Heat & Mass Tranfer CHR 4

EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 1
The temperature of a body varies with time.

Some bodies behaves like a lump.
Lump means interior T remains uniform.
Temperature is a function of time only, T(t).
Solve by lumped system analysis
(or lumped capacitance method).
It simplifies the problem with accuracy.
a) A small copper ball being cooled down can be solved by
lumped system analysis.
b) Temperature distribution in a large roast beef is not
uniform. Cannot use lumped system analysis.
Consider a body of arbitrary shape of mass m, volume V, surface area As,
density r, and specific heat cp initially at a uniform temperature Ti.
At time t = 0, the body is placed into a medium at T, with h.
Heat transfer takes place between the body and its environment.
Assume T > Ti.
Assume lumped system analysis is applicable in this case.
Heat transfer The increase in the energy

into the body of the body
during dt
during dt
hAs T T dt mc p dT
dT hAs
dt
T T mc p
d T T hAs
dt
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL
T T r Vc p 4
d T T hAs
dt
T T r Vc p
d T T hAs
dt
T T r Vc p
T t d T T hAs t

Ti T T

r Vc p dt
0
hAs
ln T t T ln Ti T t 0
r Vc p
T t T hAs
ln t
Ti T r Vc p
hAs
T t T b
e bt r Vc p
Ti T
1 r Vc p
time constant: t
EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL
b hAs 5
T t T hAs
a) The temperature T(t) can be e bt
b
determined at any t. Ti T r Vc p
b) The time t required for the

temperature to reach T(t) can
also be found.
b3
b2 b1
c) The temperature approaches T
exponentially.
b3 > b2 > b1
d) A large b indicates that it takes
a short time to reach T.
When a body is being heated by the hotter fluid
surrounding it
heat is first convected to the surface of it
then conducted within the body
Biot number:
convection at the surface of the body
Bi
conduction within the body
If Bi is small, T gradient is small.
Uniform T distribution
if there is no conduction resistance, i.e., Bi = 0.
Biot number can be expressed as:
convection at the surface of the body hAs T hLc
Bi
conduction within the body kAs k
T
Lc
hLc V
Bi where Lc for irregular geometries
k As
Lc: characteristic length. Lc should be related to
the maximum spatial temperature difference.
Plane wall Long cylinder Sphere
Geometry
of thickness 2L of radius ro of radius ro
Lc L ro/2 ro/3
T of the small hot copper ball remains
uniform all times in transient state.
i.e., the rate of conduction is much greater than
the rate of convection Bi needs to be small
Generally, lumped system analysis is applicable if

Bi 0.1
hLc
Bi
k
k: should be large high thermal conductivity

Lc: should be small small geometry
h: should be small surrounding medium is
a poor conductor of heat, and
motionless.
Temperature varies with
time
position in 1D
a large plane wall
a long cylinder
a sphere
Consider a plane wall of thickness 2L:
2T 1 T
Energy balance (1st Law):
x 2
t
Initial condition: T x,0 Ti
Boundary conditions:
For t > 0: convection on both sides, T 0, t
0
thermal symmetry about x = 0 x
At t : T(x,) = T T L, t
k h T L, t T
x
What is the exact solution?
x
Dimensionless distance from the center X
L
T x, t T
Dimensionless temperature X ,
Ti T
Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient hL
Bi
(Biot number, Bi) k
Dimensionless time t
Fo
(Fourier number, Fo) L2
2
Dimensionless differential equation
X 2
Dimensionless initial condition X ,0 1
0, 1,
Dimensionless boundary conditions 0 Bi 1,
X X
f X , Bi, Fo
An exact solution for the problem of a plane wall is:

x
An e n2 Fo
cos n
n 1 L
4sin n
where An
2n sin 2n
and n tan n Bi
4 sin n
n n tan n Bi An 2 sin(2 ) n An e n2
cos(n X )
n n
1 1.3138 1.2402 0.22321

2 4.0336 -0.3442 0.00835
3 6.9096 0.1588 0.00001
4 9.8928 -0.8764 0.00000
Geometry Solution

4sin n x
Plane wall of wall n2
e cos n
thickness 2L n 1 2n sin 2n L

2 J1 n r
Long cylinder cyl e n2
J 0 n
of radius ro n 1 n J n J n
2
0 1
2
ro

4 sin n n cos n sin n r / ro
Sphere
sph e n2
of radius ro
n 1 2n sin 2n n r / ro
hL hro
The Biot number is defined as Bi in these solution.
k k
If Fo = > 0.2, the solution can be approximated as:
temperature distribution
T x, t T 12 x
wall A1e cos 1
Ti T L
T r , t T 12 r
cyl A1e J 0 1
Ti T ro
T r , t T 12 sin 1r / ro
sph A1e
Ti T 1r / ro
hL hro
where A1 and 1 are functions of Bi only.
k k
Temperature at centers:
T0 T 12
Center of plane wall (x = 0): wall A1e
Ti T
T0 T 12
Center of long cylinder (r = 0): cyl A1e
Ti T
T0 T 12
Center of sphere (r = 0): sph A1e
Ti T
Amount of heat transferred:

Q sin
Plane wall: 1

0, wall
Qmax wall
Q J1
Long cylinder: 1 2

0, cyl
max cyl
Q
Q sin cos
Sphere: 1 3
13
0, sph
max sph
Q
More accurate:
Calculate Bi = hro/k for cylinders and spheres.
Interpolate from TABLE 4-2 and 4-3.
Less accurate - read charts:

FIGURE 4-17 (plane wall)
FIGURE 4-18 (long cylinder)
FIGURE 4-19 (sphere)
2 3
FIGURE 4-17(a)
17
2,
28
Bi = h(ro/3)/k = 15.9 > 0.1
7
FIGURE 4-17
Bi = 45.8-1 = 0.022 < 0.1
Taking Taverage = 800K:
k = 22.6 W/mK
cp = 582 J/kgK
Use = 3.95 x 10-6 m2/s.
1/Bi = 2.825
= 1.07
To T
0.51
Ti T
8 To 0.51Ti T T
0.51 600 200 200
404 C
Bi = 0.354
Bi2 = 0.134
Q/Qmax = 0.54
Q = 25571 kJ
47,350 kJ
8c
2
1 = 0.8033
Taking Taverage = 800K: A1 = 1.0830
k = 22.6 W/mK
cp = 582 J/kgK
Use = 3.95 x 10-6 m2/s. To T
A1e 1 0.543
2
1/Bi = 2.825 Ti T
= 1.07
To T To 0.543 Ti T T
0.51
Ti T
0.543 600 200 200
To 0.51Ti T T 417 C
0.51 600 200 200
J1(1) = 0.370
404 C
Bi = 0.354 Q/Qmax = 0.50
Bi2 = 0.134 Q = 23677 kJ = 23.6 MJ
Q/Qmax = 0.54
Q = 25571 kJ = 25.6 MJ
Consider a semi-infinite solid:
T(x,0) = Ti
At t = 0, the surface is exposed
to convection by a fluid at T
with h.
The temperature distribution
can be determined from
FIGURE 4-31.
The analytical solution of the transient 1D heat conduction
problem in a semi-infinite medium:
Case 1: Specified surface temperature, Ts = constant:
T ( x, t ) Ti x k (Ts Ti )
erfc and qs (t )
Ts Ti 2 t t
.
Case 2: Specified surface heat flux, qs = constant:
qs 4 t x2 x
T ( x, t ) Ti exp xerfc
k 4 t 2 t
.
Case 3: Convection on the surface, qs(t) = h[T T(0,t)]:
T ( x, t ) T T ( x, t ) Ti x hx h 2 t x h t
1 erfc exp erfc
Ti T T Ti 2 t k k2 2 t k
Case 4: Energy pulse at surface: es = constant:
es x2
T ( x, t ) Ti exp
k t
4 t
2 x
erfc(x) is defined as: erfc x 1

u2
e du
0
specified surface temperature
FIGURE 4-31
31,
0.36
FIGURE 4-31
x 2 t 2 0.36 0.15 10 6
m 2 /s 7.78 106 s 0.78 m
Therefore, the water pipes must be buried to a depth of at least 78 cm
to avoid freezing under the specified harsh winter conditions.
4-45:
Using a superposition approach called product
solution for the problems with
a short cylinder
a long rectangular bar
a semi-infinite cylinder
a rectangular prism
a semi-infinite rectangular bar, and so on.
Assume all surfaces of the solid are
having no heat generation
subjected to convection to the same fluid
at temperature T
same heat transfer coefficient h
The solution can be expressed as
the product of the solutions for 1D geometries
whose intersection is the multidimensional
geometry
A short cylinder is the intersection of
a long cylinder with
a large plane wall.
i.e., the solution of the short cylinder
is the product of the solutions for
the long cylinder and
the plane wall.
T r , x, t T T x, t T T r , t T

T i T short T i T plane Ti T cylinder
long
cylinder wall
T x, t T T r , t T T x, t T
wall x, t cyl r , t semi-inf x, t
Ti T plane wall
Ti T infinite cylinder
Ti T semi-infinite
solid
T x, t T T r , t T T x, t T
wall x, t cyl r , t semi-inf x, t
Ti T plane wall
Ti T infinite cylinder
Ti T semi-infinite
solid
The total transient heat transfer to or from a
multidimensional geometry:
2D geometry:
Q Q Q Q
1
Q max total, 2D Q max 1 Q max 2 Q max 1
3D geometry:
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
1 1 1
Q max total, 3D Q max 1 Q max 2 Q max 1 Q max 3 Q max 1 Q max 2
4-8
4-39.
4-17a
4-39.
4-17a
4-9
4-8.
0.12 8.04
8.04 290.2
17c
172
Lumped system analysis
Criteria for lumped system analysis
Some remarks on heat transfer in lumped systems
Transient 1-D heat conduction
Nondimensionalized 1-D problem
Exact solution
1-term approximate solution
Graphical solution
Semi-infinite solids
Multi-dimensional systems
Product solution

Heat & Mass Tranfer CHR 4

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Heat & Mass Tranfer CHR 4

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EMEB320-FST-UM-SKL 1

The temperature of a body varies with time.

Heat transfer The increase in the energy

b) The time t required for the

Generally, lumped system analysis is applicable if

k: should be large high thermal conductivity

Initial condition: T x,0 Ti

What is the exact solution?

Dimensionless initial condition X ,0 1

1 1.3138 1.2402 0.22321

Amount of heat transferred:

Less accurate - read charts:

Bi = h(ro/3)/k = 15.9 > 0.1

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