1.

In recent years, how have the capital outlays

for the defence service?
Increasing steadily
2. Which tax is not levied by the Union
Government?

Profession Tax
3. Which organizations agency is involved in
drafting the Union Budget of India?

Administrative Ministries only

4. Which agency has the power to declare any
industrial unit as a potentially sick unit?

BIFR
5. What is the mean of Invisible Export?

Export Services
6. Consequent upon the recommendations of
the Working Group on Rural Banks, in which
year were 5 Rural Regional Banks initially set
up?

1975
7. Through which methods is the national
income of India estimated mainly?

Production and income methods

8. From when was the Zero Base Budgeting in
India first experimented?

April, 1987
9. On which do Companies pay Corporation
Tax?

Incomes
10. Why is the Gross National Income always
more than Net National Income?

Direct taxes
11. Which is at the apex of Industrial Finance in
India?

Industrial Development Bank of India

12.Which bank gives long term loan to
farmers?

Land Development Bank

13. During whose viceroyalty was the system
of Budget introduced in India?

Canning
14. Who is the chairman of 13th Finance
Commission?

Vijay Kelkar
15.Main bearers of the burden of indirect tax
are?
 Consumers
16.CENVAT is associated with which rate?

Rate of indirect tax

17.What does National income ignore?

Salary of employees
18. How is Indian economy ?

Mixed economy
19. Upon which development the Second Five
Year Plan laid mote stress?

Industrialisation
20.Which is the amount of insurance cover
provided to the workers of the unorganized
sector under Rashtriya Swasthya Bima
Yojana ?

Rs. 30,0007
21.Which sector of Indian Economy has shown
remarkable expansion during the last decade?
Tertiary Sector
22.Hindu Rate of growth refers to the rate of
growth of which sector?

GDP
23.In India, Hindu Rate of Growth is associated
with which income?

National Income
24.What is the base year for computation of
National Income in India?

1993-94
25.As the economy develops, what happens in
the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP?

Increases

1. Which Mahatma Gandhi series of currency

notes issued by the RBI has ecology
depicted on it ?
Rs. 100
2. To prevent recurrence of scams in Indian
Capital Market, To whom has the Government
assigned regulatory powers?
SEBI
3. In 1921, the Presidency Banks of Bengal,
Madras and Bombay were nationalised to give
birth to which bank?
State Bank of India
4. From which sector does the highest sector
wise contribution to gross domestic saving
comes?
Household sector
5. In the short run, a producer, how long
continues his production?
Fixed cost
6. What does Inflation imply?
Rise in general price index
7. When was the decimal system of currency
introduced in India?
1957
8. What is the mean of Cheap Money?
 Low Rate of Interest
9. Which bank is the Banker of the Banks?
RBI
10. From where does the National Stock
Exchange functions?
Mumbai
11. In which activity percentage share of
cooperative sector is the highest?
Sugar production
12. Economic Planning is a subject of which
list?
Union List
13. When was the Rolling plan designed?
1978-83
14. Why is Poverty in less developed countries
largely?
Due to income inequality
15. Among the Remedies of Inflation, what can
we Include?
Lowering bank rate
16. Who sings on One-rupee Currency Notes?
 Finance Secretary of India
17. Terms of economics, which recession
occurring two times with a small gap in
between?
Deep Recession
18. In India, which first bank of limited liability
managed by Indians and founded in 1881?
Oudh Commercial Bank
19. Bouncing of cheques has become an
offence. What is the punishment for the same?
6 months imprisonment
20. Which Public Sector bank emblem figures
a dog and the words faithful, friendly in it?
Syndicate Bank
21. Which is the updated base for Wholesale
Price Index (WPI)?
2004-2005
22. After Textiles, which is Indias second
Important Industry?
Iron and steel
23. Which Committee was formed to suggest
means for Eradicating Black Money?
Cheiliah Committee
24. What is the mean of Ad Valorem?
According to value
25. The Uruguay Round negotiations resulted
in the establishment of which organization?
WTO
1. Poverty level in India is established on the
basis of which expenditure?
House-hold consumer expenditure
2. Mid-Day Meal is a scheme to provide
Nutrious food to which Childran?

school going children

3. Which is the largest single source of the
Governments earning from tax revenue?

Central excise
4. Which Taxes/duties is NOT under the
jurisdiction of the Central Government?

Land Revenue
5. Which is the highest body that approves
Five Years Plans in the country?

National Development Council

6. By whom was the Rolling Plan for backward
country suggested?

Gunnar Myrdal
7. In which Five Year Plan, the main objective
was the eradication of poverty?

Fifth Five Year Plan

8. Durgapur, Bhibei and Rourkela iron steel-
plants were setup during which plan?
 First Five Year Plan
9. The iron and Steel plants of Rourkela and
Durgapur were conceived under which plan?

Second Five Year Plan

10. For which purpose, the Government has
launched the Rajiv Awas Yojana?

To provide affordable houses to rural poor

11. What is the effect of inflation on tax
revenue results in a situation?

Fiscal drag
12. By which band is Monetary policy
regulated?

Central Bank
13. Immediately prior to change in the measure
of Food Inflation, which index was being used
for measuring it?

Wholesale Price Index

14. Who is responsible for the collection and
publication of monetary and financial
information?
Reserve Bank of India
15. Which bank provides the largest credit to
agriculture and allied sectors?

Commercial Banks
16. Which is the apex institution in the sphere
of Agriculture credit?

NABARD
17. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act
was legislated in which year?

1976
18. The Green Revolution in India was the
outcome of the efforts of which person?

M. S. Swaminathan
19. Who is known as Father of White
Revolution in India?

V. Kurien
20. The real introduction of Decentralized
Planning in India was made for the first time
during the which plan?

9th Plan
21. Planning Commission was established in
1950 through which order?

An executive order
22. The slogen Garibi Hatao (Poverty
abolition) was given in which Five Year Plan?

Fifth plan
23. In which one of year Rolling Plan was on
operation in India?

1978-79
24. The major emphasis in the First Five Year
Plan was on which field?

Agriculture
25. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA) does not promote?

Promote inclusive growth

1. By whom was the first attempt to Enitiate
Economic Planning in India made?
By M. Visvesvaraya
2. In five year plan the actual growth
performance in India in respect of GDP (at
factor cost) was less than the target set?
Ninth five year plan
3. Under Indira Gandhi National Old Age
Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS), the benefits are
available to the people having howmuch
minimum age of?
65 years
4. What is an essential attribute of inflation?
Increase in prices
5. Which bank prints currency notes of the
denomination of Rs. 100?
The Bank Note Press, Dewas
6. With which Economic growth is usually
coupled?
Inflation
7. Which is the largest (in terms of turnover)
Public Sector organisation in India?
 Indian Oil Corporation
8. How is the difference between visible
exports and visible imports defined?
Balance of trade
9. Who long do the World Bank and IMF give
respectively?
Long term and short term credits
10.Which State produces maximum pulses in
the country?
Madhya Pradesh
11.Who coined the term Hindu rate of growth
for Indian Economy?
Raj Krishna
12.Who wrote a book describing the theory of
economic drain of India during British rule?
Dadabhai Naoroji
13.Which is definitely a major indication of the
State of the economy of a country?
Rate of GDP growth
14.Where is the Indian Sugarcane Research
Institute situated?
 Lucknow
15.The impact of Green Revolution was felt
most in the production of which crop?
Wheat
16.What is the classification of industries on
the basis of raw-materials?
Primary and Secondary
17.Which is the biggest enterprise of the
Government of India?
Railway
18.Raurkela Steel Plant was set up with the
assistance from which country?
West Germany
19.In India, liberal Industrial Policy was
adopted in which year?
1991
20.Bhilai Steel Plant is the collaborative project
of Indian Government and which other
country?
Soviet Union
21. The Government of India has decided to
declare which river a National River?
Ganga
22. Which geographical indicators has not
been recognised for patent protection?
Darjeeling Basmati
23. National Horticulture Mission was launched
in which Five Year Plans?
Tenth Five Year Plan
24. Twenty Point Programme (Beessutri
Karyakrama) was first launched in which
Year?
1975
25. Who presides over the National
Development Council of India?
Prime Minister of India
1. Amongst the currency quotes USD/JPY,
USD/Euro and USD/CAD, which one is referred
as the base currency for quotes?

