) Calculate the transfer function H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s) for the loaded filter.
(b) Write an expression for the systems bandwidth in terms of the circuit components.
(c) Write an expression for the loaded bandwidth (L ) as a function of the unloaded
bandwidth (U ) and the circuit components.
(d) Write an expression for the systems quality factor in terms of o and the circuit
components.
(e) Write an expression for the loaded quality factor (QL ) as a function of the unloaded
quality factor (QU ) and the circuit components.
(f) Write expressions for the cutoff frequencies c1 and c2 in terms of the circuit com-
ponents.

NOTE: Based on your answers to the above, think about what happens to the filter when
a load is applied. Note that RL = is equivalent to the unloaded case.

46. Consider the circuit shown below.

(a) Find o , and Q.

(b) Find the steady-state expression for vo (t) when vi (t) = 250 cos o t mV.
(c) Show that if RL is expressed in kilohms, the Q of the circuit is
20
Q=
1 + 100/RL

(d) Plot Q versus RL for 20 k RL 2 M

16
47. Powerline hum is an audible oscillation of alternating current at the line frequency of
50 Hz. Using only passive components, design a simple anti-hum filter that passes all
frequencies except for the range of 49 to 51 Hz. Assume the filter will be connected to a
source resistance Ri = 0 and a load resistance RL = .

(a) What type of filter would be appropriate for this purpose?

(b) Draw the circuit diagram of your filter, clearly labelling the input and output volt-
ages. Assume that your components must be connected in series.
(c) Write the transfer function of this filter.
(d) Using fc1 = 49 Hz and fc2 = 51 Hz, evaluate the bandwidth and resonant frequency
in rad/s.
(e) You are given a 100 F capacitor for your filter. Design the L and R to satisfy the
filter parameters.
(f) Sketch a magnitude response of your filter, clearly labelling the important filter
parameters.
(g) Now assume you must use the parallel version of the filter. Draw the circuit diagram
and repeat parts (c) and (e) for this new circuit.

48. Consider the RLC circuit shown below.

(a) Show (via a qualitative analysis) that the circuit is a bandreject filter. (Note: you
are being asked to show this a bandreject filter using circuit intuition and not by
using calculations and deriving the transfer function.)
(b) Support the qualitative analysis of (a) by finding the voltage transfer function H(s) =
Vo (s)/Vi (s) of the filter.
(c) Derive the expression for the center frequency of the filter.
(d) Derive the expressions for the cutoff frequencies c1 and c2 .
(e) Use your answer from (d) to write an expression for the bandwidth of the filter?
(f) What is the expression for the quality factor of the circuit?

17
49. The purpose of this problem is to investigate how a resistive load connected across the
output terminals of the series RLC bandreject filter affects the behavior of the filter. The
loaded filter circuit is shown below.

(a) Find the transfer function H(s).

(b) Write an expression for the center frequency o in terms of the circuit components.
(c) Write an expression for the bandwidth in terms of the circuit components.
(d) Write an expression for the quality factor Q in terms of the circuit components and
o .
(e) Evaluate H(jo ). Is it the same as an unloaded band-reject filter?
(f) Evaluate H(j0). Is it the same as an unloaded band-reject filter?
(g) Evaluate H(j). Is it the same as an unloaded band-reject filter?
(h) Write expressions for the corner frequencies c1 and c2 in terms of the circuit com-
ponents.

NOTE: Think about how the above quantities are different from the unloaded case. If
the load resistance RL = , the result is equivalent to the unloaded case.

50. Consider the series RLC circuit shown below. When the output is the voltage across the
resistor, we know this circuit is a bandpass filter. When the output is the voltage across
the series combination of the inductor and capacitor, we know this circuit is a band-reject
filter. This problem, on the other hand, investigates the behavior of this circuit when the
output is across only the inductor.

(a) Find the transfer function H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s).

18
 (b) Approximate the magnitude of the transfer function from part (a) for very low
frequencies.
(c) Approximate the magnitude of the transfer function from part (a) for very high
frequencies.
(d) Based on your answers in parts (b) and (c), what type of filter is this?
(e) Suppose R = 600 , L = 400 mH, C = 2.5 F. Calculate the cutoff frequency of this
filter, that is, the frequency at which the magnitude is 1/ 2.

