Chi-Square (2 )

The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

PSYC 2070: Psychological Statistics

Hypothesis Testing

Dr. Md. Azman1

1 Department Psychology

Kulliyah IRKHS, International Islamic University

March 16, 2010

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Chi-Square: Introduction

1 Chi-Square (2 )

2 The 2 Distribution

3 2 Goodness of fit test

4 Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Chi-Square: Introduction

Parametric assumptions: assumption of normality and

homogeneity of variance.
Nonparametric test can be used when the parametric
assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance are
not met.
Nonparametric test have been developed for tests have
less restrictive assumptions.

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Chi-Square: Introduction

Parametric assumptions: assumption of normality and

homogeneity of variance.
Nonparametric test can be used when the parametric
assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance are
not met.
Nonparametric test have been developed for tests have
less restrictive assumptions.

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Chi-Square: Introduction

Parametric assumptions: assumption of normality and

homogeneity of variance.
Nonparametric test can be used when the parametric
assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance are
not met.
Nonparametric test have been developed for tests have
less restrictive assumptions.

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

2 Distribution

The popular distribution for nonparametric statistics is

chi-square distribution that used for nominal data
(frequency data).
This distribution based on the comparison between
observed frequencies and with theoretical or expected
frequencies. i.e. in 200 flips of a coin, we would expect 100
heads and 100 tails, but what we observed 92 heads and
108 tails?. Do we reject hypothesis?

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

2 Distribution

The popular distribution for nonparametric statistics is

chi-square distribution that used for nominal data
(frequency data).
This distribution based on the comparison between
observed frequencies and with theoretical or expected
frequencies. i.e. in 200 flips of a coin, we would expect 100
heads and 100 tails, but what we observed 92 heads and
108 tails?. Do we reject hypothesis?

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Application

This test is good when the observed frequencies are within

random fluctuation of the expected frequencies and the
computed 2 value is relatively small.
Suppose a psychologist believes that the distribution of
people in various occupation in a specific geographic
region is as follows:
20% agricultural workers
30% laborers
30% local, state, or federal government employees
15% professional and self-employed business people
5% industrial managers

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Application

This test is good when the observed frequencies are within

random fluctuation of the expected frequencies and the
computed 2 value is relatively small.
Suppose a psychologist believes that the distribution of
people in various occupation in a specific geographic
region is as follows:
20% agricultural workers
30% laborers
30% local, state, or federal government employees
15% professional and self-employed business people
5% industrial managers

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Cont. . .

Step 1 State the hypothesis

H0 : Testingthenullrelativetothedistributionofpeopleinvariousoccup

Step 2 Set the criterion for rejecting H0

Based on degrees of freedom K-1 = 5-1= 4 9.488
(=.05). From table of chi-square

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Cont. . .

Step 1 State the hypothesis

H0 : Testingthenullrelativetothedistributionofpeopleinvariousoccup

Step 2 Set the criterion for rejecting H0

Based on degrees of freedom K-1 = 5-1= 4 9.488
(=.05). From table of chi-square

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Cont. . .

Step 3 Compute the test statistics

Occ O E O-E (O E)2 (O E)2 /E R

A 145 172.80 -27.80 772.84 4.47 -2.12
I 310 259.20 50.80 2,580.64 9.96 3.16
G 305 259.20 45.80 2,097.64 8.09 2.84
P 78 129.60 -51.60 2,662.56 20.54 -4.53
I 26 43.20 -17.80 295.84 6.85 -2.62
Total 864 864.00 0 - 49.91

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Cont. . .

Step 4 Decide about H0 Reject H0 accept H1

5 Conclusion.

Dr Md Azman ANOVA
 Chi-Square (2 )
The 2 Distribution
2
Goodness of fit test
Application of Chi-Square Statistics

Cont. . .

Step 4 Decide about H0 Reject H0 accept H1

5 Conclusion.

Dr Md Azman ANOVA