US $

2. Of which purpose was Nationalisation of

banks done?

Consolidating the economy

3. In which year, some more commercial banks

in addition to the first lot of 141 were
nationalised in India?

1980

4. Who are Debenture holders of a company?

Its creditors

5. What is the basic attribute of a formal

organization?

Rules and regulations

6. Which is the oldest stock exchange of
India?

Bombay Stock Exchange

7. By which bill does the government make

arrangement for the collection of revenues for
a year?

Finance Bill

8. If the price of an inferior good falls, what

about its demand?

Remains constant

9. In which year was Railway Budget in India

separated from general budget?

1924-25

10. What is the investment in public works?

Capital expenditure
11. Which is the largest importer country of
Indian textile?

USA

12. What does the Year of Great Divide refere?

To rapid growth rate in population after 1921

13. What was the decentralisation system

recommended?

Balwant Rai Mehta

14. What is the principal source of revenue to

the State Government in India?
 Sales Tax

15. A crossed cheque is one, which can be

encashed only at which bank?

State Bank of India.

16. Where is the Central Rice Research
Institute located?

Cuttack

17. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan has distinguished

himself in which fields?

Agriculture
18. Agriculture sector directly employs what
percentages of labour force in India?

65 %

19. Which method of soil conservation is most

effective in arid areas?

Shelter belt

20. Which state is the most industrially

advanced State in India?

Maharashtra

21. The licensing policy for the industries drew

strength from which act?
 Industrial Act, 1951

22. Where is the Forest Reserve Institute of

India located?

Dehradun

23. Which State in India is estimated to have

the largest coal reserves in India?

Jharkhand

24. Which is a Hot Spot for biological diversity

in India?

Sundarban
25. Major coalfields of India are located in the
river valley of ?

Damodar
1. Which of the following Metal used in Storage
Batteries?

(A) Iron
(B) Copper
(C) Lead
(D) Zinc
(Answer: C)

2. LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) Contains?

(A) Butane and Isobutene

(B) Butane and Propane
(C) Isobutane and Propane
(D) Butane, Isobutane and Propane
(Answer: B)

3. Isotopes are Separated by

(A) Filtration
(B) Sublimation
(C) Distillation
(D) Crystalization
(Answer: C)

4. Which of the following is used as Lubricant?

(A) Graphite
B) Silica
(C) Diamond
(D) Iron Oxide
(Answer: A)

5. A Substance which changes readily into

Vapour without Heating is called?

(A) Efflorescent
(B) Synthetic
(C) Volatile
(D) Effervescent
(Answer: C)

6. The Balloons are filled with?

(A) Helium
(B) Oxygen
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Argon
(Answer : A)

7. A Mixture of Salt and Sand can be Separated

by?

(A) Sublimation
(B) Dissolving water
(C) Gravity separation
(D) Dry distillation
(Answer : B)

8. Rayon is Chemically called?

(A) Glucose
(B) Amylase
(C) Cellulose
(D) Peptin
(Answer : C)

9. Photo-Synthesis is a/ an?

(A) exothermic process

(B) endothermic process
(C) a neutral process
(D) a thermostatic process
(Answer : B)
10. Tetra-ethyl Lead is used as?

(A) Mosquito repellent

(B) Pain Killer
(C) Fire extinguisher
(D) Petrol additive
(Answer : D)

11. The Element Found in the Surface of the

Moon is called?

(A) Tin
(B) Tungsten
(C) Tantalum
(D) Titanium
(Answer : D)

12. The Hardest Substance available in Earth is

called?
(A) Platinum
(B) Silicon
(C) Diamond
(D) Gold
(Answer : C)

13.Which of the following is not a Chemical

Reaction?

(A) Burning of paper

(B) Digestion of food
(C) Conversion of water into steam
(D) Burning of coal
(Answer : C)

14. The Colour of Emerald is?

(A) Violet
(B) Yellow
(C) Deep Green
D) Prussian Blue
(Answer : C)

15. Which of the following Gases is obtained

by the Reaction of Water with Calcium
Carbide?

(A) Acetylene
(B) Ethylene
(C) Methane
(D) Water gas
(Answer : A)

16. Which of the following is a Non-Metal that

Remains Liquid in Room Temperature?
(A) Bromine
(B) Chlorine
(C) Helium
(D) Phosphorus
(Answer: A)

17. Potassium Nitrate is used in?

(A) Salt
(B) Glass
(C) Fertiliser
(D) Medicine
(Answer : B)

18. Which of the following Gases is Lighter

than Air?

(A) Carbon dioxide

(B) Oxygen
(C) Ammonia
(D) Chlorine
(Answer : C)

19. The Material used for Bleaching Paper Pulp

is?

(A) Chlorine
(B) Caustic soda
(C) Sodium
Hypochlorite
(D) Lime
(Answer : C)

20. Galvanization is Deposition of?

(A) Zinc of iron

(B) aluminium on Iron
(C) tin on iron
(D) copper on iron
(Answer: A)

21. Which of the following fibres is generally

preferred for making gauze and lint?

(A) Cotton
(B) Rayon
(C) Nylon
(D) Terylene
(Answer : B)

22. The Ratio of Pure Gold in 18 Carat Gold is?

(A) 60%
(B) 75%
(C) 80%
(D) 100%
(Answer : B)
23. In which type of rocks are metals like Gold
and Copper mostly found ?

(A) Old Igneous

(B) Old Sedimentary
(C) Old Metamorphic
(D) New Metamorphic
(Answer : A)

24. The Combustible Material at the Tip of a

Safety Match Stick is?

(A) Sulphur
(B) Manganese Dioxide
(C) Phosphorus
(D) Antimony Sulphide
(Answer : D)

25. The Contact Process is Involved in the

Manufacture of?
(A) Nitric Acid
(B) Sulphuric acid
(C) Ammonia
(D) Caustic Soda
(Answer : B)

26. Most Soluble in Water is?

(A) Camphor
(B) Sugar
(C) Sulphur
(D) Common Salt
(Answer : B)

27. Bell Metal is an alloy of?

(A) Brass and Nickel

(B) Zinc and Copper
(C) Tin and Copper
(D) Nickel and Copper
(Answer : C)

28. The Element required for Solar Energy

Conversion?

(A) Beryllium
(B) Silicon
(C) Tantalum
(D) Ultra pure Carbon
(Answer : B)

29. In which of the following Activities Silicon

Carbide is used?

(A) Making cement and glass

(B) Disinfecting water and ponds
(C) Making castes for statues
(D) Cutting very hard substances
(Answer : D)

30. Which of following is used as a Filter in

Rubber Tyres?

(A) Graphite
(B) Coal
(C) Coke
(D) Carbon Black
(Answer : D)

31. Coenzyme is?

(A) always protein

B) often metal
(C) always inorganic compound
(D) often a vitamin
(Answer : D)

32. Chemically "SPERPPOLENIN" is a/an?

(A) co-polymer of carotinoid and fatty acid

(B) Carbohydrate
(C) Propene
(D) Lactic acid
(Answer : A)

33. The Gas usually Causing Explosions in

Coal Mines is?
(A) Hydrogen
(B) Carbon monoxide
(C) Air
(D) Methane
(Answer : D)

34. What are Soaps?

(A) Salts of silicates
(B) Ester of heavy fatty acids
(C) Sodium or potassium salts of heavier fatty
acids
(D) Mixture of glycerol and alcohol
(Answer : C)

35. C.T. Scanning uses?

(A) Ultrasound waves

(B) Gamma rays
(C) X-rays
(D) None of the above
(Answer : A)

36. Potassium Permanganate is used for

Purifying Drinking Water, because?
(A) It dissolves the impurities of water
(B) It is a sterilizing agent
(C) It is an oxidising agent
(D) It is a reducing agent.
(Answer : C)

37. Water is a Good solvent of Ionic Salts

because?