7 Bode Plots
51. The series bandpass filter shown below has the following component values:
L = 100 mH , R = 11 , C = 10 mF
(a) Write the transfer function H(j) in standard form.
(b) Express |H(j)| in decibels (dB).
(c) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude response of the circuit.
(d) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode phase angle plot of the circuit.
(e) From the plot in part (c), estimate the cutoff frequencies and bandwidth of the filter.
Compare these numbers to the theoretical cutoff frequencies and bandwidth.
(f) Given an ideal input voltage source vi (t) = 20 cos(400t 15 ) V, use the magni-
tude and phase plots from (c) and (d) to approximate the output sinusoidal voltage
amplitude at steady state.
52. Consider the following transfer function:
10000s
H(s) =
s2 + 10010s + 105
(a) What kind of filter is this?
(b) Express the transfer function H(j) in standard form.
(c) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude response of this transfer
function.
(d) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode phase angle plot of this transfer
function.
53. Consider the following transfer function:
104 s2
H(s) =
(s + 1)2 (s + 10)(s + 100)2
(a) Express the transfer function H(j) in standard form.
(b) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude response of this transfer
function.
54. Consider the following transfer function:
(s + 100)2
H(s) =
s2 + 10001s + 10000

19
 (a) Express the transfer function H(j) in standard form.
(b) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude response of this transfer
function.
(c) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode phase angle plot of this transfer
function.

55. Consider the following transfer function:

s2 + 1010s + 104
H(s) =
s2 + 105 s
(a) Express the transfer function H(j) in standard form.
(b) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode magnitude response of this transfer
function.
(c) Draw the straight-line approximation of the Bode phase angle plot of this transfer
function.

8 Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

56. The op amp in the circuit below is ideal.

(a) What configuration is shown in this figure?

(b) Find vo if va = 1 V, vb = 1.5 V, and vc = 4 V.
(c) The voltages va and vc remain as 1 V and 4 V, respectively. What are the limits
on vb if the op amp operates within its linear region.

57. The op amp in the circuit below is ideal.

(a) What op amp configuration is shown in this figure?

(b) Find vo in terms of vs .
(c) Find the range of values for vs such that vo does not saturate and the op amp remains
in its linear region.

20
58. The op amp in the circuit below is ideal. Calculate the following: ia , va , vo and io .

59. The signal voltage vg in the circuit shown below is described by the following equation:
 
t
vg (t) = 4 cos u(t)
4

(a) What op amp configuration is shown in this figure?

(b) Write vo (t) as a function of vg (t).
(c) Sketch vo (t) versus t assuming the op amp is ideal.

21
60. Consider the below differential amplifier circuit.
(a) Derive the equation for the voltage vo as a function of inputs va and vb .
(b) Compute the differential-mode gain.
(c) Compute the common-mode gain.
(d) Compute the common-mode rejection ratio (CMMR).

9 Two-Port Circuits
61. Find the s-domain expressions for the z parameters in the below two-port network.

i1 0.5 F 0.2 H i2

+ +

v1 10 v2

_ _

62. Find the s-domain expressions for the a parameters in the below two-port network.
i1 1 1 i2

+ +

v1 1F v2

_ _

22
63. (a) Find the y-parameters for the two-port network (inside the dotted box) shown below.
(b) Find v2 for t > 0 when vg = 10e2t u(t) V.

64. Determine the y parameters for a two-port network given the z parameters are:
 
18 6
Z=
6 9

65. The following measurements were made on a resistive two-port network:

Condition 1
Create a short circuit at port 2 and apply 20 V to port 1
Measurements: I1 = 1 A and I2 = 1 A.

Condition 2
Create an open circuit at port 1 and apply 80 V to port 2
Measurements: V1 = 400 V and I2 = 3 A.

Find the maximum power that this two-port circuit can deliver to a resistive load con-
nected at port 2 when port 1 is driven by a 4 A DC current source with an internal
resistance of 60 .

66. Find the s-domain expressions for the y parameters in the below two-port network.

1F

i1 1H 1H i2

+ +

v1 1 v2

_ _

23
67. The z and y parameters for the two two-port networks shown below are given by:
35
z11 = , y11 = 200 S
3
100
z12 = , y12 = 40 S
3
4
z21 = k , y21 = 800 S
3
10
z22 = , y22 = 40 S
3
Calculate vo if vg = 30 mV DC. (Hint: the two networks are cascaded).

