24

Hilbert .

H Hilbert A (H ) A A
*
1

(1) ( A* ) = { : ( A)}
( A* ) = { : ( A)} 5-3-1

(2) x A y A
*

, x y .
1 ( A) I A
D

( I A) = I A* ( A* ) { : ( A)} ( A* ) .
*

( A ) = A { : ( A )} ( A** ) = ( A)
* * *

( A* ) { : ( A)} .
2D (I A) x = 0 , ( I A ) y = 0 x 0 y 0
*

( x, y ) = (x, y ) = ( Ax, y ) = ( x, A* y )
= ( x, y ) = ( x, y ) .
( )( x, y ) = 0 ( x, y ) = 0 . x y .
2 H Hilbert A ( H ) .

1
 (1) A , A .
(2) .

(3) r ( A) = .
1D C , x X , ,
2 2
(( I A) x, x) ( x, ( I A) x) = x ( Ax, x) x + ( x, Ax)
2
= 2i Im x

Im .
2
2 Im x (( I A) x, x) + ( x, ( I A) x) 2 ( I A) x x

( I A) x Im x .
Im 0 I A . ( I A) x = y ,
1
( I A) 1 y Im y ,
( I A) 1 . I A I A ,
3 6 R( I A) = H . ( I A)
1
,

R ( I A) = H . I A . Im = 0 ,
( A) R.
2D A A* = A x, y ,
1 , . 1(2)
D

3D r ( A), 1D , , ( I A)* = I A .
R ( I A) H , 3 6,

N ( I A) = R( I A) {0},
p ( A), .

H Hilbert A (H )

( A) = {( Ax, x) : x H , || x ||= 1} 5-3-2

2
 A . R A = sup | | A .
( A )
3 H Hilbert A ( H )

(1) ( A) ( A) ( A) ( A) .
(2) sup | |=|| A || .
( A )
1D ( Ax, x) , ( A)

( A) . d = ( , ( A)) = inf | | d > 0 . x H x 0

( A )

x x
d || x || 2 ( A( ), ) || x || 2
|| x || || x ||

= | ( x, x) ( Ax, x) |
= | (( I A) x, x) |
|| ( I A) x |||| x || .

d || x |||| (I A) x || 5-3-3

y n R (I A) yn y0 . y n = (I A) x n

x n X . 5-3-3{x n } Cauchy H xn x0 .
I A y 0 = (I A) x0 y 0 R (I A) R(I A)

I A . Riese , y H , y = 1
x H , (( I A) x, y ) = 0 . , (( I A) y, y ) = 0 ,
2
= y = ( Ay, y ) ( A),
. I A , , ,
( I A) 1 . ( A). (1) .
2 D ( A) , x H || x ||= 1 = ( Ax, x) .
2
| | = | ( Ax, x) | A x = A
sup | ||| A || .
( A )

3
 a = sup | | | ( Ax, x) | a || x || .
2

( A )

4 Re( Ax, y ) = ( A( x + y ), x + y ) ( A( x y ), x y )

| 4 Re( Ax, y ) | | ( A( x + y ), x + y ) | + | ( A( x y ), x y ) |
a || x + y || 2 + a || x y || 2
= 2a(|| x || 2 + || y || 2 ) .
.
Ax
Ax 0 , || x ||= 1 , y =
|| Ax ||
Ax Ax
|| Ax || = ( Ax, ) = Re( Ax, )
|| Ax || || Ax ||
a || Ax || 2
(|| x || 2 + )=a
2 || Ax || 2

Ax = 0 || A || a = sup | | .
( A )
.
4 H Hilbert A (H )
M , m ( A) ,

M = sup m = inf
( A ) ( A )

M ( A) m ( A) .

B = MI A

( Bx, x) = M ( x, x) ( Ax, x) , x H .
M , ( Bx, x) 0

inf ( Bx, x) = 0 . (5-3-4)

|| x|| =1

, t ,

( B(tBx + x), tBx + x) 0 ,

t 2 ( B 2 x, Bx) + t ( Bx, Bx) + t ( B 2 x, x) + ( Bx, x) 0

B

t 2 ( B 2 x, Bx) + 2t ( Bx, Bx) + ( Bx, x) 0

,

( Bx, Bx) 2 ( B 2 x, Bx)( Bx, x) (5-3-5)

|| Bx || 4 = ( Bx, Bx) 2 || B ||3 || x || 2 | ( Bx, x) | ,

(5-3-4),

inf || Bx ||= 0 (5-3-6)

|| x|| =1

B , 1 1, a > 0 ,

x H , || Bx || a || x || . inf || Bx || a > 0 , (5-3-6) ,

|| x|| =1

M ( A) .

H Hilbert A (H ) . rA A
*
, R A A , rA* A A A ,

(1) rA = R A =|| A ||
(2) rA* A =|| A || 2
1D 4, max( M ,| m |) sup | | = rA ,
( A )
R A = sup | |= max(| M |, | m |) rA
( A )
rA = sup | | sup | |= R A . 3
( A ) ( A )
rA = R A =|| A || .
2D *
A A , 1
D

rA* A =|| A* A ||=|| A || 2 .

3 6(4).

1 H Hilbert , E H , E {0}, H .

5

P : H E, H = E E , E {0},
2 2
x E , x = 1, ( Px, x) = Px = x = 1 . x E, x = 1,
Px = 0, ( Px, x) = 0. 0 ( Px, x) 1. 4,
{0,1} ( P) [0,1].
( I P) x = 0 Px = 0 , 0,1 p ( P ).
0 < < 1, x = x1 + x2 , x1 E , x2 E ,
( I P) x = 0 ( 1)x1 + x2 = 0 , x = x1 = x2 = 0, I P
. , y H , y = y1 + y2 E ,

y1 y
x= + 2 , ( I P) x = y , I P . ( P).
1
( P) = p ( P) = {0,1}.
.