(A) It has no colour

(B) It has a boiling point
(C) It has a high dipole moment
(D) It has a high specific heat
(Answer : C)

38. Which of the following Substances Exhibit

the Property of Sublimation?

(A) Ice
(B) Wax
(C) Camphor
(D) Ethyl Alcohol
(Answer : C)

39. Saponification involves the Hydrolysis of

Fats and Oils by?

(A) water
(B) washing soda
(C) stearic acid
(D) caustic soda
(Answer : D)

40. White Vitriol is?

(A) FeSO4, 7H2O

(B) ZnSO4, 7H2O
(C) MgSO4, 7H2O
(D) CuSO4, 7H2O
(Answer : B)

41. Which of the following is used in Beauty

Parlors for Hair Setting?

(A) Phosphorus
(B) Sulphur
(C) Chlorine
(D) Silicon

(Answer : B)

42. The Main Constituents of Pearl are?

(A) Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Carbonate

(B) Calcium oxide, Ammonium Chloride
(C) Argonite , Chonchiolin
(D) Ammonium Sulphate, Sodium Carbonate

(Answer : A)
43. Which of the following is a chemical
change?

(A) Rusting of iron

(B) Tempering of iron
(C) Melting of iron
(D) Bending of iron

(Answer : A)

44. Bromine is?

(A) colourless gas insoluble in water

(B) A highly inflammable gas
(C) A Black solid.
(D) A red liquid.
(Answer : D)

45. The metallic constituents of hard water

are?

(A) Magnesium, Calcium and tin

(B) Iron, tin and calcium
(C) Calcium, magnesium and iron
(D) Magnesium, tin and iron

(Answer : C)

46. Vulcanisation is a?

(A) Science of studying volcanoes

(B) method of degrade polymers
(C) Process connected with the making of voltaic
cells
(D) Process of hardening of rubber by heating it
with sulphur.

(Answer : D)

47. The charcoal used to decolourise raw

sugar is?

(A) Animal charcoal

(B) Sugar charcoal
(C) Cocoanut charcoal
(D) Wood charcoal

(Answer : D)

48. The percentage of carbon is the least in?

(A) Grey cast iron

(B) Wrought iron
(C) White cast iron
(D) Steel

(Answer : D)

49. Soap is a mixture of sodium or potassium

salts of?

(A) Monocarboxylic acid

(B) Glycerols
(C) Dicarboxylic acid
(D) Tricarboxylic acid

(Answer : A)

50. Which of the following material is used to

prepare blue-black ink?
(A) Gallic acid
(B) Tannic acid
(C) Ferrous sulphate
(D) All of these

(Answer : D)

51. Which of the following substances

undergoes chemical change on heating?

(A) Sodium chloride

(B) Silica
(C) Lead nitrate
(D) Platinum wire
(Answer : C)

52. Which of the following is not a bleaching

agent?

(A) Sulpher di-oxide

(B) Carbon di-oxide
(C) Sodium hypochlorite
(D) Chlorine

(Answer : B)

53. The element common to all acids is?

(A) Oxygen
(B) Hydrogen
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Sulphur
(Answer : B)

54. Which of the following rays carry no

charge?

(A) Cathode rays

(B) X-rays
(C) a-rays
(D) Positive rays

(Answer : B)

55. Gobar gas contains mainly?

(A) Methane
(B) Carbon dioxide
(C) Butane
(D) Carbon Monoxide

(Answer : A)

56.Caustic Soda is?

(A) Nacl
(B) Na2CO3
(C) NaOH
(D) NaHCO3

(Answer : C)

57. Which is the Important Raw Materials in

Cement Industry?
(A) Limestone
(B) Gypsum and Clay
(C) Clay
D) Limestone and Clay

(Answer : D)

58. Which form of phosphorus is used in safety

metals?

(A) Red Phosphorus

(B) White Phosphorus
(C) Yellow Phosphorus
(D) Black Phosphorous

(Answer : A)

59. Of the various forms of carbon, which one

is used for absorption purpose ?

(A) Diamond
(B) Graphite
(C) Coke
(D) Wood Charcoal

(Answer : D)

60. Which of the following is not correctly

matched?

(A) Galena Lead Sulphide

(B) Green vitriol Copper sulphate
(C) Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate

(D) Calomel Mercurous Chloride

(Answer : B)

61. The most malleable metal is?

(A) Silver
(B) Gold
(C) Aluminium
(D) Sodium

(Answer : B)

62. Chemical formula of Water glass is?

(A) Na2SiO3
(B) Al2O3
(C) NaAlO2
(D) CaSiO3

(Answer : A)
63. Which type of fire extinguisher is used for
petroleum fire?

(A) Foam type

(B) Soda acid type
(C) Powder type
(D) None of these

(Answer : C)

64. Photoelectric effect was discovered by?

(A) Einstein
(B) Hertz
(C) Bohr
(D) Plank
(Answer : A)

65. Stainless steel is an alloy of?

(A) Iron, Carbon and Nickel

(B) Iron and Manganese
(C) Iron, Chromium and Zinc
(D) Iron, Chromium and Nickel

(Answer : D)

66. PVC is obtained by the polymerisation of?

(A) Propene
(B) Vinyl Chloride
(C) Styrene
(D) Acetylene

(Answer : B)

67. Rust is?

(A) A mixture of Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)2
(B) A mixture of FeO and Fe(OH)2
(C) FeO only
(D) A mixture of Fe2O3, 3H2O and FeO

(Answer : D)

68. Which of the following elements is obtained

from sea weeds ?

(A) Argon
(B) Sulphur
(C) Vanadium
(D) Iodine
(Answer : D)

69. Which of the following metals forms an

amalgum with other metals?

(A) Lead
(B) Tin
(C) Zinc
(D) Mercury

(Answer : D)

70. Which of the following is commonly called

a polyamide?

(A) Rayon
(B) Orion
(C) Terylene
(D) Nylon
(Answer : D)

71. Which of the following is not an ore of

Aluminium?

(A) Felsper
(B) Bauxite
(C) Cryolite
(D) Azurite

(Answer : D)

72. Water gas is prepared by passing?

(A) Steam over white hot coke

(B) Air over red hot coke
(C) Methane over red hot coke
(D) Steam over heated sulphur
(Answer : A)

73. Which of the following metals react with

nitrogen to form Nitride?

(A) Sodium
(B) Potassium
(C) Magnesium
(D) None of these

(Answer : C)

74. An alloy used in making heating elements

for electric heating devices is?

(A) Solder
(B) Alloysteel
(C) Nichrome .
(D) German Silver

(Answer : C)

75. German Silver is an alloy of?

(A) Copper, Silver and Nickel

B) Silver, Copper and Aluminium
(C) Zinc, Copper and Nickel
(D) Silver, Zinc and Nickel

(Answer : C)

76. Which of the following substance is a bad

conductor of electricity but a good conductor
of heat?
(A) Asbestos
(B) Celluloid
(C) Purspecks
(D) Mica

(Answer : D)

77. The gas usually filled in electric bulb is?

(A) Hydrogen
(B) Oxygen
(C) Nitrogen
(D) Carbon di-oxide

(Answer : C)
78. Rubber is coagulated from latex by adding?