68. In an experiment on a resistive two-port network shown below, the following DC mea-
surements were made:
Measurement 1 Measurement 2
V1 25 V 41 V
I1 1A 1A
V2 0V 20 V
I2 -500 mA 0A

A 96 V DC source with a 23 source resistance is connected to Port 1 as shown below.

The output of Port 2 is a variable resistor R0 .

You are required to adjust the variable resistor R0 that is connected across the output of
Port 2 such that the maximum power transfer to R0 is achieved.
(a) Calculate the value of R0 required for this purpose.
(b) Calculate the maximum power.

24
10 Numerical Answers
Transient Analysis of LTI Circuits
1. (a) = 2 ms , L = 2 H.
(b) vL = 3 V
(c) 9 J

2. (a) vC (0 ) = 50 V
(b) vC (t) = 25(et + 1) V
(c) vC () = 25 V , t = 4.6 s
(d) = 1 , vC (t) is same as (b)

3. (a) 80 V
(b) v(t) = 80e375t V , t 0
(c) i(t) = 1.6e375t mA , t > 0.
(d) 26.67%

4. (a) vo (t) = 80 40e1000t V , t 0.

(b) io (t) = 6.4e1000t mA , t > 0.
(c) v1 (t) = 64 32e1000t V , t 0.

5. (a) vo (t) = 30 + 90e1250t V , t > 0.

(b) v1 (t) = 30 30e1250t V , t 0.

6. (a) iR (0) = 200 mA , iL (0) = 300 mA , iC (0) = 100 mA

(b) v(t) = 25e800t cos 600t + 66.67e800t sin 600t V , t 0
(c) iL (t) = 300e800t cos 600t 191.7e800t sin 600t mA , t 0

7. (a) = 500 rad/s , o = 400 rad/s , L = 1.5625 H , C = 4 F , A1 = 15 mA ,

A2 = 60 mA
(b) v(t) = 18.75e200t 18.75e800t V , t 0.
(c) iR (t) = 75e200t 75e800t mA , t > 0.
(d) iL (t) = 60e200t + 15e800t mA , t 0.

8. (a) va (0+ ) = 300 V

(b) dva (0+ )/dt = 3 106 V/s
(c) va (t) = 300e8000t cos 6000t + 100e8000t sin 6000t V , t > 0

9. (a) vc (0+ ) = 90 V , iL (0+ ) = 5 A

(b) vc (t) = 60 150e50t cos 50t 200e50t sin 50t V , t 0

25
 2
dvC
10. (a) dt2
+ 6 dvdtC + 5vC = 0 , t > 0
d 2 iL
(b) dt2
+ 6 didtL + 5iL = 50 , t > 0
(c) Overdamped response (s1 = 1 , s2 = 5)
(d) vC (t) = 9et 9e5t V , t > 0
iL (t) = 11.25et + 2.25e5t + 10 A , t > 0
i1 (t) = 1.125et + 5.625e5t A , t > 0
(e) vC (t) = 3.2503e(t1) cos[2(t 1)] 13.3782e(t1) sin[2(t 1)] V , t > 1
iL (t) = 5.8765e(t1) cos[2(t 1)] + 4.9697e(t1) sin[2(t 1)] A , t > 1

11. (a) vC (t) = 3 4e200t + e800t V , t > 0

i(t) = 0.05e200t 0.05e800t A , t > 0
(b) vC (t) = 2 + 4e200t e800t V , t > 0
i(t) = 0.05e200t + 0.05e800t A , t > 0

Convolution

12. (a) h(t) = et u(t)

0, t<0
t
(b) vo (t) = (1 e ) V , 0 t < 1
(e 1)et V , t 1

(c) h(t) = (t) et

0, t<0
t
vo (t) = e V, 0t<1
t
(1 e)e V , t 1

13. (a) vo1 (t) = (1 et )u(t) V

(b) vo2 (t) = (1 e(t1) )u(t 1) V
(c) vo (t) = (1 et )u(t) (1 e(t1) )u(t 1). This is mathematically equivalent to
the answer to (b) in the previous problem.

