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piezoelectric materials
Report
Presented to: Dr. Ibrahim El Fahham
One of the first applications of the piezoelectric effect was an ultrasonic submarine detector
developed during the First World War. A mosaic of thin quartz crystals glued between two
steel plates acted as a transducer that resonated at 50MHz. By submerging the device and
applying a voltage they succeeded in emitting a high frequency 'chirp' underwater, which
enabled them to measure the depth by timing the return echo. This was the basis for sonar and
the development encouraged other applications using piezoelectric devices both resonating and
non-resonating such as microphones, signal filters and ultrasonic transducers. However many
devices were not commercially viable due to the limited performance of the materials at the
time.
Practically linear that is the polarization varies directly with the applied stress.
2 PZT
An important group of piezoelectric materials are the piezoelectric ceramics, of which PZT is
an example. These are polycrystalline ferroelectric materials with the perovskite crystal
structure.
PZT have the general formula:
A2+B1+02- 3 ,
A denotes a large divalent metal
ion such as barium or lead
B denotes a tetravalent metal ion
such as titanium or zirconium
3 POLARIZATION OF A CERAMIC
4 PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
The electric field E and the polarization P are connected in a dielectric medium by the
relation:
D = () E + P.
() Permittivity of free space
D Electric displacement
E Electric field
P Polarization
For a ferroelectric material like PZT, however, P is itself a function of E.
Electromechanical constant k 31 % 1 21 30 12
Man-made piezoelectric ceramics
Man-made piezoelectric polymers
The piezoelectric constant is lower for polymers as compared to ceramic based piezoelectric
materials.
When the same amount of voltage applied to polymer and ceramic piezoelectric
materials, the shape change of ceramic based materials are larger than polymers.
The piezoelectric voltage coefficient of PVDF is about 21 times higher than that of
PZT and 40 times higher than that of BaTiO 3 , therefore PVDF is better for sensor
applications.
The electromechanical coupling constants k 31 of PZT is approximately 2.5 times
larger than the electromechanical constant of PVDF which means it is able to convert
2.5 times more mechanical stress into electrical energy than that PVDF.
8 MANUFACTURING OF PZT
Batch Weighing
High-purity raw materials are evaluated, selected and sourced throughout the world. Selection
criteria, in addition to purity, include material activity and limits on specific deleterious
impurities. Once each material is selected and approved for use, it is precisely weighed,
according to the formulation being manufactured.
Wet Milling
These ingredients are wet-milled together in their proper proportions to achieve a uniform
particle size distribution. Precise control over particle size distribution is necessary to ensure
appropriate material activity during the calcination.
Drying
Following the wet milling process, the product is dried and prepared for calcining.
Calcining
The product must be calcined in high-purity crucibles to guarantee no chemical contaminants
are present in the final product. The calcining operation is carried out in air at about 1000,
where the desired PZT phase is formed.
Wet Milling and Binder Addiction
PZT powder is returned to the mill to ensure homogeneity and to prepare the material for the
addition of an organic binding agent.
Spray Drying
The binder-containing slurry is then fed to a spray dryer, where water is evaporated. The
purpose of spray drying the PZT powder material is to provide a free-flowing product in the
form of binder-containing hollow spheres with a narrow particle size distribution. The
morphology of the PZT material is crucial to consistently fill die cavities in the dry pressing
process when manufacturing piezoelectric ceramics.
Pressing to form green piezoelectric ceramic elements
The uniform PZT spheres of appropriate particle size distribution allow for air escapement
throughout the compaction process, yielding lamination-free green ceramic shapes.
Series of crystals can be laid below the floor mats, tiles and carpets.
One footstep can only provide enough electrical current to light two 60watt bulbs for
one second.
When mob uses the dance floor, an enormous voltage is generated.
This energy is used to power the equipment of nightclubs.
11 REFERENCES
Alternative Resources for Renewable Energy: Piezoelectric and Photovoltaic Smart
Structures - D. Vatansever, E. Siores and T. Shah
Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction - William D. Callister, Jr.
Piezoelectricity: Basics and applications - Petar Jurcevic
http://didel.script.univ-paris-
diderot.fr/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L0FyY2hpdi90dXRvcmlhbF9waWV
6b18yLnBkZg%3D%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=36UAHB543.
https://www.americanpiezo.com/
http://www.piceramic.com/piezo-technology/fundamentals.html
http://knowledge.ulprospector.com/2689/pe-piezoelectric-materials/
http://piezotechnologies.com/knowledge-desk
http://classroom.materials.ac.uk/casePiez.php