(A) Hydrochloric acid

(B) Acetic acid
(C) Sulphuric acid
(D) Carbonic acid

(Answer : B)

79. Ascorbic acid is?

(A) Vitamin K
(B) Vitamin B
(C) Vitamin A
(D) Vitamin C

(Answer : D)
80. Which of the following is the petroleum
wax?

(A) Bees wax

(B) Carnauba wax
(C) Paraffin wax
(D) Jojoba wax

(Answer : C)

81. Which thermometer is used to indicate the

lowest temperature?

(A) Clinical thermometer

(B) Gas thermometer
(C) Alcohol thermometer
(D) Resistance thermometer

(Answer : C)
82. Who suggested that the most of the mass
of atom is located in nucleus?

(A) Bohr
(B) Thomson
(C) Rutherford
(D) Avogadro

(Answer : C)

83. Air is a/an?

(A) Compound
(B) Element
(C) Mixture
(D) Electrolyte

(Answer: C)

84. The neutral atoms two isotopes differ in

the number of?

(A) Electron shells

(B) Protons
(C) Valence electrons
(D) Neutrons
(Answer : D)

85. Heavy water is?

(A) Tritium oxide

(B) Deuterium oxide
(C) Rain water
(D) Water at 4C

(Answer : B)

86. An atom bomb is based on the principle of?

(A) Chemical reaction

(B) Chain reaction in the form of fission
(C) Nuclear fusion
(D) None

(Answer : B)

87. Which of the following is the best

conductor of electricity?

(A) Zinc
(B) Copper
(C) Gold
(D) Silver
(Answer : D)

88. Which radioactive pollutant has recently

drawn the attention of the public due to
its occurrence in the building materials?

(A) Radium
(B) Radon
(C) Thorium
(D) Plutonium

(Answer : C)

89. Water is neither acidic nor alkaline

because?

(A) it cannot accept or donate protons

(B) it boils at high temperature
(C) it can dissociate into equal number of
hydrogen ions
(D) it cannot donate or accept electrons

(Answer : C)

90. Water has maximum density at?

(A) -4C
(B) 0C
(C) 4C .
(D) 100C

(Answer : C)

91.Permanent hardness of water, due to

sulphates of the metal, can be destroyed by the
use of?

(A) Nitrates
(B) Zeolites
(C) Sulphonates
(D) None of these

(Answer : B)

92. A mixture of iron filings and sand can be

separated by?

(A) Heating
(B) Sublimation
(C) Hand picking
(D) Magnetic Separation

(Answer : D)
93. Which of the following is used as a
moderator in nuclear reactor?

(A) Ordinary water

(B) Radium
(C) Thorium
(D) Graphite

(Answer : D)

94. Blood pressure is dependent on?

(A) systolic force

(B) cardiac output
(C) peripheral resistance .
D) all of these

(Answer : D)

95. The location and energy of an electron in

an atom can be specified by?

(A) Atomic mass

(B) Atomic number
(C) Quantum numbers
(D) None of these

(Answer : C)
96. Carbon tetrachloride fire extinguisher
should not be used in closed room because it
produces poisonous glass called?

(A) Carbon Monoxide

(B) Phosphine
(C) Phosgene
(D) None of these
(Answer : D)

97. A chronometer measures?

(A) Sound waves

(B) Time
(C) Water waves
(D) Colour contrast

(Answer : B)

98. Hydrometer is an instrument?

(A) For measuring sound in water

(B) To detect the presence of hydrogen in the
atmosphere
(C) For measuring the specific gravity of liquids
(D) To detect the changes in atmospheric humidity
(Answer : C)
99. Which of the following is a protein?

(A) Wool
(B) Starch
(C) Natural rubber
(D) Cellulose
(Answer : C)

100. Which thermometer is used to indicate the

lowest temperature?

(A) Clinical thermometer

(B) Gas thermometer
(C) Alcohol thermometer
(D) Resistance thermometer

(Answer : C)
THE PARLIAMENT OF INDIA:
The Parliament of India is the Supreme
Legislative Body of the Republic of India.
Parliament is composed of the President of
India, the houses. It is Bicameral with two
houses: Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and
the Lok Sabha (House of the People).
The President in his Role as head of
legislature has full powers to summon and
 prorogueeither house of Parliament or
to dissolve Lok Sabha.
The President can Exercise these
Powers only upon the Advice of the Prime
Minister and his Council of Ministers. Those
elected or Nominated (by the President) to either
House of Parliament are referred to
as Members of Parliament (MP).
The Members of Lok Sabha are directly
elected by the Indian Public voting in single
member districts and the Members of Rajya
Sabha are elected by the Members of the State
Legislative Assemblies by proportional
representation.
The Parliament has a sanctioned strength
of 543 in Lok Sabha excluding the 2
Nominees from the Anglo-Indians if so the
President of India felt desirable and 245 in
Rajya Sabha including the 12 Nominees from
the Expertise of Different fields of Science,
 Culture, Art and History. The Parliament meets
at Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi.
THE COMPOSITION
The Indian Parliament consists of two houses
called the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha with
the President of India Acting as their Head.
THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
The President of India, the Head of State is a
Component of Parliament. Under Article 60
and Article 111, President's responsibility is
to Scrutinize that Bills/Laws passed by the
parliament are in accordance with constitutional
mandate and stipulated procedure is followed
before according his/her approval to the bills.
The President of India is elected by the
Members of the Parliament of India and
the State Legislatures and serves for a term
of Five years.
THE LOK SABHA
Lok Sabha (House of the People) or
the Lower House has Members from 545
 representing Parliamentary
Constituencies across the Country.
543 Members are directly elected by
citizens of India on the basis of universal adult
franchise and two are appointed by the
President of India.
Every citizen of India who is over 18 years of
age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or
race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible
to vote for the Lok Sabha.
The Constitution provides that the maximum
strength of the House be 552 members. It has
a term of Five years.
To be eligible for Membership in the Lok
Sabha, a person must be a citizen of
India and must be 25 Years of Age or older,
mentally sound, should not be bankrupt and
should not be criminally convicted.
The total elective membership is distributed
among the States in such a way that the ratio
between the number of seats allotted to each
 State and the population of the State is, so far
as practicable, the same for all States
THE RAJY SABHA
The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) or
the Upper House is a permanent body not
subject to dissolution. One third of the
Members Retire every Second Year, being
replaced by newly elected members.
Each member is elected for a term of Six
Years. Its Members are Indirectly Elected by
Members of Legislative Bodies of the States.
The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250
members. It currently has a Sanctioned
Strength of 245 with 233 members are to be
elected from States and Union Territories
(UT)and 12 are Nominated by the President of
India. The Number of Members from a State
depends on the Population of the State.
The Minimum Age for a person to become a
Member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
THE PARLIAMENT HOUSE
 The Sansad Bhavan (Parliament House) is
located in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin
Lutyens and Herbert Baker, who were
responsible for planning and construction of New
Delhi.
The construction of buildings took Six
Years and the Opening Ceremony was
performed on18 January 1927 by the then
Governor-General of India, Irwin.
The construction costs for the building
were 8.3 million (US$120,000). The
parliament is 570 feet (170 m) in diameter and
covers an area of 6 acres (2.4 ha).
The Central Hall consists of the Chambers
of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and the Library
Hall.
Surrounding these Three Chambers is the
Four Storied Circular structure providing
accommodations for Members and Houses
Parliamentary Committees, Offices and the
Ministry of Parliamentary affairs.
 THE SESSION OF PARLIAMENT
The period during which the House meets to
conduct its business is called a Session. The
Constitution empowers the president to summon
each House at such intervals that thereshould
not be more than a Six-month gap between
the two Sessions. Hence the Parliament must
meet at least Twice a Year.
In India, the Parliament conducts Three
Sessions Each year:
1. Budget Session: February to May
2. Monsoon Session: July to
September
3. Winter Session: November to
December
THE LAWMAKING PROCEDURES
Legislative proposals are brought before
either House of the Parliament in the form of
a Bill.
A Bill is the draft of a Legislative
Proposal, which, when passed by both houses
 of Parliament and assented to by the President,
becomes an Act of Parliament.
Money Bills must originate in the Lok Sabha.
The Council of States can only make
recommendations over the Bills to the House,
within a period of Fourteen Days.
THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES
Parliamentary Committees are formed
to deliberate specific matters at length. The
public is directly or indirectly associated and
studies are conducted to help committees
arrive at the conclusions.
Parliamentary Committees are of Two
Kinds: Adhoc Committees and the Standing
Committees.
Standing committees are Permanent
Committees constituted from time to time in
pursuance of the provisions of an act of
Parliament or rules of procedure and conduct of
business in Parliament. The work of these
committees is of a continuing nature.
 Adhoc committees are appointed for a
Specific Purpose and they cease to exist when
they finish the task assigned to them and submit
a report.
THE PARLIAMENT INCIDENTS
On 13 December 2001, Indian Parliament
was attacked by a terrorist organization. The
perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba (Let) and
Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) terrorists.
The attack led to the deaths of Five terrorists,
Six Delhi Police personnel, Two Parliament
Security Service personnel and a gardener,
which totalled 14 fatalities. It also led to
increased tensions between India and
Pakistan, resulting in the 2001-2002 India-
Pakistan standoff.
Constitution Amendments of India (The
Complete Coverage 1st Amendment to
100th Amendment )