14. (a) h(t) = 25e25t u(t)

0, t<0
25t
(b) vo (t) = 10(1 e ) V , 0 t < 40 ms
25t
10(e 1)e V , t 40 ms

(c) h(t) = 250e250t u(t)

0, t<0
250t
vo (t) = 10(1 e ) V, 0 t < 40 ms
10 250t
10(e 1)e V , t 40 ms

(d) Decreases the memory. The response in (c) is closer to the input signal.

26
15. (a) h(t) = 100te10t u(t)

0, t<0
10t
(b) vo (t) = 5 [1 e (10t + 1)] V , 0 t < 0.5 s
10t 5
5e [e (10t 4) 10t 1] V , t 0.5 s

Laplace Transforms and Circuit Analysis

20
16. F (s) =
s(s2 + 4s + 4)
8s 88
17. F (s) =
s2 + 8s + 416
18. f (t) = 31 e2t + 23 e5t , for t 0

19. f (t) = 5e3t cos t 5e3t sin t + 5e2t , for t 0

20. f (t) = 4et + 4tet + 4e2t , for t 0

21. f (t) = 4 dtd (t) 5(t) + 6e3t 4e2t , for t 0

120
22. Vo (s) = , vo (t) = {40et 40e4t } u(t) V
(s + 4)(s + 1)
32 104 (s + 200) + 38.4 106
23. (a) Vo (s) =
s(s + 400)(s + 600)
(b) vo (t) = {426.67 + 320e400t 746.67e600t } u(t) V
Io (s) s2
24. (a) = 2
Ig (s) s + 40s + 2000
0.025s3
(b) Io (s) =
(s + 20 j40)(s + 20 + j40)(s + j200)(s j200)
(c) It is a damped sinusoid of the form M e20t cos(40t + 1 )
(d) Steady-state sinusoid of the form N cos(200t + 2 ).
(e) io (t) = {1.44e20t cos(40t 97.94 ) + 25.76 cos(200t + 11.89 )} u(t) mA

25. vo (t) = 5 + 4.17e16t 6.67e10t V , for t 0

8(s + 3)
26. Vo (s) = 2
, vo (t) = {16tet + 8et } u(t) V. R1 does not affect vo (t).
(s + 1)

Transfer Functions
3s
27. H(s) =
s2 + 3s + 2
s/C
28. (a) H(s) =
R 1
s2 + s +
L LC

27
 (b) h(t) = [et tet ] u(t)
s3 + 1
29. (a) H(s) =
s3 + 2s + 1
(b) h(t) = [1 et cos t] u(t)
1/2C
30. (a) H(s) =
s2+ s/2 + 1/C
(b) i. C = 8 F: Underdamped
ii. C = 16 F: Critically Damped
iii. C = 32 F: Overdamped
h i
(c) i. C = 8 F : vo (t) = 21 + 12 et/4 cos( t/4 + 135 ) u(t) V
ii. C = 16 F : vo (t) = 12 8t + 21 et/4 u(t) V



iii. C = 32 F : vo (t) = [0.5 + 0.103e0.427t 0.603e0.073t ] u(t) V

31. vi (t) = 10te5t u(t) V

32. vo,ss (t) = 4.4 cos(20t 33.57 ) V

33. vo,ss (t) = 61.84 cos(6000t + 66.37 ) V

FSC: Low-Pass & High-Pass Filters

34. (a) fc = 198.72 Hz
1250
(b) H(j) = , H(j0) = 1 , H(jc ) = 0.7071 45 ,
j + 1250
H(j0.1c ) = 0.9950 5.71 , H(j10c ) = 0.09950 84.29 ,
(c) vo (t) = 17.68 cos(1250t 45 ) mV
(d) L = 128 mH. Output is across resistor for low-pass filter.

35. (a) Low-pass filter

(b) Simple RC network with output across C.
1500
(c) H(s)
s + 1500
(d) C 3.333 F

36. (a) High-pass filter

s
(b) H(s) = , c = 15000 rad/s
s + 15000
(c) C = 4.44 nF

37. (a) R = 31.42 . Output across the resistor.

(b) R = 31.42 due to same cutoff frequency. Output across the inductor.
(c) Swapping the output to/from the inductor from/to the resistor to convert to a high-
pass/low-pass filter.