5 H Hilbert A . M , m 4,

M 0 ( m 0 ), M ( m ) A .

M , m .
M 0 B = MI A 4 5-3-6 .

x n H || x n ||= 1 lim || Bx n ||= 0 . A x nk

n

Axnk x0 . Bx n = Mx n Ax n Mxnk x0 Ax0 =

lim MAxnk = Mx0 . || x0 || = lim M || xnk || = M 0 M A

nk k

, M p ( A) .

6 H Hilbert A .

(1) { n } , n A ,

| 1 | | 2 | "" .
{ n } , n 0 . {en } ,
Aen = n en x H ,

6

Ax = n ( x, en )en (5-3-7)
n =1

(2) Pn H en ,

A = n Pn (5-3-8)
n =1

(3) 0 A , {en : n 1} H .

1D A 0 , 1 = max{| M |,| m |} =| | A || ,
5, 1 . e1 , || e1 ||= 1 , Ae1 = 1e1 .
Q1 = span{e1 } , H 1 = {x H : x e1 } , Q1 , H 1 H ,
A( H 1 ) H 1 . , x H 1 ,

( Ax, e1 ) = ( x, Ae1 ) = 1 ( x, e1 ) = 0 .
Ax H 1 .

H 1 Hilbert . A1 = A | H! , A1 H 1

. A1 = 0 , x H , , x = q1 + h1 ,

q1 Q1 , h1 H 1 .

Ax = Aq1 + Ah1 = 1 q1 + 0
= 1 (q1 , e1 )e1 = 1 ( x, e1 )e1
A1 0 , || A1 || 0 . 2 =|| A1 ||> 0 ,

| 1 | = || A || || A |H1 || = || A1 || = | 2 | , 5, 2 .
e2 H 1 , || e2 ||= 1 , A1e2 = 2 e2 ,
Q2 = span{e1 , e2 } , H 2 = {x H : x Q2 } ,
A( H 2 ) H 2 . A2 = A1 | H 2 = 0 ,

Ax = 1 ( x, e1 )e1 + 2 ( x, e2 )e2 , x H ,
A2 0 , A3 , " , ,

An = 0 ,
n
Ax = i ( x, ei )ei (5-3-9)
i =1

7
 6(1) . , { n } , | 1 | | 2 | " . Qn

H n , {en } , Aen = n en .

n 0 . , | n | > 0 n ,
Aen Aem (n m) ,
|| Aen Aem ||2 = || Aen ||2 + || Aem ||2
=| n | 2 + | m | 2 2 2 > 0
A .

Q = span{e n : n 1} , H = {x H : x Q } , A | H = 0 .

x H , x Q x Qn , x H n (n = 1,2, ") ,
A( H n ) H n ,
( Ax, x)(( A | H ) x, x) || A | H n |||| x || 2 =| n ||| x ||2 0 .
x H , ( Ax, x) = 0 . A Hilbert H ,

A | H = 0 . x H , x = q + h ,

q Q , h H ,
Ax = Aq + Ah

= A( (q , en )en ) + 0
n =1
= (q , en ) Aen
n
=1
= n ( q , e n )e n
n
=1
= n ( x, e n )e n
n =1
2D Pn H en ,

Pn x = ( x, en )en .
1 , " , n , (5-3-9)
n n
Ax = i ( x, ei )ei = ( i Pi ) x ,
i =1 i =1

n
A = i Pi .
i =1

8
 { n } ,
n n
|| A i Pi || 2 = sup || Ax i Pi x || 2
i =1 || x|| =1 i =1

= sup ||
|| x|| =1
( x, e )e
i = n +1
i i i || 2

sup |
|| x|| =1 i = n +1
i | 2 | ( x, ei ) | 2

| n +1 |2 sup | ( x, e ) |
|| x|| =1 i = n +1
i
2

| n +1 |2 0

n
A = lim i Pi = i Pi .
n
i =1 i =1

3D 0 A , A . x H ,
x en (n = 1,2,") , Ax = n =1 n ( x, en )en = 0 , x = 0 .

1 6, {en : n 1} H .

2 Fredholm
1
x(t ) = K (t , s ) x( s)ds + y (t ) (5-3-10)
0

K a t , s b , y L [ a, b ] ,
2
0.
(5-3-10)
( I A) x = y (5-3-11)
(( I A) x = y )),
1 1

1
Ax(t ) = K (t , s ) x( s )ds , x L2 [a, b]
0

Fredholm . 3 , A .

K ( s, t ) = K (t , s) , A . A 0 .
A , , (5-3-11)

y L2 [a, b] , ( I A) x = 0 0 .

9
 , , n , n A ,
n , , { n ; n 1}

, { n ; n 1} . 6

Ax = ( Ax, n ) n = n ( x, n )n , x L2 [a, b]
n =1 n =1

L . (5-3-11) n
2

(1 n )( x, n ) = ( y, n ) ( x, n ) = (1 n ) 1 ( y, n )

= ( , n )n = (1 n ) 1 ( y, n ) n
n =1 n =1

(5-3-11).

, n = 1, ( y, n ) = 0,

= c

n n + (1 )

n
1
( y, n ) n
n =1 n 1

(5-3-11) , cn .

10