The Constitution of India: Introduction

India, also known as Bharat, is a Union of
States. It is a Sovereign Socialist Secular
Democratic Republic with a parliamentary
system of government. The Republic is
governed in terms of the Constitution of
India which was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on 26th
 November, 1949 and came into force
on 26th January, 1950.
The Constitution provides for a
Parliamentary form of government which
is federal in structure with certain unitary
features. The constitutional head of the
Executive of the Union is the President. As
per Article 79 of the Constitution of
India, the council of the Parliament of the
Union consists of the President and two
Houses known as the Council of States
(Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People
(Lok Sabha).
Article 74(1) of the Constitution provides
that there shall be a Council of Ministers
with the Prime Minister as its head to aid
and advise the President, who shall
exercise his/her functions in accordance to
the advice. The real executive power is
thus vested in the Council of Ministers with
the Prime Minister as its head.
List of Amendments of Constitution of
India

As of August 2015, there have been 100

amendments to the Constitution of India
since it wasfirst enacted in 1950. There
are two types of amendments to the
constitution which aregoverned by article
368.

1. The first type includes amendments that

can be effected by Parliament of India by a
prescribed Special Majority.

2. The second type of amendments includes

those that require, in addition to
such "Special Majority", ratification by at
least one half of the State Legislatures.
 The second type amendments made to
the constitution are amendments No. 3, 6,
7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30,
31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
51, 54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84, 88,
95 and 99.
3. The first Amendment Act to the Indian
Constitution was made in the
year 1951. According to it, Articles 15, 19,
85, 87, 174, 176, 341, 342, 376 were
amended and Articles 31A and 3IB inserted
and Ninth Schedule was added.

The Constitution (24th Amendment)