28
 (d) C = 1.013 F for both the low-pass and high-pass filter. Convert by swapping the
output to/from the resistor from/to the capacitor to convert to a high-pass/low-pass
filter.
0.5s
38. (a) H(s) =
s + 2000
(b) Series network (either R-C-R or C-R-R) with two 1 k resistors and one 0.25 F
capacitor. Output is across the second resistor.
(c) Loaded RC lowpass filter, i.e. (R - CR).
(d) c = 8000 rad/s.
1/RC
39. (a) H(s) =  
R + RL
s+
RRL C
(b) Low-pass filter.
(c) i. Maximum |H(j)| occurs when = 0.
RL
ii. |H(j)|max =
 R +RL
1 R
iii. c = 1+
RC RL
(d) Maximum magnitude decreases, but frequency of the maximum is still = 0. Cutoff
frequency increases. Thus, filter output has changed.
(e) Maximum magnitude in unloaded case is 1, but is 0.667 for the loaded case. Unloaded
cutoff frequency is 1250 rad/s, but increases to 1875 rad/s for the loaded case.
R/L
40. (a) H(s) =
s + (R + Rl )/L
(b) i. Maximum |H(j)| occurs when = 0.
R
ii. |H(j)|max =
R + Rl
iii. c = (R + Rl )/L
(c) Maximum magnitude decreases, but frequency of the maximum is still = 0. Cutoff
frequency increases. Thus, filter output has changed.
(d) Maximum magnitude in unloaded case is 1, but is 0.8 for the loaded case. Unloaded
cutoff frequency is 24,000 rad/s, but increases to 30,000 rad/s for the loaded case.

FSC: Band-Pass & Band-Reject Filters

41. (a) L = 79.16 mH , R = 1.99 k.

(b) fc1 = 6.25 kHz
(c) fc2 = 10.25 kHz
(d) = 4 kHz

29
42. (a) Bandpass filter since series RLC with output across resistor.
s 4500s
H(s) = 2 =
s + s + o2 s2 + 4500s + 6.25 108
(b) o = 25000 rad/s , c1 = 22851 rad/s , c2 = 27351 rad/s , = 4500 rad/s.
(d) Q = 5.56
(e) vo,ss = 800 cos(25000t + 30 ) mV
(f) As Q > 0.5, the step response will be underdamped. The period of oscillation
T = 2d = 0.252 ms. Note that the exponential decay of the transient response has
= /2 = 2250 rad/s, which implies a time constant of 1 = 0.444 ms. Thus, we
expect several oscillations before the transient response effectively disappears.
(g) The added resistance will increase the bandwidth of the band-pass filter to (1+1/K)
R
and reduce the magnitude by K, where K = R+R i
.

43. (a) L = 20 mH , R = 160 .

(b) fc1 = 7.346 kHz
(c) fc2 = 8.620 kHz
(d) = 1273 Hz

44. (a) Q = 5
(b) = 1591.55 Hz
  
RL R + RL 1
s
(1/RC)s R + RL RL RC
45. (a) H(s) =    =   
2
R + RL 1 1 2
R + RL 1 1
s + s+ s + s+
RL RC LC RL RC LC
r
Ks RL 1 1
= 2 2
, where K = , = , o =
s + s + o R + RL (R||RL )C LC
 
R + RL 1
(b) =
RL RC
 
1 R
(c) U = = L = 1 + U
RC RL
o o RC
(d) Q = = 
R+RL
RL
 
RL 1
(e) QL = QU = QU
R + RL 1 + R/RL
r
2
 
R 1 1
(f) c1 , c2 = + + o2 , where = 1+ and o2 =
2 4 RL RC LC
46. (a) o = 1 Mrad/s , = 62.5 krad/s , Q = 16
(b) vo,ss (t) = 200 cos(106 t) mV

30
47. (a) Band-reject filter
(b) Series RLC circuit with output across the combination fo the inductor and capacitor.
1
s2 + LC
(c) H(s) = 2 R 1
s + L s + LC
(d) = 4 rad/s , o = 314.1 rad/s
(e) L = 101.4 mH , R = 1.274
(f) Sketch should show zero at centre frequency, magnitude 12 at both cutoff frequencies,
and the maximum magnitude of 1 at both zero and asymptotically going to infinite
frequency.
1
s2 + LC
(g) H(s) = 1 1 , L = 101.4 mH , R = 795.8 .
s2 + RC s+ LC

