STEELSTRUCTURES

B.ARCH4thSEMESTER
SOMEDEFINITIONS:

Beam:amemberpredominantlysubjecttobending.
Cantilever:abeamthatisfixedatoneendandfreetodeflectattheother.
Column:averticalmembercarryingaxialforceandpossiblymoments.
Compoundsection:sections,orplatesandsections,interconnectedtoformasinglemember.
Connection:locationwhereamemberisfixedtoasupportingmemberorothersupport,includingthebolts,
weldsandothermaterialusedtotransferloads.
Deadload:aloadofconstantmagnitudeandpositionthatactspermanently,includingselfweight.
Dynamicload:partofanimposedloadresultingfrommotion.
Effectivelength:
forabeam.Lengthbetweenadjacentrestraintsagainstlateraltorsionalbuckling,multipliedbyafactor
thatallowsfortheeffectoftheactualrestraintconditionscomparedtoasimplebeamwithtorsional
endrestraint.
foracompressionmember.Lengthbetweenadjacentlateralrestraintsagainstbucklingaboutagiven
axis,multipliedbyafactorthatallowsfortheeffectoftheactualrestraintconditionscomparedto
pinnedends
Fatigue:damagetoastructuralmembercausedbyrepeatedapplicationofstressesthatareinsufficienttocause
failurebyasingleapplication.
Hsection:sectionwithacentralwebandtwoflanges,thathasanoveralldepthnotgreaterthan1.2timesits
overallwidth.
Hybridsection:Isectionwithawebofalowerstrengthgradethantheflanges.
Isection:sectionwithacentralwebandtwoflangesthathasanoveralldepthgreaterthan1.2timesitsoverall
width.
Joint:elementofastructurethatconnectsmemberstogetherandenablesforcesandmomentstobe
transmittedbetweenthem.
Pitch:distancebetweencentersofboltslyinginthedirectionofforcetransfer.
Portalframe:asinglestoreyframewithrigidmomentresistingjoints.
Segment:aportionofthelengthofamember,betweenadjacentpointsthatarelaterallyrestrained.
Slenderness:theeffectivelengthdividedbytheradiusofgyration.
Strength:resistancetofailurebyyieldingorbuckling.
Strut:membercarryingpredominantlyaxialcompressiveforce.
Weldedsection:crosssectionfabricatedfromplatesbywelding.
Boltspacing:Minimumspacing:Forstandardclearanceholesorholesforfittedboltsthespacingbetween
centresofboltsshouldnotbelessthan2.5d,wheredisthenominaldiameterofthebolts.Foroversizeholesor
slottedholestheholespacingshouldbeincreasedtoleaveatleastthesamewidthofsteelclearbetweenthe
holesasforstandardclearanceholes.
STEELSTRUCTURESProducts

PropertiesofSteel

AdvantageofSteelStructures:

Thesteelframedbuildingderivesmostofitscompetitiveadvantagefromthevirtuesofprefabricated
components,whichcanbeassembledspeedilyatsite.

Unlikeconcreting,whichisusuallyawetprocessconductedatsite,steelisproducedandsubsequently
fabricatedwithinacontrolledenvironment.

Thisensureshighquality,manufactureoffsitewithimprovedprecisionandenhancedspeedof
constructionatsite.

Bracings:Normallybracingsarebuiltintoalltypesofstructurestogivethemacapabilitytowithstand
horizontalforcesproducedbywind,temperatureandthemovementsofcraneandotherplantinandonthe
building.Bracingscanbepermanentortemporary.

StructuralSteelSections:

STEELCONNECTIONS:Types:

Typicaltypesofconnectionsforsimpleconstruction(alsocalledflexibleconnections)are:
Angleseat Flexibleendplate Websideplate
Bearingpad Anglecleat Stiffseat
Bracingcleat

Joints&Connections
Joints:Moststeelstructuresarefabricatedbyeitherboltingorweldingintheshopandboltingorweldinginthe
field.Durabilityofastructurelargelydependsonthequalityofthejointsmadeatsite.

TypeofConnections

RigidconstructionForrigidconstruction,theconnectionsareassumedtohavesufficientrigiditytoholdthe
originalanglesbetweenthemembersunchanged.

SemirigidconstructionForsemirigidconstruction,theconnectionsmaynothavesufficientrigiditytohold
theoriginalanglesbetweenthemembersunchanged,butarerequiredtohavethecapacitytofurnish
dependableandknowndegreeofflexuralrestraint.

Simpleconstruction:Connectionsbetweenmembersinsimpleconstructionmustbecapableofdeformingto
providetherequiredrotationattheconnection.

FABRICATIONPROCEDURE
Structuralsteelfabricationcanbecarriedoutinshoporattheconstructionsite.Fabricationof
steelworkcarriedoutinshopsispreciseandofassuredquality,whereasfieldfabricationis
comparativelyofinferiorinquality.

Sitefabrication:inexpensivefieldlabour,highcostoftransportation,difficultyinthetransportationof
largemembers,higherexcisedutyonproductsfromshop.

Sophisticationofequipmentatsiteandlesserenvironmentalcontrolatsite,qualityoffinishedproduct
tendstoberelativelyinferior.

However,shopfabricationisefficientintermsofcost,timeandquality.

FABRICATIONSequenceofOperations

SequenceofActivitiesduringErection

WeldingProcesses
Weldingisusedextensivelyforjoiningmetalstogether.
Aweldedjointismadebyfusing(melting)thesteelplatesorsectionsalongthelineofjoint.Themetal
meltedfromeachmemberofthejointunitesinapoolofmoltenmetal,whichbridgestheinterface.As
thepoolcools,moltenmetalatthefusionboundarysolidifies,formingasolidbondwiththeparent
metal.Whensolidificationcompletes,thereisacontinuityofmetalthroughthejoint.
Therearefiveweldingprocessregularlyemployednamely:
(i)ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)
(ii)SubmergedArcWelding(SAW)
(iii)ManualMetalArcwelding(MMA)
(iv)MetalActiveGaswelding(MAG)
(v)Studwelding

ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW):asemiautomatedorfullyautomatedweldingprocedure.
SubmergedArcWelding(SAW):fullymechanisedprocessinwhichtheweldingheadismovedalongthe
jointbyagantry,boomortractor.
ManualMetalArcwelding(MMA):mostwidelyusedarcweldingprocessandappearstobeadvantageous
forlabourintensiveIndianconstructionpractices.
MetalActiveGaswelding(MAG):manuallyoperated.Producesasoundweldi.e.freefromcontamination
inducedcracksandporosity.
Studwelding:anarcweldingprocesswithagunhandtoolforfixingstudshearconnectorstobeaminthe
compositeconstruction.

WeldingDistortio
ons

dsofcorrrectingdistortion
Method
Ingeneral,therearetwo
omethodsavvailabletocorrrectweldinggdistortionnaamely:
(a)applyinggforceand(b
b)heating

STEELTR
RUSSES