Act, 1971:
It affirmed the power of the Parliament
to amend any part of the Constitution.
After this amendment, the President is
bound to assent to Constitution
Amendment Bill. Education was
 transferred to the Concurrent List by
this amendment.
The Constitution (31st Amendment)
Act, 1973:
Increased the elective strength of
the Lok Sabha from 525 to 545. Under
the Act, the upper limit of representatives
of the States goes up from 500 to
525 and that of the Union Territories
decreases from 25 to 20.
The Constitution (36th Amendment)
Act, 1975:
By this Act, Sikkim became the 22nd
State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (37th Amendment)
Act, 1975:
This was passed by Parliament on April
26, 1975, to provide for a Legislative
Assembly and a Council of Ministers
to Arunachal Pradesh, the countrys
North-Easternmost Union Territory.
 The Constitution (39th Amendment)
Act, 1975:
The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on
August 7 and received Presidential assent
onAugust 9,1975.
The Act places beyond challenge in
courts the election to Parliament of a
person holding the office of Prime
Minister or Speaker and the election of
President and Vice-President.
The Constitution (40th Amendment)
Act, 1976:
This Amendment has a three-fold
objective:
It places beyond challenge in courts
some major Central laws;
It gives similar protection to several
State enactments, mostly relating to land
legislation, by including them in the Ninth
Schedule of the Constitution; and
 It provides that the limits of the
territorial waters, the Continental Shelf, the
Exclusive Economic Zone and the maritime
zones of India shall be specified from time to
time by law made by Parliament.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment)
Act, 1976:
It was enacted during the period of
internal emergency. It was passed by
Parliament on November 11, 1976 and
received Presidential assent on
December 18, 1976.
The Amendment established beyond
doubt the supremacy of Parliament over
the other wings of Government; gave the
Directive Principles precedence over
the Fundamental Rights; enumerated
for the first time a set of
ten Fundamental Duties. The Act also
clearly laid down that no Constitutional
 Amendment could be questioned in any
court of law.
The Constitution (43rd Amendment)
Act, 1978:
It received the Presidential assent on
April 13, 1978. This Act repeals the
obnoxious provisions of the Constitution
(42nd Amendment) Act passed during
the Emergency. It restores civil liberties by
deleting Article 3I D which gave powers to
Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade
union activity under the guise of
legislation for the prevention of anti-
national activities.
The Constitution (44th Amendment)
Act, 1978:
The Constitution (45 th Amendment)
Bill, re-numbered as the 44th Amendment
came into force on April 30, 1979, when
the President gave his assent. The Act
removes major distortions in the
 Constitution introduced during the
Emergency.
The Constitution (45th Amendment)
Act, 1980:
The Act extends reservation of seats for
the Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and the
State Assemblies and the representation
of Anglo-Indians by nomination for a
further period of 10 years.
The Constitution (46th Amendment)
Bill, 1982:
It seeks to authorize the government to
prepare an authoritative text of
the Constitution, in Hindi.
The Constitution (52nd Amendment)
Act, 1985:
The Act has made defection to
another party, after elections
illegal. Any member defecting to another
party after elections will be disqualified
 from being member of Parliament or State
Legislature.
The Constitution (53rd Amendment)
Act, 1986:
It confers Statehood on Mizoram and
ensures against unnecessary interference
by the Central Government with the laws
relating to spheres of social relationship
and community conduct applicable to
Mizoram.
The Constitution (54th Amendment)
Act, 1986:
It enhances the salaries of Judges of
High Courts and Supreme Court of
India. The salary of Chief Justice of India
will be Rs 10,000; Chief Justice of High
Courts Rs 9000; Judges of Supreme Court
Rs 9000; and Judges of High Courts Rs
8000.
The Constitution (55th Amendment)
Act, 1987:
 It grants Statehood to Arunachal
Pradesh which consequently became
the 24th State of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (56th Amendment)
Act, 1987:
It confers Statehood on Goa and forms
a new Union Territory of Daman and
Diu. Goa thus became the 25th State
of the Indian Republic.
The Constitution (57th Amendment)
Act, 1987:
It made a special provision for the
setting up of the new State of Goa.
ConsequentlyDaman and Diu were
separated from the former to form a
Union Territory.
The Constitution (58th Amendment)
Act, 1988:
It provides for special arrangements with
regard to reservation of seats for
Scheduled Tribes in the States
 of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
Mizoram and Meghalaya. By
amending Article 322 the adjustment
of seats has been frozen until 2000
A.D.
The Constitution (59th Amendment)
Act, 1988:
It empowered the Central Government
to impose Emergency in Punjab when
deemed necessary. Under the
amendment, Presidents rule can be
extended upto three years. Earlier
maximum period was two years.
The Constitution (61st Amendment)
Act, 1989:
It lowered the voting age from 21 to
18.
The Constitution (62nd Amendment)
Act, 1989:
It provided for the extension by
another 10 years of reservation of
 seats in the Parliament and State
Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and
Tribes and reservation for Anglo Indian
community by nomination.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment)
Act, 1989:
It repealed Amendment 59 which
empowered the government to
impose emergency in Punjab.
The Constitution (64th Amendment)
Act, 1990:
It extended the Presidents rule in
Punjab by six months.
The Constitution (66th Amendment)
Act, 1990:
To bring land reforms within the purview
of 9th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (69th Amendment)
Act, 1991:
Delhi made National Capital
Region. The Act also made provision for
 Legislative assembly and a council of
ministers for Delhi.
The Constitution (70th Amendment)
Act, 1992:
Before this act was made Article 54
relating to the election of the President
provided for an electoral college
consisting only of the elected
members of Parliament as well as the
legislative assemblies of the States (not
of Union Territories). The amendment
provide for inclusion of members of
legislature of Pondicherry and Delhi.
The Constitution (71st Amendment)
Act, 1992:
The act amends the 8th Schedule to
the Constitution to include Konkani,
Manipuri and Nepali Languages in the
8th Schedule of the Constitution.
The Constitution (72nd Amendment)
Act, 1992:
 To make temporary provision for the
determination of the number of seats
reserved for theScheduled Tribes in the
State assembly of Tripura, until the re-
adjustment of seats is made on the basis
of the first census after the year 2000
under article 170 of the Constitution.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment)
Act, 1992:
To ensure direct election to all seats
in Panchayats; to reserve seats for
SCs and STs in proportion to their
population; and for reservation of not less
than one third of the seats in Panchayats
for women.
The Constitution (74th Amendment)
Act, 1992:
This was made to ensure direct
election to all seats in Nagarpalikas
and Municipalities.
The Constitution (75th Amendment)
Act 1994:
It provides for setting up of State-level
Rent Tribunals to exclude the jurisdiction
of all courts, except that of the Supreme
Court, under Article 136 of the
Constitution.
The Constitution (76th Amendment)
Act, 1994:
It relates to the Reservation of Seats
in Educational Institutes and of
appointments or posts in the Services
under a State, for Backward Classes,
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes. The Supreme Court had ruled
on November 16, 1992, that the total
reservations under Article 16(40) of the
Constitution should not exceed 50 per
cent.
The Constitution (77th Amendment)
Act, 1995:
 According to this Act, the Government
have decided to continue the existing
policy of reservation in promotion for the
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (78th Amendment)
Act, 1995:
It includes land reform laws in the
Ninth Schedule so that they cannot be
challenged before the courts.
The Constitution (79th Amendment)
Act, 1999:
It extends the reservation of seats for
SC, ST and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha
and Legislative Assemblies for next 10
years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment)
Act, 2000:
It deals with an alternative scheme for
sharing taxes between the Union and
the States.
The Constitution (81st Amendment)
Act, 2000:
It provides that the unfilled vacancies
of a year reserved for SC/ST kept for
being filled up in a year as per Article 16,
shall be considered separately for filling
vacancies in the succeeding year and the
previous list will not be considered for
filling the 50% quota of the respective
year.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment)
Act, 2000:
It provides that nothing in the Article
355 shall prevent the State from
making any provisions in favour of
the members of SC/ST for
relaxation in qualifying marks with
respect to examination/job/promotion.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment)
Act, 2000:
 The Act amended Article 243 M to
provide that no reservation in Panchayats
be made in favour of SC/ST in
Arunachal Pradesh where the whole
population is tribal.
The Constitution (84th Amendment)
Act, 2002:
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170, 330 and
332. 21 February 2002. Extend the usage
of 1971 national census population
figures for statewise distribution of
parliamentary seats
The Constitution (85th Amendment)
Act, 2002:
Amend article 16. 4 January 2002 A
technical amendment to
protect Consequential seniority in case
of promotions of SC/ST Employees
The Constitution (86th Amendment)
Act, 2002:
 Amend articles 45 and 51A. Insert article
21A. 12 December 2002 Provides Right
to Education until the age of fourteen
and Early childhood care until the age
of six.
The Constitution (87th Amendment)
Act, 2003:
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 330. 22
June 2003. Extend the usage of
2001 National Census population
figures for statewise distribution of
parliamentary seats
The Constitution (88th Amendment)
Act, 2004:
Amend article 270. Insert article 268A.
Amend schedule 7. 15 January 2004. To
extend statutory cover for levy and
utilization of Service Tax
The Constitution (89th Amendment)
Act, 2003:
 Amend article 338. Insert article 338A.
28 September 2003 The National
Commission for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The
National Commission for Scheduled
Castes and The National Commission
for Scheduled Tribes
The Constitution (90th Amendment)
Act, 2003:
Amend article 332. 28 September 2003.
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating
toBodoland Territory Area.
The Constitution (91st Amendment)
Act, 2004:
Amend articles 75 and 164. Insert article
361B. Amend schedule 10. 1 January
2004. Restrict the size of council of
ministers to 15% of legislative members
& to strengthen Anti Defection laws.
The Constitution (92nd Amendment)
Act, 2004:
 Amend schedule 8. 7 January 2004.
Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and
Maithali as official languages.
The Constitution (93rd Amendment)
Act, 2006:
Amend article 15. 20 January 2006 To
enable provision of reservation(27%) for
other backward classes (OBC) in
government as well as private educational
institutions
The Constitution (94th Amendment)
Act, 2006:
Amend article 164. 12 June 2006. To
provide for a Minister of Tribal
Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh States including Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa.
The Constitution (95th Amendment)
Act, 2010:
Amend article 334. 25 January 2010. To
extend the reservation of seats for
 SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy
years
The Constitution (96th Amendment)
Act, 2011:
Amend schedule 8. 23 September
2011. Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
The Constitution (97th Amendment)
Act, 2012:
Amend Art 19 and added Part IXB. 12
January 2012 Added the words "or co-
operative societies" after the word "or
unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of
article 43B i.e., Promotion of Co-operative
Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-
operative Societies.
The amendment objective is to
encourage economic activities of
cooperatives which in turn help
progress of rural India. It is expected to
not only ensure autonomous and
 democratic functioning of cooperatives,
but also the accountability of the
management to the members and other
stakeholders.
The Constitution (98th Amendment)
Act, 2013:
To insert Article 371J in the Constitution
2 January 2013. To empower the
Governor of Karnataka to take steps to
develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka
Region.
The Constitution (99th Amendment)
Act, 2015:
Insertion of new articles 124A, 124B
and 124C. Amendments to Articles 127,
128, 217, 222, 224A, 231. 13 April 2015
The amendment provides for the
formation of a National Judicial
Appointments Commission.
16 State assemblies out of 29 States
including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat
 and Telangana ratified the Central
Legislation, enabling the President of India
to give assent to the bill. The amendment
is into quashed by Supreme Court on 16
October 2015.
The Constitution (100th Amendment)
Act, 2015:
Amendment of First Schedule to
Constitution 1 August 2015. Exchange
of certain enclave territories with
Bangladesh and conferment of
citizenship rights to residents of
enclaves consequent to signing of Land
Boundary Agreement (LBA)
Treaty between India and Bangladesh.
NEW STATES OF INDIA After 1950

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 was a major

reform of the boundaries of India's states and
territories, Organizing them along Linguistic Lines.

The Act came into effect at the same time as the

Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956, which
restructured the constitutional framework for India's
existing states and the requirements to pass the States
Reorganisation Act, 1956 under the provisions
of Articles 3 & 4 of the constitution.