48. (a) At zero frequency, the inductor is a short circuit, while the capacitor is an open
circuit. The resultng circuit gives vo = vi . At infinite frequency, the inductor is an
open circuit, while the capacitor is a short circuit. Again, the resulting circuit gives
1
vo = vi . At the resonant frequency wo = LC the parallel impedance of L and C is
infinite, and therefore vo = 0. At frequencies to the right and left of o , the output
voltage will be non-zero, but less than the input voltage. Hence, the circuit behaves
as a band-reject filter.
s2 + (1/LC) 1
(b) H(s) = 2 1
1 1 , i.e., the form of a band-reject filter with = RC , o = LC .
s + RC s + LC
(c) o = 1 as H(j) = 0 when = o .
LC
r
2
(d) c1 , c2 = + + o2 , where and o are defined above.
2 4
(e) c2 c1 = = 1/RC
p
(f) Q = o / = o RC = R C/L

s2 + (1/RC) K(s2 + o2 )
 
RL
49. (a) H(s) =   = 2 ,
R + RL 2
RRL s 1 s + s + o2
s + +
R + RL L LC

RL R||RL 1
where K = , = , o2 =
R + RL L LC
r
1
(b) o =
LC
R||RL
(c) =
L
o o L
(d) Q = =
R||RL
(e) H(jo ) = 0, same as the unloaded case.
(f) H(j0) = K, which is less than the unloaded case.

31
 (g) H(j) = K, which is less than the unloaded case.
r
2
(h) c1 , c2 = + + o2 as with the unloaded case.
2 4
s2
50. (a) H(s) =
s2 + R
L
s+ 1
LC
(b) |H(j)| 0 for very low frequencies.
(c) |H(j)| 1 for very high frequencies.
(d) Low-pass filter
(e) c = 1064.3 rad/s or 169.4 Hz

Bode Plots
0.11j
51. (a) H(j) =
(1 + j/10)(1 + j/100)
 
  

(b) AdB = 20 log10 (0.11) + 20 log10 |j| 20 log10 1 + j 10 20 log10 1 + j 100
(e) c1 9 rad/s , c2 120 rad/s.
Actual computed values are c1 = 8.44 rad/s , c2 = 118.44 rad/s.
(f) Amplitude 6.325 V

52. (a) Band-pass filter

0.01 j
(b) H(j) =
(1 + j/105 )(1 + j/10)
0.1 (j)2
53. (a) H(j) =
(1 + j)2 (1 + j/10)(1 + j/100)2
(1 + j/100)2
54. (a) H(j) =
(1 + j/104 )(1 + j)
0.1 (1 + j/1000)(1 + j/10)
55. (a) H(j) =
j(1 + j/105 )

Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)

56. (a) Inverted summing amplifier

(b) vo = V
(c) 0.5 V < vb < 2 V

57. (a) Non-inverting amplifier

(b) vo = 1.8vs
(c) 8.33 V < vs < 6.67 V

58. (a) ia = 30 A

32
 (b) va = 1.8 V
(c) vo = 4.05 V
(d) io = 277.5 A

59. (a) Non-inverting amplifier.

10
3vg (t), |vg (t)| < 3

(b) vo (t) = 10, vg (t) > 103
10, v (t) > 10

g 3
(c) Sketch is a clipped sinusoid.

60. (a) vo = 24.96vb + 25va . See notes for derivation.

(b) Ad = 24.98
(c) Ac = 0.04
 
(d) CMRR =  24.98
0.04
 = 624.5

Two-Port Networks
10s + 2

10
61. Z = s
10 0.2s + 10
 
1+s 2+s
62. A =
s 1+s

s2 + 1 1

s(s2 + 2) s(s2 + 2)
63. (a) Y = S

1 s2 + 1
s(s2 + 2) s(s2 + 2)

(b) v2 (t) = [5et 2.5e2t + 2.67e0.5t cos(1.32t + 159.3 )] u(t) V

" #
0.0714 0.0476
64. Y = S
0.0476 0.143

65. P = 22.5 W
3
s + 2s2 + s + 1 s3 + 2s2 + 1

s(s + 2) s(s + 2)
66. Y = S

s3 + 2s2 + 1 3 2
s + 2s + s + 1
s(s + 2) s(s + 2)
67. vo = 3.6 V

68. (a) Ro = 30
(b) Pmax = 7.5 W

33