1. Andhra Pradesh
Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act
1953 by carving our some areas from the State of
Chennai on 01 November 1956.
2. Gujarat and Maharashtra
 The State of Mumbai was divided into two States
i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Mumbai
(Reorganisation) Act 1960
3. Kerala
Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It
comprised Travancor and Cochin and
Chennai areas
4. Karnataka
Created from the Princely State of Mysuru by the
State Reorganisation Act, 1956. It was
renamed Karnataka in 1973.
5. Nagaland
It was carved out from the State of Asom by the
State of Nagaland Act, 1952.
6. Haryana
It was carved out from the State of Punjab by
the Punjab (Reorganisation) Act, 1966.
7. Himachal Pradesh
The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was
elevated to the status of State by the State of
Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970
8. Meghalaya
First carved out as a sub-State within the State of
Asom by 23 Constitutional Amendment Act,
1969. Later in 1971, it received the status of a full-
fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act 1971
9. Manipur and Tripura
Both these States were elevated from the status
of Union-Territories by the North-Eastern Areas
(Reorganisation) Act 1971
10. Sikkim
Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate
State by the 35th Constitutional Amendment Act
1974. It got the status of a full State in 1975 by the
36th Amendment Act, 1975
11. Mizoram
It was elevated to the status of a full State by the
State of Mizoram Act, 1986.
12. Arunachal Pradesh
It received the status of a full state by the State of
Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1896.
13. Goa
Goa was separated from the Union-Territory of
Goa, Daman and Diu and was made a full-
fledged State of Goa, Daman and Diu
Reorganisation Act 1987. But Daman and Diu
remained as Union Territory
14. Chhattisgarh
Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act,
2000 by dividing Madhya Pradesh on November 1,
2000.
15. Uttarakhand
Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act,
2000 by dividing Uttar Pradesh on November 9,
2000.
16. Jharkhand
Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act,
2000 by dividing Bihar on November 15, 2000.
17. Telangana
Telangana is 29th state of India. It was formed
on 02 June 2014 Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation
Act, 2014.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION: PRIME MINISTER OF
INDIA

The Prime Minister of India , as addressed in the

Constitution of India, is the Head of
Government,Chief Adviser to the President of India,
Head of the Council of Ministers and the Leader of
theMajority Party in the Lok Sabha.

The Union Cabinet Headed by the Prime Minister is

appointed by the President to assist the latter in the
administration of the affairs of the executive. Union
cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the
People as per Article 75(3).

The Incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra

Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
THE ELIGIBILITY

According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India,

which sets the principal qualifications for member of
Parliament, and Article 75 of the Constitution of India,
which sets the qualifications for the minister in the
Union Council of Minister, and the argument that the
position of prime minister has been described as 'First
Among Equals', A Prime Minister must be:
A Citizen of India.
A Member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha.
If the person chosen as the prime minister is neither a
member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the
time of selection, he or she must become a member of
either of the houses within six months.
 Above 25 years of Age if he or she is a Member of
Lok Sabha or above 30 years of Age if he or she is
a Member of the Rajya Sabha.
Not hold any office of profit under the Government
of India or the Government of any State or under any
local or other authority subject to the control of any
of the said Governments.
THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBLE
The Prime Minister leads the Functioning and
Exercise of Authority of the Government of India.
He is invited by the President of India in the
Parliament of India as leader of the majority party to
form a Government at the Federal Level (known as
Central or Union Government in India) and exercise
its powers.
In practice the Prime Minister Nominates the
Members of their Council of Ministers to the
president.
The Prime Minister is responsible for aiding and
advising the president in distribution of work of the
Government to various ministries and offices and in
 terms of the Government of India (Allocation of
Business) Rules, 1961.
The Co-Coordinating work is generally allocated to
the Cabinet Secretariat While generally the work of
the Government is divided into various Ministries, the
prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they
are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.Oath
The Prime Minister is required to make and
subscribe in the presence of President of India before
entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per
the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Can Recommend to the President to Declare
Emergency on grounds of war, External Aggression
or Armed Rebellion.
THE REMUNERATION
By Article 75 of the constitution of India,
remuneration of the prime minister as well as other
ministers are to be decided by the Parliament and is
renewed from time to time.
The Original Remuneration for Prime
Minister and other ministers were specified in
 the Part Bof the Second Schedule of the
Constitution, which was later removed by an
amendment.
In 2010, the Prime Minister's Office reported that
he did not receive a formal salary, but was only
entitled to monthly allowances, Prime Minister
Monthly Pay and Allowances 160000
INDIAN CONSTITUTION: THE VICE
PRESIDENT OF INDIA

The Vice President of India is the Second-Highest

Constitutional Office in India, after the President.

Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that there shall

be a Vice-President of India and he/she shallact as
President in the absence of the President due to Death,
Resignation, Impeachment, or other Situations.

The Vice President of India is also Ex-Officio

Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

The Current Vice President is Mohammad Hamid

Ansari, since 11 August 2007, and re-elected on07
August 2012.

QUALIFING CRITERIA
Must be a Citizen of India
More that 35 years of Age
Posses the Qualification of Membership of Rajya
Sabha
Not hold any office of profit under union, state of
local authority. However, for this purpose,
thePresident, Vice-President, Governor of a State
 and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held
to be holding an office of profit
THE ELECTION PROCESS

Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the Manner

of Election of the Vice-President.
The Vice-President is Elected Indirectly by
Members of an Electoral College consisting of the
members of Both Houses of Parliament in
accordance with the system of Proportional
Representation by means of the Single transferable
vote and the voting is by secret ballot.
The Election of the Vice President is slightly
different from the election of the President as the
members of State Legislatures are not part of the
Electoral College for the Vice Presidential election.
The Nomination of a candidate for election to the
office of the Vice President must be subscribed by at
least 20 Electors as Proposers and 20 Electors as
seconders.
Every candidate has to make a security deposit
of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India.
The Vice-President may resign his office by
submitting his resignation to the President. The
resignation becomes effective from the day it is
accepted.
TERM AND EMOLUMENTS
The Vice President holds office for Five years.
He/she can be re-elected Any Number of Times.
 There is no provision for the Salary of the Vice
President of India in that capacity. He/She gets the
salary in his capacity as the Ex-Officio Chairman of
the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which is
currently Rs. 1,25,000 per month. In addition, he/she
is entitled to daily allowance, free furnished
residence, medical, travel and other facilities.
The constitution provides that when the Ex-
Officio Vice President acts as the President or
discharges the duties of the President, he/she is
entitled to the salary and privileges of the President.
The pension for the Vice-President is 50% of the
salary.
THE REMOVAL
The Vice President cannot be formally impeached,
unlike the President.
The Constitution states that the Vice President can
be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed
by an effective majority (more than 50% of effective
membership(total membership - Vacant seats)) and
agreed to by a simple majority (50% of present and
voting members) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(b)).
But no such resolution may be moved unless at
least 14 days advance notice has been given. Notably,
the Constitution does not list grounds for removal.
INDIAN CONSTITUTION: PRESIDENT OF
INDIA
 President of India is the Head of the Union
Executive and the Supreme Commander of the
Indian Armed Forces.
A Council of Ministers Headed by Prime Minister
Aids and Advises the President in the exercise of his
function. Article 53 of the Constitution of India states
that the President can exercise his powers directly or
by Subordinate Authority
The 13th and Current President is Pranab
Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and
sworn in on 25 July 2012.
THE ELIGIBILITY

Article 58 of the Constitution sets the principle

qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the
office of the President. A President must be:

A Citizen of India
Completed 35 years of Age
 Eligible to be a Member of Lok Sabha
A person shall not be eligible for election as
President if he holds any office of profit under
theGovernment of India or the Government of any
State or under any local or other authoritysubject
to the control of any of the said Governments.
Exceptions are:
President and Vice-President
Governor of any state
Minister of Union State
THE ELECTION PROCESS

Indirectly Elected through Electoral

College consisting of the Elected Members of
both Houses of Parliament (M.P.s), the elected
members of the State Legislative Assemblies of all
States and the Elected Members of the Legislative
Assemblies (M.L.A.s) of two Union
Territories (i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of
Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry).
 The Nomination of a candidate for election to the
office of the President must be subscribed by at
least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as
seconders.
Each candidate has to make a security deposit
of 15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India.
The election is held in accordance to the system
of Proportional Representation by means of
theSingle transferable vote method.
The voting takes place by secret Ballot
System. The manner of election of President is
provided byArticle 55 of the Constitution.
Supreme court inquires all disputes regarding
Presidents Election.
The President is required to make and subscribe in
the presence of the Chief Justice of India (or in his
absence, the Senior-Most Judge of the Supreme
Court)
THE TENURE AND EMOLUMENTS
 5 years Term
Article 57 says that there is No Upper Limit on
the number of times a person can become President.
On 11 September 2008 the Government of India
increased the salary of the President to 1.5 lakh.
Rashtrapati Bhavan, the President's Official
Residence, is the Largest Presidential Palace in the
world. The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum,
Hyderabad and Retreat Building atChharabra,
Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the
President of India.
THE IMPEACHMENT PROCEDURE

Quasi-Judicial Procedure
Can be impeached only on the ground of Violation
of Constitution
The Impeachment Procedure can be initiated in
either House of the Parliament
THE PRESIDENT VACANCY
 In case of office falls vacant due to death,
resignation or removal, the Vice-President act as
President.
It he is not available then Chief Justice, it not
then Senior-Most Judge of the Supreme court shall
act as the President of India
The Election is to be held within 6 months of the
Vacancy
THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF PRESIDENT

THE DUTIES

The Primary Duty of the President is to Preserve,

Protect and Defend the Constitution and the Law
of India as made part of his oath (Article 60 of
Indian constitution).
The President is the common head of all
independent Constitutional Entities. All his actions,
recommendations (Article 3, Article 111, etc.) and
supervisory powers (Article 78 c, Article 108,
Article 111, etc.) over the executive and legislative
 entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold
the constitution.
There is no bar on the actions of the President to
contest in the Court of Law.
THE LEGISLATIVE POWERS
Legislative Power is constitutionally vested by the
Parliament of India of which the president is the head,
to facilitate the law making process as per the
constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.).
The President Summons both
the Houses (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha) of
the Parliament and Prorogues them. He can dissolve
the Lok Sabha. As per Article 74.
Article 143 gave power to the president to consult
the Supreme Court about the Constitutional
Validity of any issue.
The President inaugurates Parliament by
Addressing it after the General Elections and also at
the beginning of the First Session each year; this is
mentioned in Article 87(1).
THE EXECUTIVE POWERS

As per Article 53, the Executive Power of the

Country is vested in the President and is exercised
by President either directly or through officers
subordinate to him in accordance with the
Constitution.
Union Cabinet with Prime Minister as its Head,
should aid and advice the President inPerforming his
Functions.
As per Article 74 (2), the council of Ministers or
Prime Minister are not accountable legally to the
advise tendered to the President but it is the sole
responsibility of the President to ensure compliance
with the constitution in performing his duties.
THE APPOINT POWERS

The President appoints, as Prime Minister, then

appoints the other members of the Council of
Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice
of the Prime Minister. The President appoints12
members of the Rajya Sabha.

The President is responsible for making a wide variety

of appointments. These include:
Governors of States
The Chief Justice, other Judges of the Supreme
Court and High Courts of India
The Chief Minister of the National Capital
Territory of Delhi (Article 239 AA 5 of the
constitution)
The Attorney General
The Comptroller and Auditor General
The Chief Election Commissioner and
other Election Commissioners
The Chairman and other Members of the Union
Public Service Commission (UPSC)
Vice Chancellor of the Central University and
Academic Staff of the Central University through his
Nominee
 Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other
countries (only through the list of names given by the
Prime Minister)
THE FINANCIAL POWERS
A Money Bill can be introduced in the Parliament
only with the Presidents Recommendation.
The President lays the Annual Financial
Statement, i.e. the Union budget, before the
Parliament.
The President can take advances out of
the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen
expenses.
The President Constitutes a Finance
Commission after Every Five years to recommend
the distribution of the taxes between the centre and
the States. Now it is NITI AYOG.
THE JUDICIAL POWERS

The President appoints the Chief Justice of the

Union Judiciary and other Judges on the advice of
the Chief Justice.
 He dismisses the Judges if and only if the Two
Houses of the Parliament pass resolutions to that
effect by a Two-Thirds Majority of the Members
Present.
According to Article 143 of Indian Constitution, if
the President considers a question of law or a
matter of public importance has arisen, he can ask
for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court.
THE DIPLOMATIC POWERS
All International Treaties and Agreements are
negotiated and concluded on behalf of the
President.
THE MILITARY POWERS
The President is the Supreme Commander of
the Indian Armed Forces. He also appoints the
chiefs of the service branches of the armed forces.
The President can declare war or conclude peace,
on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers
headed by the Prime Minister.
THE PARDONING POWERS
Article 72 of the Indian Constitution, the President is
empowered with the powers to Grant Pardons in the
following situations:
Punishment is for an offence against Union Law
Punishment is by a Military Court
Sentence is that of Death
The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by
the President are independent of the opinion of the
Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority.

THE EMERGENCY POWERS.

The President can declare Three Types of

Emergencies:
National, State and Financial, under Articles
352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating
ordinances under Article 123
THE FINANCIAL EMERGENCY
 Article 282 accords Financial Autonomy in
spending the Financial Resources available with the
states for public purpose.

THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

To Enforce the Fundamental Rights, the Supreme

Court is empowered under Article 32 to issuewrits of
various forms.
The Fundamental Rights in Constitution of
India acts as a Guarantee that all Indian Citizens can
and will live their Life in Peace as long as they live
in Indian Democracy.
They include Individual Right Common to most
liberal democracies, such as equality before the
law, Freedom of Speech and Expression, Freedom
of Association and peaceful assembly, Freedom of
religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for
the protection of civil right.
Originally, the right to property was also included
in the Fundamental Rights, however, the Forty-
Fourth Amendment, passed in 1978, revised the
status of property rights by stating that 'No person
shall be deprived of his property save by authority
of law.'
RIGHT TO EQUALITY
 Article 14: Equality before law and equal protection of
law
Article 15: Prohibition of discrimination on grounds
only of
religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth.
Article 16: Equality of opportunity in matters of public
employment
Article 17: End of Un-touchability
Article 18: Abolition of Titles, Military and
Academic Distinctions are, however, exempted

RIGHT TO FREEDOM

Article 19: It guarantees the citizens of India the

following six fundamentals freedoms:
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Freedom of Assembly
Freedom of form Associations
Freedom of Movement
 Freedom of Residence and Settlement
Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade and
Bussiness
Article 20: Protection in respect of conviction for
offences
Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
Article 22: Protection against arrest and detention in
certain cases

RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION

Article 23: Traffic in human beings prohibited

Article 24: No child below the age of 14 can be
employed

RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Article 25: Freedom of conscience and free profession,
practice and propagation of religion
Article 26: Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27: Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Article 28: Freedom as to attendance at religious
ceremonies in certain educational institutions

CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

Article 29: Protection of Interests of Minorities

Article 30: Right of Minorities to establish and
Administer Educational Institutions
Article 31: Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act

RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES

Article 32:
 The right to move the Supreme Court in case of
their violation (Called Soul and heart of the
Constitution by BR Ambedkar)
Forms of Writ Check
Habeas Corpus : Equality before law and equal
protection of law